Principles of DNA-Based Gut Microbiota Assessment and Therapeutic Efficacy of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Gastrointestinal Diseases

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Cammarota ◽  
Silvia Pecere ◽  
Gianluca Ianiro ◽  
Luca Masucci ◽  
Diego Currò
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Causative Role ◽  
Gastrointestinal Microbiota ◽  
Treatment Protocols ◽  
Irritable Bowel ◽  
Cure Rates

Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), a process by which the normal gastrointestinal microbiota is restored, has demonstrated extraordinary cure rates for Clostridium difficile infection and low recurrence. The community of microorganisms within the human gut (or microbiota) is critical to health status and functions; therefore, together with the rise of FMT, the gastrointestinal microbiota has emerged as a ‘virtual' organ with a level of complexity comparable to that of any other organ system and capable to compete with powerful known antibiotics for the treatment of several disorders. Although treatment protocols, donor selection, stool preparation and delivery methods varied widely, with a few reports following an identical protocol, FMT has diffused to other areas where the alterations of the gut microbiota ecology (or dysbiosis) have been theorized to play a causative role, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), among several other extra-intestinal disorders (i.e. metabolic syndrome and obesity, multiple sclerosis, cardiovascular diseases). FMT can be relatively simple to perform, but a number of challenges need to be overcome before this procedure is widely accepted in clinical practice, and currently, there is no consensus between the various gastrointestinal organizations and societies regarding the FMT procedure. In this article, we describe the modern high-throughput sequencing techniques to characterize the composition of gut microbiota and the potential for therapeutics by manipulating microbiota with FMT in several gastrointestinal disorders (C. difficile-associated diarrhea, IBD and IBS), with a look on the potential future directions of FMT.

scholarly journals Gut Microbiota-Bile Acid Crosstalk in Diarrhea-Irritable Bowel Syndrome

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Kai Zhan ◽  
Huan Zheng ◽  
Jianqing Li ◽  
Haomeng Wu ◽  
Shumin Qin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽  
Bile Acid ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Farnesoid X Receptor ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Functional Connections ◽  
Irritable Bowel

The occurrence of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) is the result of multiple factors, and its pathogenesis has not yet been clarified. Emerging evidence indicates abnormal changes in gut microbiota and bile acid (BA) metabolism have a close relationship with IBS-D. Gut microbiota is involved in the secondary BA production via deconjugation, 7α-dehydroxylation, oxidation, epimerization, desulfation, and esterification reactions respectively. Changes in the composition and quantity of gut microbiota have an important impact on the metabolism of BAs, which can lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal diseases. BAs, synthesized in the hepatocytes, play an important role in maintaining the homeostasis of gut microbiota and the balance of glucose and lipid metabolism. In consideration of the complex biological functional connections among gut microbiota, BAs, and IBS-D, it is urgent to review the latest research progress in this field. In this review, we summarized the alterations of gut microbiota in IBS-D and discussed the mechanistic connections between gut microbiota and BA metabolism in IBS-D, which may be involved in activating two important bile acid receptors, G-protein coupled bile acid receptor 1 (TGR5) and farnesoid X receptor (FXR). We also highlight the strategies of prevention and treatment of IBS-D via regulating gut microbiota-bile acid axis, including probiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), cholestyramine, and the cutting-edge technology about bacteria genetic engineering.

scholarly journals HUMAN GUT MICROBIOTA AND ITS EFFECTS ON HUMAN HEALTH IN NORMAL AND PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS

2017 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 185-193
Author(s):  
Anca Magdalena Munteanu ◽  
◽  
Raluca Cursaru ◽  
Loreta Guja ◽  
Simona Carniciu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Human Host ◽  
Human Gut Microbiota

The medical research of the last 1-2 decades allows us to look at the human gut microbiota and microbiome as to a structure that can promote health and sometimes initiate disease. It works like an endocrine organ: releasing specific metabolites, using environmental inputs, e.g. diet, or acting through its structural compounds, that signal human host receptors, to finally contributing to the pathogenesis of several gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinal diseases. The same commensal microbes were found as shapers of the human host response to drugs (cardiovascular, oncology etc.). New technologies played an important role in these achievements, facilitating analysis of the genetic and metabolic profile of this microbial community. Once the inputs, the pathways and a lot of human host receptors were highlighted, the scientists were encouraged to go further into research, in order to develop new pathogenic therapies, targeting the human gut flora. Dual therapies, evolving these “friend microbes”, are another actual research subjects. This review gives an update on the current knowledge in the area of microbiota disbalances under environmental factors, the contribution of gut microbiota and microbiome to the pathogenesis of obesity, obesity associated metabolic disorders and cardiovascular disease, as well as new perspectives in preventing and treating these diseases, with high prevalence in contemporary, economically developed societies. It brings the latest and most relevant evidences relating to: probiotics, prebiotics, polyphenols and fecal microbiota transplantation, dietary nutrient manipulation, microbial as well as human host enzyme manipulation, shaping human responses to currently used drugs, manipulating the gut microbiome by horizontal gene transfer.

