scholarly journals Effect of Haemophilus influenzae Type b Vaccination on Nasopharyngeal Carriage Rate in Children, Tehran, 2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Sedigheh Rafiei Tabatabaei ◽  
Sara Mohammadzadeh ◽  
Seyed Mohsen Zahraei ◽  
Sussan Mahmoudi ◽  
Ghazaleh Ghandchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Asymptomatic Carrier ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae Type ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Carrier Rate ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Carriage ◽  
Type B ◽  
Nontypeable Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Carriage Rate ◽  
Cross Sectional

Background. Haemophilus influenzae (H. influenzae) strains, which commonly reside as commensals within the human pharynx and can remain as an asymptomatic carrier, but become invasive leading to pneumonia, septic arthritis, or meningitis. The Pentavac (pentavalent vaccine, manufactured by India, SII (DTwP-HepB-Hib)) was introduced to the Iranian National Immunization Plan in November 2014. The aim of this study is to investigate H. influenzae type b (Hib) carrier rate among children under 6 years old in Tehran. Methods. This cross-sectional study was performed on 902 children including vaccinated/unvaccinated in the age of 6 months to 6 years, in Tehran. Sampling was performed from July 2019 to September 2019. Nasopharyngeal samples were taken from children by sterile swab. The PCR method was used to extract DNA. Then, all H. influenzae isolates were initially confirmed by molecular tests. BexA was used to distinguish typeable H. influenzae strains from nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi). Results. A total of 902 children were enrolled in the study: 452 were female (51%). H. influenzae carriage rate was 267 (29%), of that 150 samples (16.6%) were typeable. The nasopharyngeal Hib carrier rate in the children was 2.6% (24/902). 262 cases did not receive Hib vaccine. Analysis in nonnursery’s children aged 4 to 6 (unvaccinated) years showed that the lower educational level of father, mother, and family number correlated with increased odds of colonization of children with Hib. Conclusion. Our findings showed a significant decrease (60%) in the overall Hib nasopharyngeal carriage in healthy children under six years after 5 years after the start of Hib vaccination.

scholarly journals Observations on the nasopharyngeal carriage of Haemophilus influenzae type b in children in Kampala, Uganda

1970 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Mpairwe
Keyword(s):  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Rare Event ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae Type ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae Type B ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Carriage ◽  
Type B ◽  
Carriage Rate ◽  
Kampala City ◽  
Large Groups ◽  
Outpatient Children

SUMMARYHaemophilus influenzae type b was isolated from 4·5% of outpatient children living in various parts of Kampala city and its surroundings. In contrast, this serotype was carried by up to 53 % (average 29 %) of 14 to 18 children living as a group in an orphanage. This finding indicates that the high carriage rate for this serotype demonstrated by Turk (1963) in a group of orphanage infants in Jamaica was not an isolated finding, and that it may be expected where large groups of children live together.H. influenzae type b did not appear to be a readily transmitted organism even in that group of children with a high carriage rate. This suggests that in ordinary open communities the transmission of this serotype from one household to another may be an extremely rare event.

scholarly journals Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae Otitis Media: Mastoiditis and Meningitis Complicated with Central Venous Thrombosis in an Immunocompetent Child

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Erdem Gönüllü ◽  
Nesrin Özkan ◽  
Ahmet Soysal ◽  
Engin Acıoğlu ◽  
Emine Betül Tavil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Venous Thrombosis ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae Type ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Type B ◽  
Nontypeable Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Central Venous ◽  
Central Venous Thrombosis

Implementation of the Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) conjugate vaccine brought about a reduction in the number of cases and morbidity from type B but an increase in nontypeable strain infections. Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) commonly colonizes children’s upper respiratory tract and causes otitis media, sinusitis, and bronchitis. Invasive NTHi diseases, such as meningitis and septicemia, have rarely been reported. Herein, we discuss a previously healthy, fully immunized 3-year-old girl presented with otitis media and mastoiditis leading to meningitis caused by NTHi complicated with central venous thrombosis. She was treated with antibiotics, mastoidectomy and ventilation tube insertion, and anticoagulation therapy and recovered uneventfully. Through this case, we wish to share our unique clinical experience that NTHi should be born in mind as a potential pathogen that can cause meningitis in previously healthy children, which may be helpful in future cases.

