scholarly journals Estimating the Possibility of Lead Contamination in Soil Surface due to Lead Deposition in Atmosphere

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Nguyen Thi Lan Binh ◽  
Nguyen Trung Hoang ◽  
Nguyen Thi Thanh Truc ◽  
Vu Dinh Khang ◽  
Hung Anh Le
Keyword(s):  
Soil Contamination ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Environmental Problem ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Industrial Area ◽  
Residential Area ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Lead Contamination ◽  
Ho Chi Minh City

An increase in heavy metal soil contamination, especially lead, in the industrial area or near industrial areas has become a serious environmental problem. An industrial zone including paints, electrical plants, metal works, machining, and smelting factories, in the suburban of Ho Chi Minh City, was chosen as the study area. Soil samples were collected from the industrial area and in the residential area next to the industrial area for three experiments, namely, lead content in the surface soils, lead leachate into the water, and movement of lead in soil. Then, the results were compared to the values in the Soil Contamination Countermeasures Law of the Japan Ministry of Environment to assess the possibility of soil contamination which may cause health risks to a human living in that area. The results of the analysis show that the soil has been contaminated by lead. In particular, the lead concentrations of the surface soil samples are 23–35 mg kg-1, while the lead elution of soil samples is quite high, about 0.6 mg L-1. With these results, the soil can harm people by direct ingestion. More importantly, this work proves that lead species have been going down gradually. To assess the possibility of lead approaching groundwater, more further studies need to be achieved.

Dynamics of Photodecomposition Biodegradation and Volatilization Behaviors of Petroleum on Soil Surface

2011 ◽  
Vol 181-182 ◽  
pp. 480-484
Author(s):  
Yu Bo Xia ◽  
Yue Suo Yang ◽  
Xin Qiang Du ◽  
Ming Xing Yang
Keyword(s):  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Natural Attenuation ◽  
Environmental Problem ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Petroleum Contamination ◽  
Contribution Rate ◽  
Complicated Process ◽  
Biologic Process ◽  
Powerful Process

petroleum contamination is a very common environmental problem. Soil as the protective of groundwater, its remediation relates the security of groundwater, so we simulated the remediation of surface soil. From the experiment, we found that the natural attenuation of contaminated soil is a complicated process. The more processes contained, the easier petroleum attenuated. These processes can accelerate some of components reduce. Volatilization can only attenuate 24.85% petroleum, but if volatilization is coupled with biodegradation, that 89.99% petroleum can be attenuated. With the help of photodecomposition, 97.26% petroleum can be consumed. Volatilization action is a kind of physical attenuation mode, and it may not make some of components which are hard to volatilize into the air. Biodegradation action is a kind of biologic process which depend on the activity of bio-enzyme, and it need microbe compose a steady population. Photodecomposition is a kind of photochemical attenuation mode. If there are three or more attenuation processes exist, the powerful process will play a lead role, such as photodecomposition and biodegradation. From the result we can obtain that 59.83% contribution rate was caused by photodecomposition, and it can decay more petroleum than biodegradation and volatilization.

Estimating soil water content from surface digital image gray level measurements under visible spectrum

2011 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanjun Zhu ◽  
Yunqiang Wang ◽  
Mingan Shao ◽  
Robert Horton
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Digital Image ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Visible Spectrum ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Gray Level

Zhu, Y., Wang, Y., Shao, M. and Horton, R. 2011. Estimating soil water content from surface digital image gray level measurements under visible spectrum. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 69–76. Determining soil water content (SWC) is fundamental for soil science, ecology and hydrology. Many methods are put forward to measure SWC, such as drying soil samples, neutron probes, time domain reflectrometry (TDR) and remote sensing. Sampling and drying soil is time-consuming. A neutron probe cannot determine SWC of surface soil accurately because neutrons escape when they are emitted near soil surface and TDR is, to some extent, influenced by soil salinity and temperature. Remote sensing can obtain SWC over a large area across a range of temporal and spatial scales. Complicated terrain and atmospheric conditions often make remote sensing data unreliable. Determining SWC from surface gray level (GL) measurements in the visible spectrum may have advantages over other remote sensing techniques, because surface soil images can be easily acquired by digital cameras, even with complicated landforms and meteorological conditions. However, few studies use this method, and further work is required to develop the ability of visible spectrum digital images to accurately estimate SWC. In this study, 42 soil samples were collected to investigate the relationship between surface GL and SWC using computer processing of soil surface images acquired by a digital camera. After establishing an equation to describe this relationship, a simple calibrated model was developed. The calibrated model was validated by an independent set of 48 soil samples. The results indicate that surface GL was sensitive to SWC. There was a negative linear relationship between surface GL and the square of SWC for the 42 calibration soil samples (correlation coefficients >0.91). Based on this negative relationship, a model was established to estimate SWC from surface GL. The results of model validation showed the estimated SWCs by surface GL were very close to the measured SWCs (correlation coefficient=0.99 at a significant level of 0.01). Generally, SWC could be estimated from surface GL for a given soil, and the model could be used to quickly and accurately determineg SWC from surface GL measurements.

