scholarly journals Basic and Clinical Studies of Pharmacologic Effects on Recovery from Brain Injury

1993 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry B. Goldstein
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injury ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Recovery Of Function ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Medical Problems ◽  
Focal Brain Injury ◽  
Pharmacologic Agents ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Selection Of

Investigations in laboratory animals indicate that certain drugs that influence specific neurotransmitters can have profound effects on the recovery process. Even small doses of some drugs given after brain injury facilitate recovery while others are harmful. Preliminary clinical studies suggest that the same drugs that enhance recovery in laboratory animals (e.g., amphetamine) may have similar effects in humans after stroke. In addition, some of the drugs that impair recovery of function after focal brain injury in laboratory animals (e.g. haloperidol, benzodiazepines, clonidine, prazosin, phenytoin) are commonly given to stroke patients for coincident medical problems and may interfere with functional recovery in humans. Until the impact of pharmacologic agents on the recovering brain is better understood, the available data suggest that care should be exercised in the selection of drugs used in the treatment of the recovering stroke patient. Pharmacologic enhancement of recovery after focal brain injury may be possible in humans.

scholarly journals Enhancing Recovery after Stroke with Noradrenergic Pharmacotherapy: A New Frontier?

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Gladstone ◽  
Sandra E. Black
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
Recovery Of Function ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Stroke Recovery ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
New Frontier ◽  
Focal Brain Injury ◽  
Completed Stroke ◽  
Scientific Attention ◽  
Irreversible Injury

ABSTRACT:Despite much progress in stroke prevention and acute intervention, recovery and rehabilitation have traditionally received relatively little scientific attention. There is now increasing interest in the development of stroke recovery drugs and innovative rehabilitation techniques to promote functional recovery after completed stroke. Experimental work over the past two decades indicates that pharmacologic intervention to enhance recovery may be possible in the subacute stage, days to weeks poststroke, after irreversible injury has occurred. This paper discusses the concept of “rehabilitation pharmacology” and reviews the growing literature from animal studies and pilot clinical trials on noradrenergic pharmacotherapy, a new experimental strategy in stroke rehabilitation. Amphetamine, a monoamine agonist that increases brain norepinephrine levels, is the most extensively studied drug shown to promote recovery of function in animal models of focal brain injury. Further research is needed to investigate the mechanisms and clinical efficacy of amphetamine and other novel therapeutic interventions on the recovery process.

scholarly journals The Impact of Normalization Methods on RNA-Seq Data Analysis

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Zyprych-Walczak ◽  
A. Szabelska ◽  
L. Handschuh ◽  
K. Górczak ◽  
K. Klamecka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Complex Data ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Medical Problems ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Normalization Methods ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Selection Of

High-throughput sequencing technologies, such as the Illumina Hi-seq, are powerful new tools for investigating a wide range of biological and medical problems. Massive and complex data sets produced by the sequencers create a need for development of statistical and computational methods that can tackle the analysis and management of data. The data normalization is one of the most crucial steps of data processing and this process must be carefully considered as it has a profound effect on the results of the analysis. In this work, we focus on a comprehensive comparison of five normalization methods related to sequencing depth, widely used for transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) data, and their impact on the results of gene expression analysis. Based on this study, we suggest a universal workflow that can be applied for the selection of the optimal normalization procedure for any particular data set. The described workflow includes calculation of the bias and variance values for the control genes, sensitivity and specificity of the methods, and classification errors as well as generation of the diagnostic plots. Combining the above information facilitates the selection of the most appropriate normalization method for the studied data sets and determines which methods can be used interchangeably.

Neuropsychological outcomes following traumatic brain injury

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 476-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sallie Baxendale ◽  
Dominic Heaney ◽  
Fergus Rugg-Gunn ◽  
Daniel Friedland
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Structural Damage ◽  
Injury Severity ◽  
Prognostic Significance ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Neuropsychological Outcome ◽  
Complex Interplay ◽  
Neuropsychological Outcomes ◽  
The Impact

This review examines the clinical and neuroradiological features of traumatic brain injury that are most frequently associated with persistent cognitive complaints. Neuropsychological outcomes do not depend solely on brain injury severity but result from a complex interplay between premorbid factors, the extent and nature of the underlying structural damage, the person’s neuropsychological reserve and the impact of non-neurological factors in the recovery process. Brain injury severity is only one of these factors and has limited prognostic significance with respect to neuropsychological outcome. We examine the preinjury and postinjury factors that interact with the severity of a traumatic brain injury to shape outcome trajectories. We aim to provide a practical base on which to build discussions with the patient and their family about what to expect following injury and also to plan appropriate neurorehabilitation.

Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopie of experimental brain injury

1996 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 76-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Nicolay ◽  
R.M. Dijkhuizen ◽  
A. van der Toorn ◽  
T. Reese ◽  
D. Brandsma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injury ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Brain Research ◽  
Focal Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
The Impact

SummaryThis article describes the use of non-invasive magnetic resonance (MR) methods for the characterization and monitoring of the pathophysiology of experimental brain injury in laboratory animals as a function of time and treatment. The impact of MR in brain research is primarily due to its non-invasive nature, thereby enabling repeated measurements in long-term studies, and due to the type of information that it provides. MR imaging (MRI) enables the measurement of the morphology/anatomy as well as the functional status of tissues under in vivo conditions. Compared to other in vivo imaging modalities, MRI has a high spatial resolution and allows for a remarkable soft tissue differentiation. MR spectroscopy (MRS) provides information on the biochemical/metabolic status of tissues. MR methods which have proven valuable in animal studies, can be readily translated to the clinical situation where MR-based diagnosis and treatment planning play a rapidly increasing role.After a short introduction into the principles of MR, we will illustrate the remarkable versatility of MR in research on brain injury from recent animal studies. Examples will be mainly drawn from experiments on early injury in focal cerebral ischemia and from research on mechanical brain trauma and excitotoxic lesions. The article ends with a brief description of the perspectives of MR in neuropsychiatry.

Understanding the Impact of Brine Hardness on Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery Surfactants Performance: A Data Journey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Company ◽  
Sabrina Hocine ◽  
Baptiste Pousset ◽  
Mikel Morvan
Keyword(s):  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Divalent Cations ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Injection Process ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Internal Olefin ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract Brine composition is one of the key parameters in the design of a surfactant based oil recovery process and is a condition imposed by the reservoir nature. This brine can contain a large variety of ions including monovalent and divalent cations (hardness), which impacts the surfactants solubility. Moreover, hardness evolution during the injection process can also impair surfactant formulations’ performances. Water treatment processes are useful ways to mitigate such risks, but they imply higher CAPEX for the process. As a consequence, the selection of the right surfactant will have a large impact on the cost and on crude oil production. This paper describes solution properties of the most common surfactants used in surfactant flooding i.e. Alkyl Benzene Sulfonates (ABS) and Internal Olefin Sulfonates (IOS) as a function of the brine hardness and will be compared with Internal Ketone Sulfonates (IKS), a new bio-based surfactant family.

Brain Repair: Bridging the Lab-Brain Barrier?

1999 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-91
Author(s):  
Dorothy Gronwall
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injury ◽  
Health Professional ◽  
Recovery Of Function ◽  
Normal Function ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Brain Repair ◽  
The World ◽  
Extensive Body ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

This optimistic book about recovery of function after brain injury or disease is written by three neuroscientists specifically to counter the belief that brain injury is permanent and that the brain cannot be repaired. They point out that this belief leads to often inappropriate or no treatment, which then makes it a self-fulfilling prophecy. However there is an increasingly extensive body of evidence from laboratories around the world that given the right conditions and specific chemicals, for example, normal function can be restored. This literature is highly specialized, highly technical, and often apparently unrelated to human recovery. It is also produced at a prodigious rate. According to a 1989 survey, fact-based knowledge doubled every 18 months at that time, and it was predicted that by the year 2010 it will double every 4 weeks. It is not surprising, therefore, that members of a health-professional team have difficulty keeping up with the clinical rehabilitation literature, and that they do not have the time or the energy to read studies on laboratory animals or tissue studies which are not seen as high priority or of relevance to their work.

The Impact Of Discount Rate Choice In Estimating The Workout LGD

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucia Gibilaro ◽  
Gianluca Mattarocci
Keyword(s):  
Discount Rate ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Capital Requirements ◽  
Discount Rates ◽  
Loss Given Default ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Proprietary Database ◽  
Main Determinants ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Selection Of

<p>The workout approach to estimating the loss given default compares the actual value of the recovery flows with the exposure at default to measure the efficacy of the recovery process. One of the main problems related to this approach is the selection of the proper discount rate for evaluating the portfolio. In the literature, there are different solutions proposed, but there is no evidence on the impact of the choice of one of these alternatives on the LGD measurement. This paper looks at a proprietary database for the timeframe 1985-2005, evaluates the impact of the discount rate on the LGD value and studies the main determinants of LGDs computed using different approaches. Even if the explanatory variables are the same, LGDs defined using different discount rates show differences in the percentile distribution that could significantly affect the capital requirements of a financial intermediary.</p>

Methods for Restricting Maximum Exposure Rate in Computerized Adaptative Testing

Methodology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Ramon Barrada ◽  
Julio Olea ◽  
Vicente Ponsoda
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Accuracy ◽  
Computerized Adaptive Testing ◽  
Computation Time ◽  
Adaptive Testing ◽  
Exposure Rate ◽  
Control Parameters ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Two Alternatives ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Maximum Exposure

Abstract. The Sympson-Hetter (1985) method provides a means of controlling maximum exposure rate of items in Computerized Adaptive Testing. Through a series of simulations, control parameters are set that mark the probability of administration of an item on being selected. This method presents two main problems: it requires a long computation time for calculating the parameters and the maximum exposure rate is slightly above the fixed limit. Van der Linden (2003) presented two alternatives which appear to solve both of the problems. The impact of these methods in the measurement accuracy has not been tested yet. We show how these methods over-restrict the exposure of some highly discriminating items and, thus, the accuracy is decreased. It also shown that, when the desired maximum exposure rate is near the minimum possible value, these methods offer an empirical maximum exposure rate clearly above the goal. A new method, based on the initial estimation of the probability of administration and the probability of selection of the items with the restricted method ( Revuelta & Ponsoda, 1998 ), is presented in this paper. It can be used with the Sympson-Hetter method and with the two van der Linden's methods. This option, when used with Sympson-Hetter, speeds the convergence of the control parameters without decreasing the accuracy.

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