Dose-effect and time-effect relationship of chronic restraint stress combined with senna extract gavage in inducing diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome in rats

The etiology of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) is complicated and closely related to neurotransmission in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Developing new strategies for treating this disease is a major challenge for IBS-D research. Berberine hydrochloride (BBH), the derivative of berberine, is a herbal constituent used to treat IBS. Previous studies have shown that BBH has potential anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, analgesic, and antidiarrheal effects and a wide range of biological activities, especially in regulating the release of some neurotransmitters. A modified IBS-D rat model induced by chronic restraint stress was used in all experiments to study the effects of BBH on the GI tract. This study measured the abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR) response to graded colorectal distention (CRD; 20, 40, 60, and 80 mmHg) and observed the fecal areas of stress-induced IBS-D model. Experiments were conducted using organ bath techniques, which were performed in vitro using strips of colonic longitudinal smooth muscle. Inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitter agents were added to each organ bath to observe contractile responses on the strips and the treatment effect exerted by BBH. The IBS-D rat model was successfully induced by chronic restraint stress, which resulted in an increased defecation frequency and visceral hypersensitivity similar to that of humans. BBH could reduce 4-h fecal areas and AWR response to CRD in IBS-D. The stress-induced IBS-D model showed upregulated colonic mRNA expression levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine-3A receptor and downregulated expression levels of neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Meanwhile, BBH could reverse this outcome. The responses of substances that regulate the contraction induced by related neurotransmission in the longitudinal smooth muscle of IBS-D colon (including the agonist of acetylcholine, carbachol; NOS inhibitor, L-NAME; and P2Y1 receptor antagonist, MRS2500) can be inhibited by BBH. In summary, BBH promotes defecation frequency and visceral hypersensitivity in IBS-D and exerts inhibitory effects on contractile responses in colonic longitudinal smooth muscle. Thus, BBH may represent a new therapeutic approach for treating IBS-D.

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Clinical Strategy for Optimal Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Herbal Dose Selection in Disease Therapeutics: Expert Consensus on Classic TCM Herbal Formula Dose Conversion

The American Journal of Chinese Medicine ◽

10.1142/s0192415x1550086x ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 43 (08) ◽

pp. 1515-1524 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Lin-Hua Zha ◽

Li-Sha He ◽

Feng-Mei Lian ◽

Zhong Zhen ◽

Hang-Yu Ji ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chinese Medicine ◽

Traditional Chinese Medicine ◽

Measurement System ◽

Expert Consensus ◽

Dose Effect ◽

Herbal Formula ◽

Dose Selection ◽

Effect Relationship ◽

Weight Measurement ◽

Relationship Of

The clinical therapeutics of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) constitutes a complicated process which involves theory, diagnosis, and formula prescription with specific herbal dosage. Zhang Zhong-Jing’s classic work, Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases, has been influencing TCM practice for almost 2000 years. However, during this extended period of time in Chinese history, the Chinese weight measurement system experienced noticeable changes. This change in the weight measurement system inevitably, and perhaps even negatively, affected TCM herbal dosage determination and treatment outcome. Thus, in modern society, a full understanding of the accuracy of herbal dose selection has a critical importance in the TCM daily practice of delivering the best treatment to the patients suffering from different illnesses. In the 973 Project of the Chinese National Basic Research Program, expert consensus on classic TCM formula dose conversion has been reached based on extensive literature review and discussion on the dose–effect relationship of classic TCM formulas. One “liang” (两) in classic TCM formulas is equivalent to 13.8[Formula: see text]g. However, based on many TCM basic and clinical studies of variable herbal formula prescriptions and herbal drug preparations, the rule of one liang equals 13.8[Formula: see text]g should be adjusted according to different disease conditions. Recommended by the committee on TCM formula dose–effect relationship of the China Association of Chinese Medicine and the World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies, the following expert consensus has been reached: (i) One liang converts to 6–9[Formula: see text]g for the severely and critically ill patients. (ii) One liang converts to 3–6[Formula: see text]g for the patients suffering from chronic diseases. (iii) One liang converts to 1–3[Formula: see text]g in preventive medicine. The above conversions should be used as a future TCM practice guideline. Using this recommended guideline should enhance the effectiveness of daily TCM practice.

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Characteristics and dose‐effect relationship of clinical gamma‐hydroxybutyrate intoxication: A case series

Journal of Forensic Sciences ◽

10.1111/1556-4029.14880 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Madelaine Abid ◽

Jana Kietzerow ◽

Stefanie Iwersen‐Bergmann ◽

Tino Schnitgerhans ◽

Hilke Andresen‐Streichert

Keyword(s):

Case Series ◽

Dose Effect ◽

Effect Relationship ◽

Gamma Hydroxybutyrate ◽

Relationship Of

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Evaluation of Small Intestinal Motility in a Rat Model of Irritable Bowel Syndrome

10.21203/rs.3.rs-763246/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Masamichi Sato ◽

Takahiro Kudo ◽

Nobuyasu Arai ◽

Reiko Kyodo ◽

Kenji Hosoi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽

Small Intestine ◽

Real Time ◽

Rat Model ◽

Intestinal Motility ◽

Restraint Stress ◽

Rat Models ◽

Small Intestinal Motility ◽

Small Intestinal ◽

Irritable Bowel

Abstract Background: The correlation between small intestinal motility alteration and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is not well evaluated. Aims: To assess the small intestinal and colonic transits in an IBS rat model with restraint stress and determine the role of small intestinal motility in the IBS pathophysiology.Methods: Restraint stress was utilized to make adolescent IBS rat models that were evaluated for clinical symptoms, including stool frequency and diarrhea. The small intestinal motility and transit rate were also evaluated. The amounts of mRNA encoding corticotropin-releasing hormone, mast cell, and serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) receptor 3a were quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR); the 5-HT expression was evaluated using immunostaining.Results: Restraint stress significantly increased the number of fecal pellet outputs, stool water content, and small intestinal motility in the IBS rat models. There was no difference in real-time PCR results, but immunostaining analysis revealed that 5-HT expression in the small intestine was significantly increased in the IBS rat models.Conclusions: In the adolescent rat model of IBS with restraint stress, we observed an increase in small intestinal and colonic motility. In the small intestine, enhanced 5-HT secretion in the distal portion may be involved in increasing the small intestinal motility.

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