Multiobjective Optimization regarding Vehicles and Power Grids

Vehicle to Grid (V2G) refers to the optimal management of the charging and discharging behavior of electric vehicles through reasonable strategies and advanced communication. In the process of interaction, there are three stakeholders: the power grid, operators (charging stations), and EV users. In real life, the impact of peak-valley difference caused a lot of power loss when charging. At the same time, the loss of current is also a loss for power grid companies and EV users. In this paper, we propose a multiobjective optimization method to reduce the current loss and determine the relationship between the parameters and the objective function and constraints. This optimization method uses a genetic algorithm for multiobjective optimization. Through the analysis of the number of vehicles and load curve of AC class I and AC class II electric vehicles before and after optimization in each period, we found that the charging load of electric vehicles played a role of valley filling in the low valley price stage and played a peak-cutting role in a peak price period.

Download Full-text

Analysis of the impact of electric vehicles on the power grid

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/20184400065 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 44 ◽

pp. 00065 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Leszek Kasprzyk ◽

Robert Pietracho ◽

Karol Bednarek

Keyword(s):

Electric Vehicles ◽

Transmission Lines ◽

Power Distribution ◽

Power Grid ◽

Power Grids ◽

Electric Vehicle Charging ◽

Voltage Drops ◽

Charging Stations ◽

The Impact ◽

Methods Of Control

The paper presents problems related to the impact of electric vehicles connected to the power grid on energy parameters. Basic methods of control in power grids were discussed and results of the simulation were presented with regards to the power distribution, voltage drops and losses in the transmission lines. The simulation was conducted based on the example of CIGRE 11, to which electric vehicle charging stations were connected in several selected points, with the possibility of energy release into the grid. The obtained results were compared for the simulation conducted in two variants – without the connected electric vehicles and with them. The obtained results were analyzed and commented upon.

Download Full-text

The Impact of Electric Vehicles Fast Charging on the Grid Voltage and Current Fluctuations

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.229-231.868 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 229-231 ◽

pp. 868-871

Author(s):

Zhi Hui Li ◽

Qing Zhi Jian ◽

Hang Chen ◽

Xue Long Du ◽

Zhi Zhen Liu

Keyword(s):

Electric Vehicles ◽

Reactive Power ◽

Power Grid ◽

Regional Power ◽

Load Curve ◽

Large Power ◽

Voltage Loss ◽

Fast Charging ◽

The Difference ◽

The Impact

As the energy crisis becoming more and more serious, electric vehicles has become an important way to solve this problem. The difference of Popularity, type, charge time, charge style and charge characteristics of Electric vehicles make different effect on the Regional power grid, especially quick charge technology. In this paper, through the establishment of regional power grid model and the forecast of quick charge station load curve, we analysis the impact of charge station on voltage of the user side, furthermore, we analysis voltage loss and impulse current when the large power charger connected to the power grid, and verify the analysis by simulation. In order to reduce the impact on the grid, we should rationally plan the charge station and the reactive power compensation, thus enhance stability of power system.

Download Full-text

Changes in the Soundscape of the Public Space Close to a Highway by a Noise Control Intervention

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13095284 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (9) ◽

pp. 5284

Author(s):

Timothy Van Renterghem ◽

Francesco Aletta ◽

Dick Botteldooren

Keyword(s):

Public Space ◽

Real Life ◽

Noise Abatement ◽

Acoustic Environment ◽

The Public ◽

Control Intervention ◽

Before And After ◽

Noise Shielding ◽

Visual Preferences ◽

The Impact

The deployment of measures to mitigate sound during propagation outdoors is most often a compromise between the acoustic design, practical limitations, and visual preferences regarding the landscape. The current study of a raised berm next to a highway shows a number of common issues like the impact of the limited length of the noise shielding device, initially non-dominant sounds becoming noticeable, local drops in efficiency when the barrier is not fully continuous, and overall limited abatement efficiencies. Detailed assessments of both the objective and subjective effect of the intervention, both before and after the intervention was deployed, using the same methodology, showed that especially the more noise sensitive persons benefit from the noise abatement. Reducing the highest exposure levels did not result anymore in a different perception compared to more noise insensitive persons. People do react to spatial variation in exposure and abatement efficiency. Although level reductions might not be excessive in many real-life complex multi-source situations, they do improve the perception of the acoustic environment in the public space.

