Creating the Illusion of Sportiness: Evaluating Modified Throttle Mapping and Artificial Engine Sound for Electric Vehicles

Modern computerized vehicles offer the possibility of changing vehicle parameters with the aim of creating a novel driving experience, such as an increased feeling of sportiness. For example, electric vehicles can be designed to provide an artificial sound, and the throttle mapping can be adjusted to give drivers the illusion that they are driving a sports vehicle (i.e., without altering the vehicle’s performance envelope). However, a fundamental safety-related question is how drivers perceive and respond to vehicle parameter adjustments. As of today, human-subject research on throttle mapping is unavailable, whereas research on sound enhancement is mostly conducted in listening rooms, which provides no insight into how drivers respond to the auditory cues. This study investigated how perceived sportiness and driving behavior are affected by adjustments in vehicle sound and throttle mapping. Through a within-subject simulator-based experiment, we investigated (1) Modified Throttle Mapping (MTM), (2) Artificial Engine Sound (AES) via a virtually elevated rpm, and (3) MTM and AES combined, relative to (4) a Baseline condition and (5) a Sports car that offered increased engine power. Results showed that, compared to Baseline, AES and MTM-AES increased perceived sportiness and yielded a lower speed variability in curves. Furthermore, MTM and MTM-AES caused higher vehicle acceleration than Baseline during the first second of driving away from a standstill. Mean speed and comfort ratings were unaffected by MTM and AES. The highest sportiness ratings and fastest driving speeds were obtained for the Sports car. In conclusion, the sound enhancement not only increased the perception of sportiness but also improved drivers’ speed control performance, suggesting that sound is used by drivers as functional feedback. The fact that MTM did not affect the mean driving speed indicates that drivers adapted their “gain” to the new throttle mapping and were not susceptible to risk compensation.

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Some Explicit Results for the Mean Spherical Approximation for Mixtures of Yukawa Fluids

Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications ◽

10.1135/cccc20080424 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 73 (3) ◽

pp. 424-438 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Douglas J. Henderson ◽

Osvaldo H. Scalise

Keyword(s):

Integral Equation ◽

Spherical Approximation ◽

Mean Spherical Approximation ◽

Inverse Temperature ◽

Temperature Expansion ◽

Yukawa Fluid ◽

The Mean ◽

Full Solution ◽

Insight Into ◽

Reasonable Model

The mean spherical approximation (MSA) is of interest because it produces an integral equation that yields useful analytical results for a number of fluids. One such case is the Yukawa fluid, which is a reasonable model for a simple fluid. The original MSA solution for this fluid, due to Waisman, is analytic but not explicit. Ginoza has simplified this solution. However, Ginoza's result is not quite explicit. Some years ago, Henderson, Blum, and Noworyta obtained explicit results for the thermodynamic functions of a single-component Yukawa fluid that have proven useful. They expanded Ginoza's result in an inverse-temperature expansion. Even when this expansion is truncated at fifth, or even lower, order, this expansion is nearly as accurate as the full solution and provides insight into the form of the higher-order coefficients in this expansion. In this paper Ginoza's implicit result for the case of a rather special mixture of Yukawa fluids is considered. Explicit results are obtained, again using an inverse-temperature expansion. Numerical results are given for the coefficients in this expansion. Some thoughts concerning the generalization of these results to a general mixture of Yukawa fluids are presented.

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A New Torque Distribution Control for Four-Wheel Independent-Drive Electric Vehicles

Actuators ◽

10.3390/act10060122 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 122

Author(s):

Dejun Yin ◽

Junjie Wang ◽

Jinjian Du ◽

Gang Chen ◽

Jia-Sheng Hu

Keyword(s):

Electric Vehicles ◽

Vehicle Stability ◽

Hardware In The Loop ◽

Control Performance ◽

Torque Distribution ◽

Handling Performance ◽

Control Approach ◽

Tire Forces ◽

Yaw Moment ◽

New Distribution

Torque distribution control is a key technique for four-wheel independent-drive electric vehicles because it significantly affects vehicle stability and handling performance, especially under extreme driving conditions. This paper, which focuses on the global yaw moment generated by both the longitudinal and the lateral tire forces, proposes a new distribution control to allocate driving torques to four-wheel motors. The proposed objective function not only minimizes the longitudinal tire usage, but also make increased use of each tire to generate yaw moment and achieve a quicker yaw response. By analysis and a comparison with prior torque distribution control, the proposed control approach is shown to have better control performance in hardware-in-the-loop simulations.