scholarly journals Alteration of Gut Microbiota in Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Carriers during Fecal Microbiota Transplantation According to Decolonization Periods

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 352
Author(s):  
Jin-Jae Lee ◽  
Dongeun Yong ◽  
Ki Tae Suk ◽  
Dong Joon Kim ◽  
Heung-Jeong Woo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Rectal Swab ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Therapeutic Option ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Serial Samples ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant Enterobacteriaceae

Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has been suggested as an alternative therapeutic option to decolonize carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE). However, the analysis of gut microbiota alteration in CRE carriers during FMT is still limited. Here, gut microbiota changes in CRE carriers were evaluated during FMT according to decolonization periods. The decolonization of 10 CRE carriers was evaluated after FMT, using serial consecutive rectal swab cultures. Alterations of gut microbiota before and after FMT (56 serial samples) were analyzed using high-throughput sequencing. The decolonization rates of CRE carriers were 40%, 50%, and 90% within 1, 3 and 5 months after initial FMT, respectively. Gut microbiota significantly changed after FMT (p = 0.003). Microbiota alteration was different between the early decolonization carriers (EDC) and late decolonization carriers (LDC). Microbiota convergence in carriers to donors was detected in EDC within 4 weeks, and keystone genera within the Bacteroidetes were found in the gut microbiota of EDC before FMT. The relative abundance of Klebsiella was lower in EDC than in LDC, before and after FMT. Our results indicate that FMT is a potential option for CRE decolonization. The gut microbiota of CRE carriers could be used to predict decolonization timing after FMT, and determine repeated FMT necessity.

Modification of gut microbiota as a method of treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (literature review and own data)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Tkach ◽  
A. E. Dorofeev ◽  
Y. G. Kuzenko
Keyword(s):  
Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Clinical Effects ◽  
Time Treatment ◽  
Probiotic Strains ◽  
Irritable Bowel ◽  
Specific Symptoms

Recently, our knowledge of gut microbiota (GM) disorders in various pathologies has significantly increased. In particular, to date, there is sufficient evidence that various disorders of GM may play a pathogenetic role in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Therefore, various methods of GM modification are now considered as a new promising strategy for the treatment of patients with IBS. The use of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, antibiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) are considered as methods of GM modification. Many clinical trials have been conducted to examine the therapeutic effect of probiotics on general or specific symptoms of IBS, but most of these studies have been very heterogeneous. Although some meta‑analyzes or systematic reviews show that probiotics may be useful in treating the symptoms of IBS, their findings in the studies differ due to insufficient sample size, poor study design, and the use of different probiotic strains. Currently, only one selective intestinal antibiotic with eubiotic properties is known — rifaximin, the effectiveness and safety of which have been proven in large randomized trials. The authors presented their own experience of rifaximin use at IBS that confirmed its efficiency. Own experience of the FMT conduction in patients with IBS is also presented. It has been revealed that even one‑time treatment significantly affected the GM by reducing the frequency and severity of dysbiotic disorders; it was accompanied by significant clinical effects in most patients that lasted up to 3 months of follow‑up.

scholarly journals Pancreatic Diseases and Microbiota: A Literature Review and Future Perspectives

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 3535
Author(s):  
Marcantonio Gesualdo ◽  
Felice Rizzi ◽  
Silvia Bonetto ◽  
Stefano Rizza ◽  
Federico Cravero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Pancreatic Diseases ◽  
Rheumatologic Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Irritable Bowel ◽  
The One

