Osmotic and Nonosmotic Sodium Storage during Acute Hypertonic Sodium Loading

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-18
Author(s):  
Horacio J. Adrogué ◽  
Sreedhar Mandayam ◽  
Hocine Tighiouart ◽  
Nicolaos E. Madias
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Potassium Depletion ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Low Sodium Diet ◽  
Low Sodium ◽  
Human Volunteers ◽  
Acid Buffering ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Sodium Storage ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

Background: The Edelman equation has long guided the expected response of plasma [Na+] to changes in sodium, potassium, and water balance, but recent short-term studies challenged its validity. Plasma [Na+] following hypertonic NaCl infusion in individuals on low-sodium diet fell short of the Edelman predictions supposedly because sodium restriction caused progressive osmotic inactivation of 50% of retained sodium. Here, we examine the validity of this challenge. Methods: We evaluated baseline total body water (TBW) and Na+ space following acute hypertonic NaHCO3 infusion in dogs with variable sodium and potassium stores, including normal stores, moderate depletion (chronic HCl feeding), or severe depletion (diuretics and dietary NaCl deprivation). Results: TBW (percentage body weight) averaged 65.9 in normals, 62.6 in HCl-induced metabolic acidosis and moderate sodium and potassium depletion, and 57.6 in diuretic-induced metabolic alkalosis and severe sodium and potassium depletion (p < 0.02). Na+ space (percentage body weight) at 30, 60, and 90 min postinfusion averaged 61.1, 59.8, and 56.1, respectively, in normals (p = 0.49); 70.0, 74.4, and 72.1, respectively, in acidotic animals (p = 0.21); and 56.4, 55.1, and 54.2, respectively, in alkalotic animals (p = 0.41). Absence of progressive expansion of Na+ space in each group disproves progressive osmotic inactivation of retained sodium. Na+ space at each time point was not significantly different from baseline TBW in normal and alkalotic animals indicating that retained sodium remained osmotically active in its entirety. However, Na+ space in acidotic animals at all times exceeded by ∼16% baseline TBW (p < 0.01) signifying an early, but nonprogressive, osmotic inactivation of retained sodium, which we link to baseline bone-sodium depletion incurred during acid buffering. Conclusions: Our investigation affirms the validity of the Edelman construct in normal dogs and dogs with variable sodium and potassium depletion and, consequently, refutes the recent observations in human volunteers subjected to dietary NaCl restriction.

Response of tissue electrolytes to respiratory acidosis

1961 ◽  
Vol 200 (6) ◽  
pp. 1151-1154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard Levitin ◽  
Carol J. Amick ◽  
Franklin H. Epstein
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Acidosis ◽  
Respiratory Acidosis ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Normal Diet ◽  
Electrolyte Composition ◽  
Low Sodium Diet ◽  
Low Sodium ◽  
Low Potassium ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

The effect of 8% CO2 for 24 hr on the electrolyte composition of muscle, bone, and liver has been studied in rats on a normal diet as well as on one low in sodium and low in potassium. Muscle potassium decreased in animals on a normal or low-sodium diet exposed to CO2. Muscle sodium decreased in animals on a low-potassium diet exposed to CO2, and there was no further change in the already low levels of muscle potassium. The sodium and potassium content of bone and liver and the calcium content of bone were unchanged by exposure to CO2. Nephrectomy blocks the loss of muscle potassium noted in rats on a normal diet. Muscle and bone sodium were also unaltered by CO2 in nephrectomized rats. These results contrast with those obtained during metabolic acidosis and emphasize the importance of the kidneys in bodily adjustments to respiratory acidosis.

Bone resorption and mineral excretion in rats during spaceflight

1983 ◽  
Vol 244 (3) ◽  
pp. R327-R331 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Cann ◽  
R. R. Adachi
Keyword(s):  
Neutron Activation Analysis ◽  
Bone Resorption ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Large Change ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Total Body Calcium ◽  
Mineral Excretion ◽  
Synchronous Control ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

Bone resorption was measured directly in flight and synchronous control rats during COSMOS 1129. Continuous tracer administration techniques were used, with replacement of dietary calcium with isotopically enriched 40Ca and measurement by neutron activation analysis of the 48Ca released by the skeleton. There is no large change in bone resorption in rats at the end of 20 days of spaceflight as has been found for bone formation. Based on the time course of changes, the measured 20–25% decrease in resorption is probably secondary to a decrease in total body calcium turnover. The excretion of sodium, potassium, and zinc all increase during flight, sodium and potassium to a level four to five times control values.

EFFECT OF HYPOPHYSECTOMY AND A LOW SODIUM DIET ON THE VOLUMES OF THE GLOMERULAR ZONE, FASCICULAR AND RETICULAR ZONES AND MEDULLA OF RATS

1965 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 486-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Pars Distalis ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Sodium Deficiency ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Low Sodium Diet ◽  
Low Sodium ◽  
Direct Measurements ◽  
Hypophysectomized Rats ◽  
Made In

ABSTRACT Direct measurements of volume of the glomerular zone, fascicular and reticular zones and medulla were made in normal and hypophysectomized rats. All zones of the cortex and the medulla atrophied after hypophysectomy. However, while medullary and glomerular atrophy was proportional to the decrease in body weight, fascicular atrophy exceeded the loss in body weight. Hypertrophy of the glomerular zone occurred in rats fed a sodium deficient diet for 5 to 28 days beginning 14 days after hypophysectomy. Hence the volume of the glomerular zone is probably independent of the pars distalis, since the glomerular zone does not atrophy after hypophysectomy and can be stimulated to hypertrophy after it and the infundibular process are removed. Calculation of mass from areas in a mid-section by the Bahn formula and from direct measurements of volume yielded similar values for the mass of the fascicular zone. However, mean values for glomerular mass and for medullary mass were each significantly different. None the less, there was a high correlation between values, and the percent changes in mass of the glomerular zone resulting from the sodium deficiency were similar. Hence, the Bahn formula seems to be a useful shortcut procedure for detecting changes in the mass of the several regions of the cortex.