Download Full-text

Optimal Pricing Strategy of Electric Vehicle Charging Station for Promoting Green Behavior Based on Time and Space Dimensions

Journal of Advanced Transportation ◽

10.1155/2020/8890233 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-16

Author(s):

Xiaomin Xu ◽

Dongxiao Niu ◽

Yan Li ◽

Lijie Sun

Keyword(s):

Electric Vehicles ◽

Optimization Problems ◽

Power Grid ◽

Economic Benefits ◽

Pricing Strategy ◽

Optimal Pricing ◽

Electricity Pricing ◽

Optimal Pricing Strategy ◽

Charging Stations ◽

The Impact

Considering that the charging behaviors of users of electric vehicles (EVs) (including charging time and charging location) are random and uncertain and that the disorderly charging of EVs brings new challenges to the power grid, this paper proposes an optimal electricity pricing strategy for EVs based on region division and time division. Firstly, by comparing the number of EVs and charging stations in different districts of a city, the demand ratio of charging stations per unit is calculated. Secondly, according to the demand price function and the principle of profit maximization, the charging price between different districts of a city is optimized to guide users to charge in districts with more abundant charging stations. Then, based on the results of the zonal pricing strategy, the time-of-use (TOU) pricing strategy in different districts is discussed. In the TOU pricing model, consumer satisfaction, the profit of power grid enterprises, and the load variance of the power grid are considered comprehensively. Taking the optimization of the comprehensive index as the objective function, the TOU pricing optimization model of EVs is constructed. Finally, the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) is introduced to solve the above optimization problems. The specific data of EVs in a municipality directly under the Central Government are taken as examples for this analysis. The empirical results demonstrate that the peak-to-valley ratio of a certain day in the city is reduced from 56.8% to 43% by using the optimal pricing strategy, which further smooth the load curve and alleviates the impact of load fluctuation. To a certain extent, the problem caused by the uneven distribution of electric vehicles and charging stations has been optimized. An orderly and reasonable electricity pricing strategy can guide users to adjust charging habits, to ensure grid security, and to ensure the economic benefits of all parties.

Download Full-text

Impact Loading During Distracted Running Before and After Auditory Gait Retraining

International Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1055/a-0667-9875 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 39 (14) ◽

pp. 1075-1080 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Eric Ching ◽

Winko An ◽

Ivan Au ◽

Janet Zhang ◽

Zoe Chan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Visual Feedback ◽

Impact Loading ◽

Auditory Feedback ◽

Loading Rate ◽

Real Life ◽

Gait Retraining ◽

Positive Acceleration ◽

Before And After ◽

The Impact ◽

High Sound

AbstractVisual feedback gait retraining has been reported to successfully reduce impact loading in runners, even when the runners were distracted. However, auditory feedback is more feasible in real life application. Hence, this study compared the peak positive acceleration (PPA), vertical average (VALR) and instantaneous (VILR) loading rate during distracted running before and after a course of auditory feedback gait retraining in 16 runners. The runners were asked to land with softer footfalls with and without auditory feedback. Low or high sound pitch was generated according to the impact of particular footfall, when compared with the preset target. Runners then received a course of auditory gait retraining, and after the gait retraining, runners completed a reassessment. Runners before gait retraining exhibited lower PPA, VALR and VILR with augmented auditory feedback (p<0.049). We found a reduction in PPA, VALR and VILR after gait retraining, regardless of the presence of feedback (p<0.018). However, runners after gait retraining did not demonstrate further reduction in PPA and VALR with auditory feedback (p>0.104). A small effect of auditory feedback on VILR in runners after gait retraining was observed (p=0.032). Real time auditory feedback gait retraining is effective in impact loading reduction, even when the runners were distracted.

