Role of HMGB1/TLR signaling pathway in Helicobacter pylori infection

This study was to investigate the protective role of luteolin on inflammation-mediated metabolic diseases, focusing on the role of luteolin in the modulation of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway. C57BL/6J mice were fed a normal, high-fat, or high-fat + 0.005% (w/w) luteolin diet for 16 weeks. Luteolin improved chronic low-grade inflammation by modulating the TLR signaling pathway, resulting in reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines and macrophage accumulation. A positive relationship was detected between gene expressions of Tlr5, Map2k7, Mapk12, Mapk13, and Mapk9 and lipogenesis in epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) of luteolin-treated mice, which was linked to attenuation of hepatic lipotoxicity by increasing free fatty acid (FFA) flux to the WAT. Luteolin prevented fibrosis by decreasing extracellular matrix accumulation and cathepsin gene expressions, while enhancing the hepatic antioxidant system. Emr1 and Ccl7, important markers inducing low-grade inflammation, were affected by advanced age and greater body weight, which were normalized by luteolin treatment. Luteolin improved insulin resistance by normalizing pancreatic islet dysfunction and differentially modulating the plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 and gastric inhibitory polypeptide levels. Our results suggest that luteolin ameliorates diet-induced obesity and its comorbidities. Overall, this study provides novel insights into the effect of luteolin on the links among adiposopathy, insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, and fibrosis.

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Effect of a Mushroom (Coriolus versicolor) Based Probiotic on the Expression of Toll-like Receptors and Signal Transduction in Goat Neutrophils

Journal of Molecular Biology Research ◽

10.5539/jmbr.v6n1p71 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 71 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Kingsley Ekwemalor ◽

Emmanuel Asiamah ◽

Mulumebet Worku

Keyword(s):

Innate Immunity ◽

Signaling Pathway ◽

Cold Treatment ◽

Free Water ◽

Control Group ◽

Tlr Signaling ◽

Blood Neutrophils ◽

Definition Of ◽

Tlr Signaling Pathway

<p class="1Body">Neutrophils recognize and destroy pathogens through activation of the Toll like receptor (TLR) system as part of the inflammatory response of innate immunity. The expression and modulation of genes in the TLR signaling pathway in caprine blood neutrophils was investigated. Following initial screening for infection, goats (N=15) were assigned to three groups of five (n=5) individuals. Goats were drenched daily with 10 mL of powdered CorPet (Mycology labs Inc) soaked in hot (treatment I) or cold (treatment II) sterile filtered endotoxin free water, for a 4-week period. A control group of five age-matched goats received sterile water (treatment III). Blood was collected weekly and analyzed for packed cell volume and white blood cell differential counts. At weeks 1 and 4 neutrophils were isolated, using differential centrifugation and hypotonic lysis of red blood cells. The concentration and purity of total RNA isolated using Trizol was determined on a Nanodrop spectrophotometer. The RETROscript kit was used to synthesize cDNA. The expression of 84 genes in the human TLR signaling pathway RT<sup>2</sup> PCR Array was evaluated using real time PCR and the Livak method. The house keeping gene GAPDH was used to normalize the data. At week 1 untreated goats expressed 48 genes in the pathway. Goat neutrophils expressed 10 TLRs. Mushroom extracts modulated expression of and signaling by TLR. These results will help in the definition of the role of TLR expression in neutrophils and its contribution to goat innate immunity. Further this may aid in the design of therapeutics for goat health.</p>

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Toll-Like Receptor Signaling Pathways: Novel Therapeutic Targets for Cerebrovascular Disorders

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22116153 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (11) ◽

pp. 6153

Author(s):

Rezan Ashayeri Ahmadabad ◽

Zahra Mirzaasgari ◽

Ali Gorji ◽

Maryam Khaleghi Ghadiri

Keyword(s):

Signaling Pathway ◽

Inflammatory Responses ◽

Critical Role ◽

Cerebrovascular Disorders ◽

Cerebrovascular Diseases ◽

Tlr Signaling ◽

Integral Role ◽

Potential Benefits ◽

Tlr Signaling Pathway

Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a class of pattern recognition proteins, play an integral role in the modulation of systemic inflammatory responses. Cerebrovascular diseases (CVDs) are a group of pathological conditions that temporarily or permanently affect the brain tissue mostly via the decrease of oxygen and glucose supply. TLRs have a critical role in the activation of inflammatory cascades following hypoxic-ischemic events and subsequently contribute to neuroprotective or detrimental effects of CVD-induced neuroinflammation. The TLR signaling pathway and downstream cascades trigger immune responses via the production and release of various inflammatory mediators. The present review describes the modulatory role of the TLR signaling pathway in the inflammatory responses developed following various CVDs and discusses the potential benefits of the modulation of different TLRs in the improvement of functional outcomes after brain ischemia.

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