Haemophilus influenzae Type b Polysaccharide-Diphtheria Toxoid Conjugate Vaccine in Vaccinated Children Who Developed Haemophilus Disease

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 617-620
Author(s):  
GEOFFREY A. WEINBERG ◽  
TRUDY V. MURPHY ◽  
DAN M. GRANOFF
Keyword(s):  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae Type ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae Type B ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Type B ◽  
Vaccine Failure ◽  
Polyribosylribitol Phosphate ◽  
Conventional Type

Children in whom invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b disease develops despite previous immunization with conventional type b polysaccharide vaccine (polyribosylribitol phosphate [PRP]) have been reported to have impaired serum anticapsular antibody responses following recovery from H influenzae type b disease.1,2 Recently, these "vaccine failure" patients also have been found to have impaired antibody responses to reimmunization with PRP vaccine.3 The reasons are not understood because most of the children have normal serum concentrations of immunoglobulins, including IgG2.1-4 They also are more than 3 years of age at the time of reimmunization, an age group in which most healthy children respond to PRP vaccine.

Nasopharyngeal Carriage of Haemophilus influenzae Type b: Attempted Eradication by Cefaclor or Rifampin

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 430-433
Author(s):  
Ram Yogev ◽  
Cheryl Melick ◽  
Kathy Kabat
Keyword(s):  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Failure Rate ◽  
Care Center ◽  
Carrier State ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae Type ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae Type B ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Carriage ◽  
Type B ◽  
Day Care Center ◽  
Index Cases

The efficacy of cefaclor and rifampin in eradicating Haemophilus influenzae type b (HITB) from the nasopharynx of day care center and household contacts of children with HITB meningitis was evaluated. In 38/50 children treated with cefaclor, the carrier state persisted, a failure rate of 76%. Although cefaclor failed to eradicate HITB from many carriers, an appreciable reduction in the intensity of colonization following teatment was noticed. When rifampin was used in 17 children who had failed to respond to cefaclor, persistence of the carrier state with HITB was found in only two children, a failure rate of only 12%. During the study, two episodes of invasive HITB disease were documented to be acquired from sources other than the index cases or from children who were screened, which suggested the need to reevaluate the usually recommended strategy to screen for carriage and to treat only the immediate contacts 6 years of age and younger. Furthermore, the most appropriate agent for eradicating nasopharyngeal carriage of HITB awaits additional studies.

Effect of Rifampin Chemoprophylaxis on Carriage Eradication and New Acquisition of Haemophilus influenzae Type b in Contacts

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 537-542
Author(s):  
Mary P. Glode ◽  
Robert S. Daum ◽  
Eyla G. Boies ◽  
Terri Lynn Ballard ◽  
Martha Murray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Index Patient ◽  
Multicenter Trial ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae Type ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae Type B ◽  
Type B ◽  
Carriage Rate ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Household Contacts ◽  
Drug Regimens

We conducted a multicenter trial designed to assess the efficacy of three different drug regimens on eradication of Haemophilus influenzae type b (HIB) from the nasopharynx of household contacts of patients with invasive type b Haemophilus disease. The drug regimens studied were rifampin, 20 mg/kg, once daily for four days; rifampin, 10 mg/kg, twice a day for four days; and placebo, once daily for four days. Shortly after admission of the index patient to the hospital, 26% of 492 household contacts were found to be colonized with HIB. Both rifampin regimens eradicated carriage significantly better than placebo at 10 and 30 days (P = .001). However, among contacts whose cultures were initially negative, new acquisition of the organism occurred infrequently in this 30-day follow-up period regardless of the drug or placebo regimen prescribed. We also measured the concentration of anticapsular antibody in sera obtained from contacts younger than 6 years of age. Samples were obtained soon after admission of the index patient to the hospital and 30 days later. Several carriers younger than 2 years of age had low concentrations of antibody in both specimens. In contrast, nearly all carriers 2 to 5 years of age had high concentrations of antibody even in the first sample. Children who were not carriers usually had low antibody concentrations which did not increase during the period of observation. Our results suggest that most intrafamilial spread of HIB occurs prior to hospitalization of the index patient and stimulates immunity in contacts older than 2 years of age. Although rifampin decreases the carriage rate, new acquisition of HIB continues to occur at a low rate among contacts, even in those who receive rifampin prophylaxis.