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Analyzing Prospective Owners’ Choice Decision towards Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles in Urban India: A Stated Preference Discrete Choice Experiment

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13147725 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (14) ◽

pp. 7725

Author(s):

Reema Bera ◽

Bhargab Maitra

Keyword(s):

Electric Vehicles ◽

Hybrid Electric Vehicles ◽

Stated Preference ◽

Mixed Logit ◽

Road Transport ◽

Home Based ◽

Urban India ◽

Choice Decision ◽

The Mean ◽

Hybrid Electric

Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) can help decarbonize road transport in urban India. To accelerate the diffusion of PHEVs, investigation of commuter preferences towards the attributes of PHEVs is necessary. Therefore, the present study analyzes prospective owners’ choice decisions towards PHEVs in a typical Indian context. A stated preference survey was designed to collect responses from the current owners of conventional vehicles (CVs) in Delhi, India, and Mixed Logit (ML) models were developed to estimate commuters’ Willingness To Pay (WTP) for a set of key PHEV-specific attributes. The decomposition effect of prospective owners’ sociodemographic characteristics and trip characteristics on the mean estimates of random parameters was investigated by developing ML models with heterogeneity. Subsequently, the influence of improvement of each PHEV-specific attribute on prospective owners’ choice probability was investigated by calculating marginal effects. Among the various PHEV-specific attributes considered in the present study, high WTPs are observed for decrease in battery recharging time, reduction in tailpipe emission and increase in electric range. Therefore, an added emphasis on these attributes by vehicle manufacturers is likely to enhance the attractiveness of PHEVs to Indian commuters. The results also highlight the importance of government subsidy for promoting PHEVs in the Indian market. Prospective owners’ income, availability of home-based parking space, and average daily trip length are found to significantly influence the choice decision of Indian commuters towards PHEVs.

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A reduced-peak equivalence for queues with a mixture of light-tailed and heavy-tailed input flows

Advances in Applied Probability ◽

10.1017/s0001867800012544 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 35 (03) ◽

pp. 793-805 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sem Borst ◽

Bert Zwart

Keyword(s):

Service Rate ◽

Opposite Case ◽

Peak Rate ◽

Workload Distribution ◽

The Mean ◽

Heavy Tailed ◽

Insight Into

We determine the exact large-buffer asymptotics for a mixture of light-tailed and heavy-tailed input flows. Earlier studies have found a ‘reduced-load equivalence’ in situations where the peak rate of the heavy-tailed flows plus the mean rate of the light-tailed flows is larger than the service rate. In that case, the workload is asymptotically equivalent to that in a reduced system, which consists of a certain ‘dominant’ subset of the heavy-tailed flows, with the service rate reduced by the mean rate of all other flows. In the present paper, we focus on the opposite case where the peak rate of the heavy-tailed flows plus the mean rate of the light-tailed flows is smaller than the service rate. Under mild assumptions, we prove that the workload distribution is asymptotically equivalent to that in a somewhat ‘dual’ reduced system, multiplied by a certain prefactor. The reduced system now consists of only the light-tailed flows, with the service rate reduced by the peak rate of the heavy-tailed flows. The prefactor represents the probability that the heavy-tailed flows have sent at their peak rate for more than a certain amount of time, which may be interpreted as the ‘time to overflow’ for the light-tailed flows in the reduced system. The results provide crucial insight into the typical overflow scenario.