scholarly journals Fertility map and horizontal soil potassium status of north-eastern region of Haryana

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 2077-2080
Author(s):  
Koustav Mondal ◽  
Ramkala Ramkala
Keyword(s):  
Surface Soil ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Soil Potassium ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Nutrient Index ◽  
Index Value ◽  
Soil K Status

Considering soil fertility evaluation of any area for sustainable production, an experiment was conducted to investigate the horizontal soil potassium status (K) of the soil surface of north-eastern region of Haryana. The study indicated that available K of surface soil samples ranged from 44 to 867 kg/ha with a mean value of 148 kg/hain Ambala district. In panchkula district it ranged from 44 to 865 kg/ha with a mean value of 138 kg/ha where as in Yamunanagar district K content varied from 62 to 441 kg/ha with a mean value of 147 kg/ha. Maximum K deficient samples were observed at Panchkula district that is 60.5 % followed by Yamunanagar and Ambala, 36.3 and 30.2 % respectively with an overall 41.3% K deficient samples. In case of Ambala 62.8% soil samples were mediumin K fertility and in case of Yamunanagar 52% soil samples were medium in K fertility. Nutrient index value for K was found 1.77, 1.76 and 1.47 in Ambala, Yamunanagar and Panchkula districts, respectively. On the basis of available surface soil K status a horizontal fertility map was prepared using GPS data. K fertilization is strongly suggested with recommended dose to check further depletion of soil available K of the surface layer.

Pollen Taphonomy in a Canyon Stream

1987 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 393-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia L. Fall
Keyword(s):  
Surface Soil ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Alluvial Deposits ◽  
Modern Pollen ◽  
Pollen Types ◽  
Pollen Rain ◽  
Arid Steppe ◽  
Turbulent Water

AbstractSurface soil samples from the forested Chuska Mountains to the arid steppe of the Chinle Valley, Northeastern Arizona, show close correlation between modern pollen rain and vegetation. In contrast, modern alluvium is dominated by Pinus pollen throughout the canyon; it reflects neither the surrounding floodplain nor plateau vegetation. Pollen in surface soils is deposited by wind; pollen grains in alluvium are deposited by a stream as sedimentary particles. Clay-size particles correlate significantly with Pinus, Quercus, and Populus pollen. These pollen types settle, as clay does, in slack water. Chenopodiaceae-Amaranthus, Artemisia, other Tubuliflorae, and indeterminate pollen types correlate with sand-size particles, and are deposited by more turbulent water. Fluctuating pollen frequencies in alluvial deposits are related to sedimentology and do not reflect the local or regional vegetation where the sediments were deposited. Alluvial pollen is unreliable for reconstruction of paleoenvironments.

Agronomic and environmental soil test phosphorus in manured and non-manured Manitoba soils

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Kimaragamage ◽  
O O Akinremi ◽  
D. Flaten ◽  
J. Heard
Keyword(s):  
Iron Oxide ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Single Equation ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Soil Test Phosphorus ◽  
Bray 1 ◽  
Water Extractable

Quantitative relationships between soil test phosphorus (STP) methods are needed to guide P management especially in manured soils with high P. Our objectives were: (i) to compare amounts of P extracted by different methods; (ii) to develop and verify regression equations to convert results among methods; and (iii) to establish environmental P thresholds for different methods, in manured and non-manured soils of Manitoba. We analyzed 214 surface soil samples (0–15 cm), of which 51 had previous manure application. Agronomic STP methods were Olsen (O-P), Mehlich-3 (M3-P), Kelowna-1 (original; K1-P), Kelowna-2 (modified; K2-P), Kelowna-3 (modified; K3-P), Bray-1 (B1-P) and Miller and Axley (MA-P), while environmental STP methods were water extractable (W-P), Ca Cl2 extractable (Ca-P) and iron oxide impregnated filter paper (FeO-P) methods. The different methods extracted different amounts of P, but were linearly correlated. For an O-P range of 0–30 mg kg-1, relationships between O-P and other STP were similar for manured and nonmanured soils, but the relationships diverged at higher O-P levels, indicating that one STP cannot be reliably converted to another using a single equation for manured and non-manured soils at environmentally critical P levels (0–100 mg kg-1 O-P). Suggested environmental soil P threshold ranges, in mg P kg-1, were 88–118 for O-P, 138–184 for K1-P, 108–143 for K2-P, 103–137 for K3-P, 96–128 for B1-P, 84–111 for MA-P, 15–20 for W-P, 5–8 for Ca-P and 85–111 for FeO-P. Key words: Phosphorus, soil test phosphorus, manured soils, non-manured soils, environmental threshold

