Changes in Sleep Architecture under Sustained Pain in Adult Male Rats Subjected to Neonatal Short-Lasting Local Inflammatory Insult

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 386-398
Author(s):  
Cheryl C.H. Yang ◽  
Shiang-Suo Huang ◽  
Chun-Ting Lai ◽  
Terry B.J. Kuo ◽  
Ya-Chun Chu
Keyword(s):  
Paradoxical Sleep ◽  
Sleep Architecture ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Intraplantar Injection ◽  
Quiet Sleep ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Physiological Relevance ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Stimulation Of

Neonatal, short-lasting, local, nociceptive insult by carrageenan can cause long-term alterations in somatosensory and neurohumoral systems. We previously revealed hyporesponsiveness of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) after painful stimulation of adult rats in a neonatal carrageenan-induced pain model. Sleep disturbance has been highly correlated with pain and ANS activity. In the present study, adult rats that had received an intraplantar injection of carrageenan on postnatal day 1 were investigated to determine if there were alterations in their sleep architecture upon the stimulation of pain. Polysomnographic and heart rate variability recordings were carried out, with a wireless transmission of data, for 24 h under baseline conditions and after an intraplantar injection of complete Freund's adjuvant to induce sustained nociception. Increased active awake (AW) and decreased quiet sleep (QS) and paradoxical sleep (PS) times were noted in the control animals. In the carrageenan-treated rats, the AW time increased but with decreased alertness, as revealed by decreases in beta and increases in theta power. The QS time did not decrease. The PS time decreased during the first 12 h, then increased during the following 12 h, suggesting an early rebound of formerly deprived PS time. Sympathetic activation under sustained pain was not apparent in any stage of sleep in carrageenan-treated rats and was even suppressed in AW time. An impaired sympathetic reaction to pain may have contributed to the atypical changes in sleep architecture in these rats. In conclusion, pain in early life has a long-term effect on the cardiovascular-autonomic-electroencephalographic responses to pain later in life. The physiological relevance of these results remains undetermined.

Gender-related long-term effects in adult rats by perinatal dietary ratio of n-6/n-3 fatty acids

2005 ◽  
Vol 288 (3) ◽  
pp. R575-R579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Korotkova ◽  
Britt G. Gabrielsson ◽  
Agneta Holmäng ◽  
Britt-Marie Larsson ◽  
Lars Å. Hanson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Perinatal Period ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Serum Leptin

Epidemiological studies in humans have shown that perinatal nutrition affects health later in life. We have previously shown that the ratio of n-6 to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the maternal diet affects serum leptin levels and growth of the suckling pups. The aim of the present study was to investigate the long-term effects of various ratios of the dietary n-6 and n-3 PUFA during the perinatal period on serum leptin, insulin, and triacylglycerol, as well as body growth in the adult offspring. During late gestation and throughout lactation, rats were fed an isocaloric diet containing 7 wt% fat, either as linseed oil (n-3 diet), soybean oil (n-6/n-3 diet), or sunflower oil (n-6 diet). At 3 wk of age, the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratios in the serum phospholipids of the offspring were 2.5, 8.3, and 17.5, respectively. After weaning, all pups were given a standard chow. At the 28th postnatal wk, mean body weight and fasting insulin levels were significantly increased in the rats fed the n-6/n-3 diet perinatally compared with the other groups. The systolic blood pressure and serum triacylglycerol levels were only increased in adult male rats of the same group. These data suggest that the balance between n-6 and n-3 PUFA during perinatal development affects several metabolic parameters in adulthood, especially in the male animals.

Endotoxin-Induced Uveitis Causes Long-Term Changes in Trigeminal Subnucleus Caudalis Neurons

2005 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 3815-3825 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Bereiter ◽  
Keiichiro Okamoto ◽  
Akimasa Tashiro ◽  
Harumitsu Hirata
Keyword(s):  
Ocular Surface ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Cervical Cord ◽  
Single Exposure ◽  
Eye Blinks ◽  
Long Term Changes ◽  
Trigeminal Subnucleus Caudalis ◽  
Stimulation Of

Endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) is commonly used in animals to mimic ocular inflammation in humans. Although the peripheral aspects of EIU have been well studied, little is known of the central neural effects of anterior eye inflammation. EIU was induced in male rats by endotoxin or lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 mg/kg ip) given 2 or 7 days earlier. Neurons responsive to mechanical stimulation of the ocular surface were recorded under barbiturate anesthesia at the trigeminal subnucleus interpolaris/caudalis (Vi/Vc) transition and subnucleus caudalis/cervical cord (Vc/C1) junction, the main terminal regions for corneal nociceptors. Two days after LPS, Vc/C1 units had reduced responses to histamine, nicotine, and CO2 gas applied to the ocular surface, whereas unit responses were increased 7 days after LPS. Those units with convergent cutaneous receptive fields at Vc/C1 were enlarged 7 days after LPS. Units at the Vi/Vc transition also had reduced responses to histamine and CO2 2 days after LPS but no enhancement was seen at 7 days. Tear volume evoked by CO2 was reduced 2 days after LPS and returned toward control values by 7 days, whereas CO2-evoked eye blinks were normal at 2 days and increased 7 days after LPS. These results indicate that a single exposure to endotoxin causes long-term changes in the excitability of second-order neurons responsive to noxious ocular stimulation. The differential effects of EIU on tear volume and eye blink lend further support for the hypothesis that ocular-sensitive neurons at the Vi/Vc transition and Vc/C1 junction regions mediate different aspects of pain during intraocular inflammation.

Role of neurogenesis in distinguishing relevant from irrelevant memories

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 655-655
Author(s):  
M. Moreno ◽  
E. Glennon ◽  
L. Thiru ◽  
C. Sexton ◽  
J.D. Coplan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hippocampal Neurons ◽  
Spatial Segregation ◽  
Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Antidepressant Effect ◽  
Spatial Cues ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Immature Neuron ◽  
Stimulation Of

BackgroundIn this study we examine potential mechanisms by which the stimulation of hippocampal neurogenesis may generate an antidepressant effect.MethodsStudy-1: Adult male rats (N = 24) were trained to segregate relevant from irrelevant spatial cues (spatial segregation); tested on this task four and 8-weeks late; then exposed (on week 8) to a modified version of the task that conflicted with the memory of the initially learned experience (mnemonic segregation); and then euthanized to detect hippocampal neurogenesis. Study-2: Adult rats (N = 24) were trained in the spatial segregation task; three-days later, half were re-tested on the same task and half the tested on the modified task (mnemonic segregation); and euthanized immediately to detect neurons that were synaptically active during task performance.ResultsStudy-1: Good performers on the modified task (mnemonic segregation) had significantly greater rates of hippocampal neurogenesis, but the increase was only in immature neurons and not in new neurons that had completed maturation. Performance on spatial segregation task was unrelated to proficiency in mnemonic segregation or rates of neurogenesis. Study-2: Performance on the mnemonic segregation unrelated to neurogenesis rates, but inversely correlated to synaptic activation of mature hippocampal neurons, which in turn inversely correlated with immature neuron rates.ConclusionTaken together, the data suggests that neurogenesis facilitates detection of subtle changes to experiences established over several weeks (not days); this occurs prior to forming synapses; and maybe associated with suppression of mature hippocampal neurons that presumably mediate older, interfering, experiences.

scholarly journals Dentate Gyrus Proliferative Responses After Traumatic Brain Injury and Binge Alcohol in Adult Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 263310552096890
Author(s):  
Son T Ton ◽  
Natalie S Adamczyk ◽  
Jack P Gerling ◽  
Ian C Vaagenes ◽  
Joanna Y Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Dentate Gyrus ◽  
Proliferative Response ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Double Labeling ◽  
Post Traumatic

Background: Traumatic brain injury is a significant public health issue that results in serious disability in survivors. Traumatic brain injury patients are often intoxicated with alcohol when admitted to the hospital; however, it is not clear how acute intoxication affects recovery from a traumatic brain injury. Our group has previously shown that binge alcohol prior to traumatic brain injury resulted in long-term impairment in a fine sensorimotor task that was correlated with a decreased proliferative and neuroblast response from the subventricular zone. However, whether binge alcohol prior to traumatic brain injury affects the proliferative response in the hippocampal dentate gyrus is not yet known. Methods: Male rats underwent binge alcohol (3 g/kg/day) by gastric gavage for 3 days prior to traumatic brain injury. Cell proliferation was labeled by BrdU injections following traumatic brain injury. Stereological quantification and immunofluorescence confocal analysis of BrdU+ cells in the hippocampal dorsal dentate gyrus was performed at 24 hours, 1 week and 6 weeks post traumatic brain injury. Results: We found that either traumatic brain injury alone or binge alcohol alone significantly increased dentate gyrus proliferation at 24 hours and 1 week. However, a combined binge alcohol and traumatic brain injury regimen resulted in decreased dentate gyrus proliferation at 24 hours post-traumatic brain injury. At the 6 week time point, binge alcohol overall reduced the number of BrdU+ cells. Furthermore, more BrdU+ cells were found in the dentate hilar region of alcohol traumatic brain injury compared to vehicle traumatic brain injury groups. The location and double-labeling of these mismigrated BrdU+ cells was consistent with hilar ectopic granule cells. Conclusion: The results from this study showed that pre-traumatic brain injury binge alcohol impacts the injury-induced proliferative response in the dentate gyrus in the short-term and may affect the distribution of newly generated cells in the dentate gyrus in the long-term.

