Wounded by reality: emotional deprivation and unresolved trauma in psychoanalytical couple’s therapy

In this article, I will focus on highly conflictual couples with extensive emotional deprivation and unresolved trauma, which prevents them from developing healthy romantic relationships and overcoming the challenges entailed in any intimate attachment. I will describe how everyday interactions are experienced as threatening or even lethal movements between the partners. The question which arises in the psychoanalytical therapeutic process is how to help the couple tolerate the sensory reminders of the unresolved trauma as a necessary precursor to any process of symbolisation. In order to provide a safe enough therapeutic attachment bond, extensive time is dedicated to the emotional experience of self and the other in the here-and-now of the session, which validates the emotional experience of the couple as well as contains it. The therapy focuses on the transferential and countertransferential movements inspired by the matrix of the victim, abuser, and uninvolved witness (Davies & Frawley, 1994) to elaborate the intertwining of the unresolved trauma with the couple’s form of attachment. In order to illustrate my argument, I present two examples: one from a fictional narration and another from my clinical work.

Yetişkinlerde Erken Dönem Uyum Bozucu Şemalar Bilişsel Esneklik ve Bilişsel Duygu Düzenleme Arasındaki İlişkiler

This work; It was conducted to examine the relationships between early maladaptive schemas, cognitive flexibility and cognitive emotion regulation. A total of 343 people over the age of 18, 252 women and 91 men, living in Istanbul participated in the study. Sociodemographic data form, Young Schema Scale Short Form-3 (YSS-SF3), Cognitive Flexibility Scale (CFS) and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Scale (CERS) were used in the study. In order to apply the data collection tools, the sociodemographic data form, Young Schema Scale Short Form-3, Cognitive Flexibility Scale and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Scale were printed on paper and distributed to 343 participants over the age of 18 selected by simple random method. Pearson Correlation analysis was used for the relationship between two or more variables. As a result of the research, a negative relationship was found between the Cognitive Flexibility Scale and emotional deprivation, social isolation, insecurity, imperfection, suppression of emotions, intertwining, addiction, abandonment, endurance, failure, and pessimism. The sub-dimension of cognitive emotion regulation with the Cognitive Flexibility Scale; A positive correlation was found between the scores of focusing on the plan, positive reviewing, and placing in perspective. A negative correlation was found between the scores of self-blame, destruction, and blaming others. When we look at the relationships between the sub-dimensions of cognitive emotion regulation and the schemas, in most of the findings; While there was a positive correlation between the maladaptive sub-dimensions of cognitive emotion regulation and the schemas, a negative relationship was found between the congruent sub-dimensions and the schemas. Keywords: Schema, cognitive emotion regulation, cognitive flexibility

Comparison of cognitive and emotional schema in women with and without marital satisfaction

Objectives: Various factors are effective in dissatisfaction and marital conflicts. Schemas play an important role in behavior and relationships. This study examined the role of cognitive and emotional schemes in women's marital satisfaction. Methods: This study was a cross sectional research and the population consists of all married women 20-55 years old in Tehran. 100 women were selected using stratified random sampling in categories of housewives and employed and place of living and completed questionnaires. The assessment tools included The Young's early maladaptive Schema Short Form (YSQ-SF), Leahy Emotional Schemas (LESS) and Enrich Marital Satisfaction questionnaire. Women with and without marital satisfaction were separated based on t score obtained from the ENRICH questionnaire. Results: Findings showed no significant differences in demographic data for women with and without marital satisfaction (P <0.05). Results of independent t test and Mann-Whitney showed that women with and without marital satisfaction are different in all schemas except schemas of sacrifice and unrelenting standards and schemas of control, blame, comprehensibility, acceptance of feelings, consensus, validation and higher values of emotional schemas (P <0.05).The regression analysis showed Abandonment schema and unrelenting standards schema and schema of guilt and validation of emotional schemas can predict marital satisfaction (P <0.05).And schemas guilt , blame, emotional deprivation and unrelenting standards simultaneously correlated with marital satisfaction (P <0.05). Conclusion: The formation and development of cognitive and emotional schemas during life can influence various aspects of married life. So that these schemas have an important role in evaluation of emotional partner and attitude toward them.

