scholarly journals Neurological and Neurobehavioral Disorders Associated with Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Humans

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Maxwell A. Virus ◽  
Evie G. Ehrhorn ◽  
LeeAnna M. Lui ◽  
Paul H. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
World Population ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Mixed Support ◽  
Neurobehavioral Disorders ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii Infection ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

The intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii is estimated to infect up to 30% of the world population, leading to lifelong chronic infection of the brain and muscle tissue. Although most latent T. gondii infections in humans have traditionally been considered asymptomatic, studies in rodents suggest phenotypic neurological changes are possible. Consequently, several studies have examined the link between T. gondii infection and diseases such as schizophrenia, epilepsy, depression, bipolar disorder, dysphoria, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). To date, there is varying evidence of the relationship of T. gondii to these human neurological or neurobehavioral disorders. A thorough review of T. gondii literature was conducted to highlight and summarize current findings. We found that schizophrenia was most frequently linked to T. gondii infection, while sleep disruption showed no linkage to T. gondii infection, and other conditions having mixed support for a link to T. gondii. However, infection as a cause of human neurobehavioral disease has yet to be firmly established.

scholarly journals Experiences of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (14) ◽  
pp. 2009-2023 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivia Knapton
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Self ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Qualitative Thematic Analysis ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental health problem characterized by persistent obsessions and compulsions. This article provides insights into experiences of OCD through a qualitative, thematic analysis performed on a set of interviews with people with OCD. Four themes were found as central in the participants’ descriptions of OCD episodes: (a) space, (b) the body, (c) objects, and (d) interactions. The findings also show that episodes of OCD can be grouped into three broad categories: (a) activity episodes, which revolve around everyday tasks; (b) state episodes, which are concerned with the self and identity; and (c) object episodes, which are concerned with the effects of objects on the self. The relationship of this three-way classification of OCD episodes to existing cognitive models of OCD is discussed. The study also demonstrates the value of categorizing episodes, rather than people, into subtypes of OCD so that intra-participant variation can be highlighted.

Obsessive-compulsive Disorder in Children and Adolescents

1995 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neville J. King ◽  
Thomas H. Ollendick ◽  
Iain M. Montgomery
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Mental Health Professionals ◽  
Antidepressant Medication ◽  
Behavioural Intervention ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Behavioural Treatment ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This selective review shows that childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a serious condition that requires early identification and treatment. Initially, we examine the relationship of childhood rituals to OCD, and discuss recent findings on the epidemiology of childhood OCD. The DSM-IV criteria for OCD are presented, along with recent findings on psychopathology. Clinical management of childhood OCD is a challenging and difficult task for mental health professionals. We briefly describe and evaluate advances in behavioural treatment — mainly in vivo exposure and response prevention. The adjunctive use of antidepressant medication is also examined. Whilst these clinical innovations are promising, further controlled evaluations are necessary before the efficacy of behavioural intervention can be confidently asserted.

The relationship between pediatric obsessive compulsive disorder and Toxoplasma gondii

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 24-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nursu Çakın Memik ◽  
Gülden Sönmez Tamer ◽  
Hatice Ünver ◽  
Özlem Yıldız Gündoğdu
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals The Relationship of Hoarding Symptoms to Schizotypal Personality and Cognitive Schemas in an Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Sample

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 384-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Rasmussen ◽  
Gail Steketee ◽  
Michelle Silverman ◽  
Sabine Wilhelm
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Cognitive Schemas ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Schizotypal Personality ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Emotional Inhibition ◽  
The Social ◽  
Emotional Deprivation ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This study examined hoarding symptoms and schizotypal personality traits (SPTs) in 38 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and explored early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) as partial mediators between hoarding symptoms and schizotypal traits in OCD. Hoarding and symmetry/ordering symptoms were correlated with total schizotypal score on the Personality Disorder Questionnaire-4 (PDQ-4). Hoarding predicted the total number of schizotypal traits on the PDQ-4 after adjusting for symmetry/ordering symptoms. Schizotypal traits but not hoarding symptoms were significantly correlated with the social isolation and mistrust/abuse schemas. Schizotypal traits and hoarding were both associated with the emotional inhibition and emotional deprivation schemas, but neither of these mediated the relationship between schizotypal traits and hoarding. Clinical implications for understanding and treating hoarding and schizotypal personality in OCD are discussed.

scholarly journals An Ongoing Debate Regarding the Etiology of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Latent Toxoplasma gondii Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-284
Author(s):  
Mümtaz Cem Şirin ◽  
Faruk Kılıç ◽  
Arif Demirdaş ◽  
Buket Cicioğlu Arıdoğan ◽  
Emel Sesli Çetin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii Infection

The Relationship of Body Dysmorphic Disorder to Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and the Concept of the Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Simberlund ◽  
Eric Hollander
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Body Dysmorphic Disorder ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Compulsive Behaviors ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter describes the relationship of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and the concept of the obsessive-compulsive spectrum. BDD is proposed to be part of an obsessive-compulsive spectrum of disorders, given its many similarities to OCD. OCD and BDD are both characterized by obsessions and compulsions, although in BDD individuals focus specifically on body image concerns, whereas in OCD they typically focus on concerns such as contamination, harm, and aggression. Distress that results from obsessions usually generates compulsive behaviors intended to reduce emotional discomfort. Individuals with BDD are more likely to have delusional beliefs and significantly poorer insight. Individuals with BDD report higher rates of major depressive disorder, substance use disorders, suicidal thoughts, and suicide attempts. OCD and BDD demonstrate familiality, indicating that they are likely related conditions. OCD and BDD are thought to be heterogeneous disorders that result from both genetic and environmental factors, some of which appear to be shared; for example, they appear to share some abnormalities involving the basal ganglia and limbic system (specifically the caudate nucleus).

The Relationship of Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Eating Disorders to Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 347-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharine A. Phillips ◽  
Walter H. Kaye
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Body Image ◽  
Family History ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Body Dysmorphic Disorder ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Body Image Disorders ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACTBody dysmorphic disorder (BDD) and eating disorders are body image disorders that have long been hypothesized to be related to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Available data suggest that BDD and eating disorders are often comorbid with OCD. Data from a variety of domains suggest that both BDD and eating disorders have many similarities with OCD and seem related to OCD. However, these disorders also differ from OCD in some ways. Additional research is needed on the relationship of BDD and eating disorders to OCD, including studies that directly compare them to OCD in a variety of domains, including phenomenology, family history, neurobiology, and etiology.

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