Age-related changes of growth hormone secretory mechanisms in the rat pituitary gland

1991 ◽  
Vol 131 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Parenti ◽  
D. Cocchi ◽  
G. Ceresoli ◽  
C. Marcozzi ◽  
E. E. Müller
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Aged Rats ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Infant Rats ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Rat Pituitary ◽  
Old Rats ◽  
Stimulation Of

ABSTRACT The mechanisms underlying the age-related decrease and increase in somatotroph responsiveness to growth hormone-releasing factor (GHRF) and somatostatin respectively were studied in rat pituitary membranes in vitro. Basal adenylate cyclase (AC) activity was similar in pituitary membranes from rats of 8 days (either sex) and male rats of 3 months, but it was almost threefold higher in membranes from male rats of 21–23 months. GHRF induced a lower percentage stimulation of AC activity in membranes from infant and old than adult rats. Somatostatin inhibited stimulation of AC induced by forskolin more effectively in membranes from adult than infant and old rats. In parallel experiments, since the tissue we used is formed by a mixed population of pituitary cells, we evaluated, for comparison, the effect on AC of neurohormones, i.e. vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and dopamine which act primarily on lactotrophs. VIP induced a lower fold-stimulation of AC activity in membranes from infant and old than adult rats. Dopamine inhibited forskolin-induced stimulation of AC in the following rank order of magnitude: old, adult and infant rats, and was also more effective in inhibiting basal AC activity in old than in adult rats. The stimulatory and inhibitory G proteins (Gs and Gi) coupled to AC were measured indirectly by evaluating stimulatory and inhibitory effects of different concentrations of GTP on AC. GTP, at stimulatory concentrations, increased AC activity in membranes from infant and adult rats similarly whereas its effect was significantly greater in membranes from old rats. Conversely, GTP, at inhibitory concentrations, decreased AC activity similarly in membranes from adult and infant rats, whereas in old rats inhibition was apparent at more than a tenfold lower concentration of GTP. These data suggest (1) that the greater somatotroph sensitivity to GHRF in terms of GH secretion of the early postnatal period is not due to supersensitive GHRF receptors but rather may be accounted for, at least partially, by the low function of somatostatinergic receptors; (2) that the inability of GHRF to stimulate GH release in aged rats probably results from an uncoupling between the GHRF receptor and the G protein; and (3) that in aged rats the decreased ability of somatostatin to inhibit AC activity, in spite of the high Gi activity, results from a reduced number of somatotroph cells and, hence, receptors. Journal of Endocrinology (1991) 131, 251–257

scholarly journals Repeated exposure to chlorpyrifos is associated with a dose-dependent chronic neurobehavioral deficit in adult rats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana CR Ribeiro ◽  
Elisa H Hawkins ◽  
Fay M Jahr ◽  
Joseph L McClay ◽  
Laxmikant S Deshpande
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Forced Swim Test ◽  
Preference Test ◽  
Complete Recovery ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Dose Dependent

Organophosphate (OP) chemicals include commonly used pesticides and also chemical warfare agents, and mechanistically they are potent inhibitors of the cholinesterase (ChE) enzyme. While a chronic low-dose OP exposure does not produce acute cholinergic crises, epidemiological studies report long-term neuropsychiatric issues including depression and cognitive impairments in OP-exposed individuals. Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is one of the most widely used pesticides worldwide. Multiple laboratory studies have reported on either the long-term behavioral effect of a single, high-dose CPF or studied sub-chronic behavioral effects particularly the motor and cognitive effects of repeated low-dose CPF exposure. However, studies on chronic mood and depression-related morbidities following repeated sub-threshold CPF doses that would mimic occupationally-relevant OP exposures are lacking. Here, adult male rats were injected with CPF (1, 3, 5, or 10 mg/kg/d, s.c.) for 21-days. Dependent on the CPF dose, ChE activity was inhibited approximately 60-80% in the blood and about 20-50% in the hippocampus at 2-days after the end of CPF exposures. Following an 11-week washout period, CPF-treated rats exhibited a dose-dependent increase in signs of anhedonia (sucrose preference test), anxiety (open-field and elevated plus-maze), and despair (forced swim test) despite a complete recovery of ChE activity at this stage. We speculate that both cholinergic and non-cholinergic mechanisms could play a role in the development of chronic OP-related depressive outcomes. The proposed CPF exposure paradigm could provide an ideal model to further study molecular mechanisms underlying cause and effect relationships between environmental OP exposures and the development of chronic behavioral deficits.