Nasopharyngeal Carriage of Antibiotic-Resistant Haemophilus influenzae in Healthy Children

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-291
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Lerman ◽  
Jon C. Kucera ◽  
Jan M. Brunken
Keyword(s):  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Sample Population ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Clinical Failure ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Carriage ◽  
Type B ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Risk Of Disease ◽  
Recent Illness

We selected 16 schools representing a broad socioeconomic cross-section of metropolitan Omaha and obtained nasopharyngeal cultures for Haemophilus influenzae from 1,084 healthy 4- to 7-year-old children. We found that 34.2% of the children carried nontypable strains and 2.0% carried type b strains. Carriage rates were not influenced by recent illness, family size, or number of people sharing a bedroom. The prevalence of ampicillin-resistant H influenzae in the sample population was 0.9% for nontypable strains and 0.4% for type b strains; it was not significantly different in the group of children who had recently used β-lactam antibiotics. One child carried a nontypable strain which was resistant to both chloramphenicol and tetracycline, the first chloramphenicol-resistant H influenzae detected in Omaha. A survey of healthy children may be a useful method for projecting a community's risk of disease caused by ampicillin-resistant H influenzae. Among the nasopharyngeal isolates from healthy children, 2.7% of nontypable strains and 18.2% of type b strains were resistant to ampicillin (P < .01). During the same five-month period in Omaha, clinical failure in the treatment of otitis media with ampicillin was uncommon and four (20.0%) of 20 cases of H influenzae type b bacteremia and meningitis were caused by ampicillin-resistant organisms.

scholarly journals Long-term impact of vaccination on Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) carriage in the United Kingdom

2004 ◽  
Vol 132 (4) ◽  
pp. 765-767 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. McVERNON ◽  
A. J. HOWARD ◽  
M. P. E. SLACK ◽  
M. E. RAMSAY
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Invasive Disease ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae Type ◽  
Type B ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Laboratory Service ◽  
Vaccine Introduction ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Long Term Impact

A recent resurgence in serious infections due to Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) has been observed in the United Kingdom. More information on Hib transmission in the population is required in order to better understand the mechanism of this increase. The Public Health Laboratory Service (subsumed into the Health Protection Agency since April 2004) conducted four cross-sectional studies of asymptomatic oropharyngeal Hib carriage in children attending day-care nurseries in England and Wales in 1992, 1994, 1997 and 2002. These demonstrated a marked reduction in the prevalence of Hib colonization over time since vaccine introduction (3·98% in 1992; 0·70% in 1994; 0% in 1997; 0% in 2002), which did not explain the increase in invasive disease reports from 1999 onwards. We believe that a reduction in antibody levels over the first 5 years of life in immunized children in recent years has fuelled the rise in reported cases in the absence of an obvious increase in transmission.

scholarly journals Nasopharyngeal carriage and antibiotic resistance ofHaemophilus influenzaein healthy children

1988 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Howard ◽  
K. T. Dunkin ◽  
G. W. Millar
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Antibiotic Therapy ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Carriage ◽  
Capsular Type ◽  
Type B ◽  
Isolation Rate ◽  
Ampicillin Resistance ◽  
Sibling Status

SUMMARYAn investigation was undertaken to determine the isolation rate and antibiotic resistance ofHaemophilus influenzaefrom the nasopharynx of young children. The 996 subjects studied were up to 6 years of age.H. influenzaewas isolated from 304 (30·5%) and strains of capsular type b from 11 (1·1%). Age, sibling status, season, respiratory infection and antibiotic therapy all influenced isolation rates. The overall prevalence of antibiotic resistance in the strains isolated was ampicillin 5·4% (all β-lactamase producers), cefaclor 0·3%, chloramphenicol 1·3%, erythromycin 38·2%, tetracycline 1·3%, trimethoprim 5·4% and sulphamethoxazole 0%. Ampicillin resistance was more common in type b than non-capsulated strains.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document