scholarly journals DUST FALL RATE AND ITS COMPOSITION IN CHANDRAPUR INDUSTRIAL CLUSTER, CENTRAL INDIA

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 96-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. Kamble
Keyword(s):  
Central India ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Industrial Cluster ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Industrial Area ◽  
Residential Area ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Fall Rate ◽  
Dust Fall ◽  
Sampling Locations

  Dust is one of the significant air pollutants in ambient air of Chandrapur industrial cluster. A study was carried out to ascertain the dust fall rate in four sampling locations in the Chandrapur industrial cluster of Chandrapur district, central India. The sampling was carried out by dust fall jar method in winter season (2014-2015) and dust fall rate was estimated gravimetrically. Maximum dust fall rate was recorded in Nakoda 246.67 MT sq km-1 month-1 (industrial area, downwind direction), followed by CSTPS colony 171.77 MT sq km-1 month-1 (industrial area, downwind direction) whereas minimum concentration was found in Babupeath 55.54 MT sq km-1 month-1 (residential area, downwind direction) for December-January. Whereas, during sampling period of February-March maximum dust fall rate was observed to be 278.14 MT sq km-1 month-1 at Babupeath (residential area, upwind direction) and minimum dust fall rate was observed at Ballarpur 173.74 MT sq km-1 month-1 (industrial, upwind direction). The results indicated that dust fall rate for the sampling period of December-January in industrial cluster region was higher as compared with residential region. It has been also observed that upwind direction sampling locations had lesser dust fall rate as compared with downwind direction. The composition of dust fall from study area was dominated by water soluble components. Water insoluble components were comprised of inorganic insoluble and volatile matter. Total inorganic component per cent by weight was maximum in dust.International Journal of Environment Volume-4, Issue-3, June-August 2015Page: 96-110

Using soil surface gray level to determine surface soil water content

2010 ◽  
Vol 53 (10) ◽  
pp. 1527-1532 ◽  
Author(s):  
YuanJun Zhu ◽  
YunQiang Wang ◽  
MingAn Shao
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Gray Level

scholarly journals Review of Heavy Metals Pollution in China in Agricultural and Urban Soils

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eshetu Shifaw
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Soil Contamination ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Urban Soils ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
National Level ◽  
Pollution Index ◽  
Background Level ◽  
Pollution Level ◽  
Soil Toxicity

Background. The concentrations of heavy metals in soil and potential risks to the environment and public health are receiving increased attention in China. Objectives. The objective of this paper is to review and analyze heavy metals soil contamination in urban and agricultural areas and on a national scale in China. Methods. Initially, data on soil heavy metals concentration levels were gathered from previous studies and narratively analyzed. A further statistical analysis was performed using the geo-accumulation index (Igeo), Nemerow integrated pollution index (NIPI), mean, standard deviation (SD), skewness and kurtosis. Pollution levels were calculated and tabulated to illustrate overall spatial variations. In addition, pollution sources, remedial measures and impact of soil contamination as well as limitations are addressed. Results. The concentration level of heavy metals was above the natural background level in most areas of China. The problem was more prevalent in urban soils than agricultural soils. At the national level, the soil in most of the southern provinces and Beijing were heavily polluted. Even though the pollution condition based on Igeo was promising, the Nemerow integrated pollution level was the most worrisome. The soils in about 53% of the provinces were moderately to heavily polluted (NIPI>2). The effects were noticed in terms of both public and ecological health risks. The major sources were waste gas, wastewater, and hazardous residuals from factories and agricultural inputs such as pesticides. Efforts have been made to reduce the concentrations and health risks of heavy metals, including policy interventions, controlling contamination sources, reducing the phytoavailability of heavy metals, selecting and rearing of grain cultivars with low risk of contamination, paddy water and fertilizer management, land use changes, phytoremediation and engineering techniques. Conclusions. China is experiencing rapid economic and technological advancements. This increases the risk of heavy metals contamination of soil. If serious attention is not paid to this problem, soil toxicity and biological accumulation will continue to threaten the sustainability of China's development. Competing Interests. The authors declare no competing financial interests

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