Exploring European childrenʼs self-reported data on online aggression

To address the topic of children’s online aggression, this article explores a subsample from the EU Kids Online dataset (2017–2019) of 1404 children, aged 9–16, who reported having engaged in aggressive acts online in the previous year. Through a cluster analysis, respondents were classified into three groups. Findings emphasize the risk factors for aggression and how they relate to age-specific developmental tasks. Boys predominate, but the gender gap is not as wide as in offline contexts. For almost half of the children, aggression goes hand in hand with victimization. All the clusters share high levels of emotional deprivation. A sense of lacking social support, from both adults and peers, becomes more relevant among those children with high and more problematic engagement in online aggression. Results confirm that online aggression must be considered within the complex and fluid offline–online continuum cutting across the social contexts in which children grow.

İş Yaşamında Yalnızlığın Örgütsel Ses Üzerindeki Etkisi

Organizational voice and silence are multidimensional concepts located at two different poles. While there are studies in the literature examining the relationship between organizational silence and loneliness, there are not enough studies on the relationship between organizational voice and loneliness. Within the scope of the “exit, voice and loyalty” model of Hirschman (1970), employees give various reactions to negativities. In this study, the effects of loneliness in the workplace on organizational voice were examined within the scope of the responses of the employees. In line with the purpose of the study, a questionnaire was applied to 330 employees working in Ankara using the convenience sampling method. In the study, "Workplace Loneliness Scale" and "Organizational Voice Scale" were used. Within the scope of the study, the data were analyzed using SPSS 24 and AMOS 24 programs. It was determined that the fit values of the model (CMIN\DF=2.192; GFI=0.879; AGFI=0.848; IFI=0.927; RMSEA=0.060) were found to be between acceptable values. As a result of the analyzes, the emotional deprivation sub-dimension has a positive relationship on the defensive voice (β=.624, p<0.001), while social companionship sub-dimension has a negative relationship on the acquiescent voice (β=-.434, p<0.001) and prosocial voice (β = -.787, p<0.001). In addition, significant differences between variables according to demographic characteristics were examined and recommendations were made for future studies. Key Words: Loneliness in the Workplace, Organizational Voice

PSYCHOLOGICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF MASS PANDEMIC CONSCIOUSNESS

The COVID-19 pandemic contributes to numerous transformations of mass consciousness of varying content, depth and duration. Pandemic consciousness is considered by the author as the total amount of extreme and exaggerated assessments, views and attitudes which gain independence and become a mass trend, reflecting the current state of epidemic situation. The notion of pandemic consciousness of each of the subjects of public life (an individual, a group, a class, a nation, society as a whole) has several specific features and requires analysis from a scientific standpoint. The purpose of the study. The purpose of the study is a theoretical analysis of the phenomenon of pandemic consciousness as a special state of mass consciousness of society. Research methods include analysis, synthesis, comparison, specification, generalization, analogy and method of data triangulation. Results. Pandemic consciousness is a state of mass everyday consciousness that finds its expression in the indirect reflection of everyday life, its purpose being to assist society in meeting its needs related to physical and economic survival. An attempt was made to consider the procedural structure of consciousness which consists of six main elements, including: knowledge, thinking, emotions, attention, memory and will. Theoretical analysis of the phenomenon proved that basic manifestations of pandemic consciousness are situated in the cognitive plane – the phenomenon of infodemia, conspiracy theories, magical thinking, revival of enemy archetypes and conspiracies, search for new meanings, escape from unfavorable reality, generation of new simulacra, alarmism and angst-ridden future expectations. A number of negative psychological reactions to the pandemic were detected in the emotional plane of pandemic consciousness – sensory and emotional deprivation, increased feelings of danger and helplessness, anxiety, irritability, emotional exhaustion. The use of stereotypes simplifies reality and its image during pandemics. Pandemic experiences are influenced by the dynamics of personal needs, expectations integrated by the individual. The right way to alleviate the acute states of pandemic consciousness is to change perceptions of the world, vitality, tolerance for uncertainty, and one’s own life position.The main group of verbal stimuli that activate the causal links of pandemic fears are: COVID-19, virus, epidemic, pandemic, infection, contamination, risk of infection, unmasked person, disease, hospital. Conclusions. It is concluded that the crisis that humanity is experiencing today is primarily an existential crisis. It is concluded that one of the main ways to correct the acute states of pandemic consciousness is to change perceptions of the world.

Women Facing Psychological Abuse: How Do They Respond to Maternal Identity Humiliation and Body Shaming?