Download Full-text

Impact of Nutrient Intake on Hydration Biomarkers Following Exercise and Rehydration Using a Clustering-Based Approach

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12051276 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 1276 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Colleen X. Muñoz ◽

Evan C. Johnson ◽

Laura J. Kunces ◽

Amy L. McKenzie ◽

Michael Wininger ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Mass ◽

Nutrient Intake ◽

Glycemic Load ◽

Real Life ◽

Plasma Osmolality ◽

Urine Specific Gravity ◽

Body Mass Change ◽

Urine Color ◽

Before And After ◽

The Impact

We investigated the impact of nutrient intake on hydration biomarkers in cyclists before and after a 161 km ride, including one hour after a 650 mL water bolus consumed post-ride. To control for multicollinearity, we chose a clustering-based, machine learning statistical approach. Five hydration biomarkers (urine color, urine specific gravity, plasma osmolality, plasma copeptin, and body mass change) were configured as raw- and percent change. Linear regressions were used to test for associations between hydration markers and eight predictor terms derived from 19 nutrients merged into a reduced-dimensionality dataset through serial k-means clustering. Most predictor groups showed significant association with at least one hydration biomarker: (1) Glycemic Load + Carbohydrates + Sodium, (2) Protein + Fat + Zinc, (3) Magnesium + Calcium, (4) Pinitol, (5) Caffeine, (6) Fiber + Betaine, and (7) Water; potassium + three polyols, and mannitol + sorbitol showed no significant associations with any hydration biomarker. All five hydration biomarkers were associated with at least one nutrient predictor in at least one configuration. We conclude that in a real-life scenario, some nutrients may serve as mediators of body water, and urine-specific hydration biomarkers may be more responsive to nutrient intake than measures derived from plasma or body mass.

Download Full-text

The role and the impact of electric vehicles on the local power grid within the Northern Finland climatic conditions★

IFAC-PapersOnLine ◽

10.1016/j.ifacol.2015.05.157 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 48 (1) ◽

pp. 886-891

Author(s):

A. Caló ◽

J.-N. Louis ◽

E. Pongracz

Keyword(s):

Electric Vehicles ◽

Power Grid ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Local Power ◽

The Impact

Download Full-text

Multiobjective Optimization Method for Polymer Injection Molding Based on a Genetic Algorithm

Advances in Polymer Technology ◽

10.1155/2019/9012085 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-17 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Zhijun Yuan ◽

Hui Wang ◽

Xuebing Wei ◽

Kui Yan ◽

Cheng Gao

Keyword(s):

Genetic Algorithm ◽

Injection Molding ◽

Multiobjective Optimization ◽

Optimization Method ◽

Optimal Combination ◽

Cover Plate ◽

Polymer Injection ◽

Impact Parameters ◽

Sink Marks ◽

The Impact

To solve the quality problem of polymer injection parts, a quality prediction and multiobjective optimization method is established. In this method, the parameters that have an important effect on the part quality are selected using an orthogonal testing method, and then a central composite design experiment is performed using these parameters. A mathematical model considering an objective and impact factors is developed using the response surface method. The optimal combination of the impact parameters is determined using a multiobjective genetic algorithm. The injection molding of a typical interior trim part of a car, i.e., the seat belt cover plate, is used as an example to demonstrate the method. The two most troublesome problems in this process—the sink marks and warpage—are multiobjectively analyzed using the established method, and the optimal combination of impact parameters that minimized the defects is determined. The errors of the sink marks and warpage between the experimental and theoretical values were 7.95% and 0.2%, respectively. The optimized parameters were tested in actual injection molding. The results show that the shrinkage and warpage of the parts are obviously improved by optimization using the proposed method, allowing the parts to satisfy the requirements of assembly and appearance.

Download Full-text