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Fuel economy assessment tool for auxiliary kite propulsion of merchant ship

La Houille Blanche ◽

10.1051/lhb/2018001 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 5-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Vincent Podeur ◽

Damien Merdrignac ◽

Morgan Behrel ◽

Kostia Roncin ◽

Caroline Fonti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fuel Economy ◽

Assessment Tool ◽

Round Trip ◽

Merchant Ship ◽

Added Resistance In Waves ◽

The Mean ◽

The Impact ◽

Engine Power

A tool dedicated to assess fuel economy induced by kite propulsion has been developed. To produce reliable results, computations must be performed on a period over several years, for several routes and for several ships. In order to accurately represent the impact of meteorological trends variations on the exploitability of the kite towing concept, a time domain approach of the problem has been used. This tool is based on the weather database provided by the ECMWF. Two sailing strategies can be selected for assessing the performance of the kite system. For a given kite area, the simulation can be run either at constant speed or at constant engine power. A validation has been made, showing that predicted consumption is close from in-situ measurement. It shows an underestimation of 11.9% of the mean fuel consumption mainly due to auxiliary consumption and added resistance in waves that were not taken into account. To conclude, a case study is performed on a 2200 TEU container ship equipped with an 800m² kite on a transatlantic route between Halifax and Le Havre. Round trip simulations, performed over 5 years of navigation, show that the total economy predicted is of around 12% at a speed of 16 knots and around 6.5% at a speed of 19 knots.

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Day-Ahead Forecast of Electric Vehicle Charging Demand with Deep Neural Networks

World Electric Vehicle Journal ◽

10.3390/wevj12040178 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 178

Author(s):

Gilles Van Van Kriekinge ◽

Cedric De De Cauwer ◽

Nikolaos Sapountzoglou ◽

Thierry Coosemans ◽

Maarten Messagie

Keyword(s):

Neural Network ◽

Electric Vehicles ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Absolute Error ◽

Electric Grid ◽

Electric Vehicle Charging ◽

The Neural Network ◽

The Mean ◽

Ev Charging ◽

Charging Demand

The increasing penetration rate of electric vehicles, associated with a growing charging demand, could induce a negative impact on the electric grid, such as higher peak power demand. To support the electric grid, and to anticipate those peaks, a growing interest exists for forecasting the day-ahead charging demand of electric vehicles. This paper proposes the enhancement of a state-of-the-art deep neural network to forecast the day-ahead charging demand of electric vehicles with a time resolution of 15 min. In particular, new features have been added on the neural network in order to improve the forecasting. The forecaster is applied on an important use case of a local charging site of a hospital. The results show that the mean-absolute error (MAE) and root-mean-square error (RMSE) are respectively reduced by 28.8% and 19.22% thanks to the use of calendar and weather features. The main achievement of this research is the possibility to forecast a high stochastic aggregated EV charging demand on a day-ahead horizon with a MAE lower than 1 kW.

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A sliding mode algorithm for antilock braking/traction control of EVs

Science and Technology Development Journal ◽

10.32508/stdj.v18i3.899 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 174-182 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Minh Ngoc Vu ◽

Minh Cao Ta

Keyword(s):

Electric Vehicles ◽

Driving Force ◽

Control Method ◽

Sliding Mode ◽

Sliding Mode Controller ◽

Control Performance ◽

Slip Ratio ◽

Traction Control ◽

Road Condition ◽

Wheel Model

This paper presents a slip suppression controller using sliding mode control method for electric vehicles which aims to improve the control performance of Evs in both driving and braking mode. In this method, a sliding mode controller is designed to obtain the maximum driving force by suppressing the slip ratio. The numerical simulations for one wheel model under variations in mass of vehicle and road condition are performed and demonstrated to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.

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Issues in Energy Storage for Electric-Based Transportation

MRS Bulletin ◽

10.1557/mrs2002.200 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 27 (8) ◽

pp. 628-631 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Gholam-Abbas Nazri

Keyword(s):

Energy Storage ◽

Electric Vehicles ◽

Lithium Batteries ◽

Storage Device ◽

Energy Storage Device ◽

Rechargeable Lithium Batteries ◽

Propulsion Systems ◽

On Demand ◽

Vehicle Acceleration ◽

Driving Range

AbstractThe key to market success for electric vehicles (EVs) has always been the energy-storage device, which limits driving range and vehicle acceleration. In many respects, rechargeable lithium batteries are the most attractive technology for storing energy and delivering it on demand in an automobile. Past and ongoing efforts to develop electric-based automotive propulsion systems are chronicled in this article.