This research analyzes the decisions made by women facing simulated situations of psychological abuse. Seventy-three women (36.9 ± 13.6 years) who had been victims of domestic violence participated. The analysis was based on their coping strategies, early maladaptive schemes, and their decisions in response to vignettes describing the following domestic violence situations: humiliation to women’s maternal identity with children as witnesses and body shaming. We used Student’s t and Mann–Whitney tests to compare the results between groups. The participants presented some coping strategies (social support seeking, wishful thinking, and professional support seeking) and several early maladaptive schemes (emotional deprivation, defectiveness/shame, social isolation/alienation, failure to achieve, attachment, and subjugation) associated with their reactions facing a situation of humiliation with children as witnesses. When the humiliation was against the body image, their reactions were associated with some coping strategies (wishful thinking, professional support seeking, autonomy, negative auto-focus coping, and positive reappraisal) and one maladaptive scheme (defectiveness/shame). Women who reacted avoidantly showed higher social and professional support seeking but experienced higher indicators of discomfort and deterioration of self-esteem than those who opted for assertive decisions. The presence of children as witnesses seems to be a factor of stress in the configuration of coping strategies and maladaptive schemes in female victims of domestic violence. The evolution of early maladaptive schemes and coping strategies requires observation to avoid the risk of isolation and permanence in victimizing relationships.

THE PROBLEM OF THE REVERSIBILITY, CORRECTION AND COMPENSATION OF EMOTIONAL DEPRIVATION EFFECTS OF JUNIOR SCHOOL AGED CHILDREN

The article is devoted to the observation of the overcoming methods of the effects of junior school aged children emotional deprivation.Purpose: to carry the theoretical analysis of the reversibility problem, correction and compensation of the emotional deprivation effects out in the concept of modern investigations and to suggest the own model of overcoming it in junior school aged children.Methods. The learning and the analysis of the emotional deprivation and its effects in children-orphans and in lained parental care children literature; the generalization and systematization of researches devoted to the children emotional deprivation correction; modeling for the construction of the program of overcoming the emotional deprivation effects in junior school aged children in the adoptive family conditions.Results. Due to the theoretical research data it is stated the presence of negative affect of emotional deprivation on children. It is established that the result of emotional deprivation is the complex of defections in physical, psychico, behavioring and social spheres.It is discovered that emotional deprivation effects appear in changing of limbic and endocrine systems, emotional, adaptive, behaviouring and cognitive disorders, psychosomatic diseases and even in deep psycho disorders.It is noticed that the emphasis difficulty of emotional deprivation results is due to the fact that different types of deprivation at once affect on children in the conditions of institutional establishments.It is noted that due to the same deprivation conditions we can observe absolutely different effects in children and the deepness of deprivation damages depends on the duration of child’s being in emotional deprivation situation.It is generalized that with the reversibility aim correction and compensation of emotional deprivation effects may be used readaptation, studying, resocialization, psychological correction, reabilitation, psychotherapy, psychological support. It is made and it is probed in the model of psychological support to the adoptive family with the aim of overcoming emotional deprivation effects in junior school aged children.Conclusions. The psychological support of adoptive families which is realized in the shape of specially organized events (diagnostics, education, correction, development, consulting) is one of the effective instruments of emotional deprivation effects correction in children.Key words: emotional deprivation, reversibility, compensation, correction the model of psychological support, junior school aged children, adoptive family. Статтю присвяченооглядуметодів подолання наслідків емоційної депривації у дітей молодшого шкільного віку.Мета. Здійснититеоретичний аналіз проблеми оберненості, корекції та компенсації наслідків емоційної депривації в руслі сучасних досліджень та запропонувати власну модель її подолання у дітей молодшого шкільного віку.Методи. Вивчення та аналіз літератури з проблеми емоційної депривації та її наслідків у дітей-сиріт та дітей, позбавлених батьківської опіки; узагальнення та систематизація наукових досліджень, присвячених корекції емоційної депривації у дітей; моделювання для побудови програми подолання наслідків емоційної депривації у дітей молодшого шкільного віку в умовах прийомної сім’ї.Результати. За даними теоретичного дослідження констатовано наявність негативного впливу емоційної депривації на дітей. Установлено, що результатами емоційної депривації є комплекс порушень у фізичній, психічній, поведінковій та соціальній сферах. Виявлено, що наслідки емоційної депривації проявляються у змінах лімбічної та ендокринної систем, емоційних, поведінкових, адаптаційних, когнітивних порушеннях, психосоматичних захворюваннях і навіть у глибоких пси-хічних розладах.Зауважено, що складність виділення наслідків емоційної депривації зумовлена тим фактом, що на дітей в умовах інституціональних закладів діють одразу декілька типів депривації.Відзначено, що за одних і тих самих деприваційних умов у дітей можуть спостерігатися абсолютно різні наслідки, а глибина деприваційних уражень залежить від тривалості перебування дитини в ситуації емоційної депривації.Узагальнено, що з метою оберненості, корекції та компенсації наслідків емоційної депривації можуть застосовуватися реадаптація, навчання, ресоціалізація, психологічна корекція, супровід, реабілітація, психотерапія.Розроблено та апробовано модель програми психологічного супроводу прийомної сім’ї з метою подолання наслідків емоційної депривації у дітей молодшого шкільного віку.Висновки. Психологічний супровід прийомних сімей, реалізований у формі спеціально організованих заходів (діагностика, просвіта, корекція, розвиток, консультування), є одним з ефективних інстру-ментів корекції наслідків емоційної депривації у дітей.Ключові слова: емоційна депривація,оберненість, компенсація, корекція, модель психологічного супроводу, діти молодшого шкільного віку, прийомна сім’я.

PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC METHODS APPLICATION IN FOLLOW-UP OF EMOTIONALLY DEPRIVED ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CHILDREN

Hardships experienced many times in the family and outside it in the past, have a negative impact on formation of children’s personality. Emotional deprivation is one of such factors. Long-term stay of elementary school children under emotional deprivation conditions results in a whole number of adverse effects. Being directly dependent on environment adverse changes and impacts emotional sphere is most vulnerable in this respect. The range of emotional deprivation adverse effects on elementary school children is quite wide: from mild emotional disorders that can be corrected with the help of correctional and developmental activities to severe mental disorders and diseases that require long-term treatment. Thus, the situation of emotional deprivation requires the use of prophylactic, corrective and rehabilitative actions. The purpose of the article is to reveal the features of psychotherapeutic methods application in arranging psychological follow-up of emotionally deprived elementary school children. To achieve the determined purpose we’ve applied a mix of speculative (analysis, synthesis, comparison and generalization) and empiric (observation, survey, talk, expert evaluations, testing, quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the results obtained) research methods. The results of the literature sources analysis let us sum up by saying that such methods as adaptation, socialization, learning, development, correction, counseling, psychotherapy, follow-up and rehabilitation may be applied to cope with children’s emotional deprivation. We consider follow-up to be the most effective and comprehensive method. The psychological follow-up model developed and tested by us includes support provided to foster families in the course of coping with children’s emotional deprivation adverse effects and is based on the system of working with foster children and parents, as well as on conducting joint classes involving parents and children. We’ve applied various psychological correction and development methods (talk, games, exercises, drawing, fantasizing and relaxation) in combination with psychotherapeutic methods (symbol drama, art therapy and positive psychotherapy) to conduct psychological follow-up of children. Effectiveness and efficiency of the emotionally deprived elementary school children psychological follow-up model developed by us has been tested on the ground of repetitive psychodiagnostic testing and comparing its results of control and experimental groups. The application of remedial methods in combination with psychotherapeutic methods has made it possible to obtain constant and long-lasting results in emotional deprivation evidences reducing and elementary school children emotional intelligence level raising.

A research on the variables that effect affective commitment to change

Regardless of the change process level for businesses, employees' participation in the change process is a vital factor. Change as an attempt to question the current order and replace it with a more effective and efficient system requires employees to support and see themselves as part of the process emotionally. The research conducted in this context aims to determine the factors that effect affective commitment to change (ACC). In this context, it aims to guide businesses on which factors they should focus on in their change processes. In the study, a quantitative method was preferred, a questionnaire form was used as the data collection technique, and the data were obtained from healthcare professionals working in the Yozgat Provincial Health Directorate. The results indicated that perception of change (general perception, readiness for change, and being affected by the change) and emotional deprivation have negative effects on affective commitment to change. In contrast, communion striving, teamwork, social companionship and workplace friendship have no meaningful effects on the dependent variable.