Gut microbiota represent an interesting worldwide research area. Several studies confirm that microbiota has a key role in human diseases, both intestinal (such as inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, intestinal infectious diseases, irritable bowel syndrome) and extra intestinal disorders (such as autism, multiple sclerosis, rheumatologic diseases). Nowadays, it is possible to manipulate microbiota by administering prebiotics, probiotics or synbiotics, through fecal microbiota transplantation in selected cases. In this scenario, pancreatic disorders might be influenced by gut microbiota and this relationship could be an innovative and inspiring field of research. However, data are still scarce and controversial. Microbiota manipulation could represent an important therapeutic strategy in the pancreatic diseases, in addition to standard therapies. In this review, we analyze current knowledge about correlation between gut microbiota and pancreatic diseases, by discussing on the one hand existing data and on the other hand future possible perspectives.

scholarly journals Effects of Early Intervention with Maternal Fecal Microbiota and Antibiotics on the Gut Microbiota and Metabolite Profiles of Piglets

Metabolites ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunhui Lin ◽  
Jiajia Wan ◽  
Yong Su ◽  
Weiyun Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Early Intervention ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Metabolite Profile ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Gastrointestinal Microbiota ◽  
Neonatal Piglets ◽  
Metabolite Profiles

We investigated the effects of early intervention with maternal fecal microbiota and antibiotics on gut microbiota and the metabolites. Five litters of healthy neonatal piglets (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire, nine piglets in each litter) were used. Piglets in each litter were orally treated with saline (CO), amoxicillin treatment (AM), or maternal fecal microbiota transplantation (MFMT) on days 1–6, with three piglets in each treatment. Results were compared to the CO group. MFMT decreased the relative abundances of Clostridium sensu stricto and Parabacteroides in the colon on day 7, whereas the abundance of Blautia increased, and the abundance of Corynebacterium in the stomach reduced on day 21. AM reduced the abundance of Arcanobacterium in the stomach on day 7 and reduced the abundances of Streptococcus and Lachnoclostridium in the ileum and colon on day 21, respectively. The metabolite profile indicated that MFMT markedly influenced carbohydrate metabolism and amino acid (AA) metabolism on day 7. On day 21, carbohydrate metabolism and AA metabolism were affected by AM. The results suggest that MFMT and AM discriminatively modulate gastrointestinal microflora and alter the colonic metabolic profiles of piglets and show different effects in the long-term. MFMT showed a location-specific influence on the gastrointestinal microbiota.

scholarly journals Current status, complications and prospects of fecal microbiota transplantation therapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 004-009
Author(s):  
Ohara Tadashi
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Recurrent Clostridium Difficile Infection ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Irritable Bowel ◽  
Highly Virulent ◽  
Transplantation Therapy

Currently, the emergence of highly virulent mutants in Europe and the United States has caused refractory recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (RCDI) to be a problem in clinical practice. In 2013, the Netherland group demonstrated breakthrough therapeutic efficacy in fecal microbial transplant (FMT) treatment clinical trials for RCDI, and FMT treatment is rapidly gaining attention. In addition to RCDI, FMT treatment has been attempted in various gastrointestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome and chronic constipation, as well as extragastrointestinal diseases. In this review, I would like to describe the current status, complications and prospects of FMT treatment.

scholarly journals Dysbiosis in Functional Bowel Disorders

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 296-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Enck ◽  
Nazar Mazurak
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Healthy Person ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Functional Bowel Disorders ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Bowel Disorders ◽  
Irritable Bowel ◽  
Benign Disorders

Functional bowel disorders (FBD) resemble a group of diseases of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract that are without a clear pathogenesis; the best known is probably the “irritable bowel syndrome” (IBS). Only recently we have been able to explore the role of the gut microbiota in FBD due to progress in microbiological analytic techniques. There are different ways to explore the role of the gut microbiota and its dysbiosis in FBD. Comparison of the microbial composition in a group of patients with FBD, for example, with IBS to a group of healthy volunteers is one way. Studies have shown that the microbiota in FBD is different from that of healthy controls, but the recorded differences are not necessarily specific for FBD, they may also occur in other diseases. Another approach to explore the role of the gut microbiota in FBD is to challenge the existing “flora” with novel bacteria (probiotics) or with nutritional substrates that stimulate bacterial growth (prebiotics). More than 60 such trials including several thousand patients have been performed in IBS. These studies have produced mixed outcome: some probiotics appear to be better than others, and some appear to work only for a part of the IBS symptoms and not for all. An extreme form of this approach is the transfer of an entire microbiota from 1 healthy person to another, called fecal microbiota transplantation. This has rarely been tested in FBD but is not without risk in benign disorders.

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