scholarly journals Long term impact of neonatal caffeine on sleep architecture in freely‐behaving adult rats

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaspard Montandon ◽  
Aida Bairam ◽  
Richard Horner ◽  
Richard Kinkead
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Architecture ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Freely Behaving ◽  
Long Term Impact

scholarly journals Morphological and morphometric changes and epithelial apoptosis are induced in the rat epididymis by long-term letrozole treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Pilutin ◽  
Kamila Misiakiewicz-Has ◽  
Sylwia Rzeszotek ◽  
Barbara Wiszniewska
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Treatment ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Apoptotic Cells ◽  
Aromatase Inhibition ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Morphological Evaluation ◽  
Letrozole Treatment ◽  
Rat Epididymis

The epididymis is an organ that plays a key role in sperm maturation. The aim of this study was to examine the association between the chronic treatment of mature male rats with letrozole and morphological evaluation and morphometric values of epididymis as well as changes in the number of apoptotic cells in epididymal epithelium. Adult rats were treated with letrozole for 6 months and the epididymis weight, morphology, morphometric values and the number of apoptotic cells in  the epithelium were examined. Long-term aromatase inhibition resulted in presence of intraepithelial clear vacuoles, hyperplasia of clear cells and a hyperplastic alteration in the epithelium known as a cribriform change. Moreover, changes in diameters of the epididymal duct and the epididymal lumen and changes in the epididymal epithelium height were observed. The number of apoptotic epithelial cells was increased in letrozole-treated group. It can be indicated that chronic treatment with letrozole can affect morphology, morphometric values and apoptosis in the epididymis of adult male rats. Observed changes are similar to that observed in the aging processes and may also be important for patients treated with aromatase inhibitors.

scholarly journals EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF LONG-TERM ADVERSE SIDE EFFECTS OF CYTOSTATIC DRUGS ON FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION AND PHARMACOLOGICAL WAYS TO REDUCE THEM

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-96
Author(s):  
T. G. Borovskaya ◽  
V. E. Goldberg ◽  
M. E. Poluektova ◽  
A. V. Vychuzhanina ◽  
Yu. A. Shchemerovа ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Reserve ◽  
Structural Damage ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Fetal Mortality ◽  
Cytostatic Drugs ◽  
Adult Rats

The purpose of the study was a comparative experimental assessment of long-term toxic effects of cytostatic drugs (epirubicin, etoposide, platidiam, carboplatin, paclitaxel) on the female reproductive function and search for pharmacological ways to reduce them.Material and Methods. Experiments were carried out on 200 outbred male rats, Wistar stock, 2.5 months old. Antitumor drugs were administered once, intravenously, in maximum tolerated dose. The reproductive status in rats was assessed 90 and 180 days after injection of cytostatic drugs. Correction of ovariotoxicity of cytostatic drugs was carried out using a recombinant human granulocyte colony stimulating factor (rhG-CS F, Neupomax, FARMSTA NDA RT-UfaVITA OJSC , Russia) and liquid extract of Scutellaria Baikalsky («GNTsLS », Kharkov). The mating and fertility ability of female rats as well as pre- and post-implantation fetal mortality were determined. Ovarian reserve was evaluated using morphological analysis of the ovaries using quantitative assessments of structural damage. Concentration of anti-Muller hormone in the blood of adult rats-females receiving etoposide and rhG-CS F were evaluated by enzyme immunoassay (IFA, ELISA , Cloud clone, Corp. Wuhan). Statistical processing of obtained experimental data was performed using Mann-Whitney U-test and Fisher angular transformation.Results. The mating and fertility ability of animals was found to be persisted. However, signs of early depletion of the ovarian reserve and a decrease in reproductive potential were observed. The risk of early menopause was increased to a greater extent after using epirubicin, etoposide and paclitaxel, and to a lesser extent after platidiam and carboplatin. The reproductive potential of animals was reduced due to increased fetal death. Platinum-containing drugs were found to be the most toxic. G-CS F was the effective drug for protecting the ovarian reserve from cytostatic effects. The use of Scutellaria baicalensis extract increased the reproductive potential of animals by reducing the rate of embryonic death. 

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