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Abstract WP82: Transcranial Doppler Detection of Microembolic Signals During the Advancement and Deployment of Pipeline Embolization Devices in Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysm Repair

Stroke ◽

10.1161/str.48.suppl_1.wp82 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 48 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Andres Hughes ◽

Mark J Dannenbaum ◽

Peng R Chen ◽

Arthur L Day ◽

Huimahn A Choi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Transcranial Doppler ◽

Neurological Complication ◽

Initial Study ◽

Relative Safety ◽

High Incidence ◽

Device Placement ◽

The Mean ◽

Aneurysm Repair ◽

Very High ◽

Insight Into

Introduction: Pipeline embolization devices (PED) have become an essential tool in the endovascular treatment of complex intracranial aneurysms. A high-density stent like device, the PED functions to redirect blood flow and facilitate the growth and remodeling of the artery. Postoperative ischemic stroke proves to be the most common neurological complication associated with treatment, ranging from about 3-6% with most occurring within 30 days. Transcranial Doppler (TCD) monitoring has been used in the past to evaluate similar procedures by measuring the occurrence of microembolic signals (MES). Due to the delivery and manipulation of the PED and its thrombotic nature, microembolic events have been postulated to form during device placement and contribute to thromboembolism. Our initial study is the first to detect and measure MES during a PED procedure. Methods: Patients undergoing endovascular PED treatment were simultaneously monitored with TCD. MES were detected, separated from artifacts, and counted for each step. Results: Embolic signals were detected in all patients and were highest during deployment. With 3 PED deployments in the paraophthalmic ICA of 2 patients, the mean MES during PED deployment was 515 +/- 46. Average emboli per second during deployment was 1.62 +/- 0.59 verses 0.30 +/- 0.12 emboli per second observed prior to microcatheter insertion and manipulation. Conclusion: A very high incidence of MES was observed during the procedure and PED deployment. The little success thus far in elucidating a possible mechanism to account for PED’s associated complications warrants more investigation. Determining the occurrence of MES might reveal insight into the relative safety of each step and on the formation of distal thromboembolisms.

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Effect of total hip arthroplasty on brake reaction time and braking force

Hip International ◽

10.1177/1120700020936635 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 112070002093663

Author(s):

Henrik C Bäcker ◽

David Krüger ◽

Sophie Spies ◽

Carsten Perka ◽

Stephanie M Kirschbaum ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Total Hip Arthroplasty ◽

Hip Arthroplasty ◽

Driving Experience ◽

Total Hip ◽

Emergency Braking ◽

Before And After ◽

The Mean ◽

Braking Force ◽

The Right

Introduction: The correct moment for return to driving after total hip arthroplasty (THA) remains unclear. Until today no uniform recommendation exists on the ability to perform an emergency brake. The aim of this prospective study was to investigate the braking ability of patients before and after THA implantation based on brake reaction time in milliseconds (BRT) and braking force in N (BF). Methods: In total, 25 patients (15 men, 10 women, mean age 51.3 ± 10.1 years) were treated with THA on the right side. Inclusion criteria consisted of a valid driving licence, frequent road participation and at least 2 years of driving experience. Exclusion criteria were underlying neurological disorders as well as severe complaints in the lumbar spine and the right knee joint. The brake ability was evaluated for emergency braking with a car simulator and a measuring sole. Measurements were performed preoperatively, 6 days, 2, 4 and 6 weeks after surgery. Results: Preoperatively, the mean BRT was 671.3 ± 123.5 ms and the BF 455.4 ± 185.0 N. Significant differences were observed at 6 days and 2 weeks after surgery, (BRT 836.4 ± 219.7 ms, respectively, BRT 735.0 ± 186.7 ms, and BF 302.6 ± 154.9 N, respectively, BF 375.5 ± 149.3 N, p < 0.05). Only 4 weeks after, no significant differences were seen compared to pre-operative with a BRT of 647.0 ± 91.9ms ( p = 0.354) and BF of 435.9 ± 177.4 ( p = 0.843). Furthermore, the BRT improved significantly after 6 weeks (607.4 ± 87.6; p = 0.005). Conclusions: The braking force is significantly reduced, and the brake reaction time is prolonged directly after surgery for at least 2 weeks. After 4 weeks, no statistically significant differences were measured, although special care should still be taken during return to activity.

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