Pressor resistance to vasopressin in sodium depletion, potassium depletion, and cirrhosis

1986 ◽  
Vol 251 (3) ◽  
pp. R525-R530 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. M. Murray ◽  
M. S. Paller
Keyword(s):  
Pressor Response ◽  
Potassium Depletion ◽  
Pressor Effect ◽  
Sodium Depletion ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Low Sodium Diet ◽  
Low Sodium ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Low Potassium ◽  
Baroreceptor Reflexes

Resistance to the pressor effects of angiotensin II, but not norepinephrine, has been observed in sodium depletion, potassium depletion, and cirrhosis. We tested the response to arginine vasopressin (AVP) in each of these conditions. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were made sodium depleted with furosemide and a low-sodium diet for 3 days, potassium depleted by feeding a low-potassium diet for 14-21 days, or cirrhotic by inhalation of carbon tetrachloride for 8 wk. In conscious rats, the pressor response to graded doses of AVP was reduced in sodium depletion by 27-43% compared with control rats. Sodium-depleted rats were also found to have enhanced baroreceptor reflexes, since the decrease in heart rate for a given increase in mean arterial pressure was greater than in control rats. When the ganglionic blocker pentolinium tartrate was given to sodium-depleted rats the pressor response to AVP was restored to control levels. In potassium-depleted rats the pressor response to AVP was 21-52% lower than that in controls, whereas cirrhotic rats also had a blunted response to AVP (14-41% lower than control). However, there was no evidence in either of these two states of enhanced baroreceptor activity, and pretreatment with pentolinium tartrate did not restore the pressor response to normal. Therefore, although resistance to the pressor effect of AVP was found in all three conditions, the mechanism of this effect was different in sodium depletion compared with potassium depletion and cirrhosis. We conclude that resistance to the pressor action of AVP in sodium depletion was secondary to resetting of the baroreceptors.

Ion and Water Balance in the Ixodid Tick Dermacentor Andersoni

1973 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 523-536
Author(s):  
W. R. KAUFMAN ◽  
J. E. PHILLIPS
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Total Body Weight ◽  
Ixodid Tick ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dermacentor Andersoni ◽  
Adult Feeding ◽  
Feeding Cycle ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

1. Of the total meal imbibed by female Dermacentor andersoni during the normal adult feeding cycle, about 80% is excreted. Of the total water excreted by the tick, 75% is removed by salivation, less than 3% is evaporated from the integument and spiracles, and the remainder is lost via the anus. 2. Of the total excreted sodium and potassium, 4 and 82% respectively are lost via the anus. The remainder in each case is presumed excreted via the salivary glands. 3. The ionic and osmotic concentrations of the haemolymph and saliva stabilize at constant values by the third or fourth day of feeding. The volume of extracellular fluid is constantly maintained at 23% of the body weight, even though the total body weight increases 75 times over the unfed weight, and the volume of excreted fluid passing through the haemolymph is about ten times the haemolymph volume at repletion.

Abstract P096: Excess Sodium and Inadequate Potassium Dietary Intake by Italian Children and Adolescents: Results of the MINISAL Survey

Circulation ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 127 (suppl_12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelo Campanozzi ◽  
Sonia Avallone ◽  
Daniela Galeone ◽  
Pasquale Strazzullo
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Potassium Excretion ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Creatinine Excretion ◽  
Potassium Intake ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Sodium And Potassium ◽  
Age Category

Introduction: The MINISAL survey aimed to assess the age-, gender- and region-specific habitul sodium and potassium intake and its association with relevant anthropometric characteristics in a national sample of Italian healthy children and adolescents referred to centers recognised by the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and Pediatric Nutrition. Methods: The study population included 1422 6 to 18 yrs. old subjects from ten regions. Main anthropometric indexes, blood pressure (BP) and 24h urinary sodium and potassium excretion (as proxy for habitual sodium and potassium intake) were measured using carefully standardised procedures. Potentially incomplete 24h collections were identified and excluded from the analysis based on values of urinary creatinine/Kg body weight and/or a urinary volume below the 5 th percentile of the overall distribution. The analysis was carried out upon stratification by gender (M=788, F=644), puberal age category: <9 yrs, 9-11 yrs. and 5 months, >11 yrs. and 5 mo. (male); < 8 yrs., 8-10 yrs. and 2 mo., > 10 yrs. and 2 mo. (female), and scholar age category: 6-10 yrs., 11-13 yrs. and 14-18 yrs (both male and female participants). The relationships among body weight, sodium, potassium and creatinine excretion were analysed using Z-scores as an index of body mass. Results: The 24h sodium and potassium excretion were higher in male than in female participants (respectively, 130±63 vs 119±56 mmol; p=0.001 and 39±18 vs 37±16 mmol; p=0.003). Upon stratification by puberal age and gender, 24h urinary sodium and potassium excretion were respectively 109±54 and 36±19 mol in category 1, 134±60 and 40±16 in category 2 and 152±69 and 43±17 in category 3 for male subjects (p<0.01); 98±39 and 33±13 in category 1, 105±45 and 34±13 in category 2 and 137±63 and 40±18 mmol in category 3 for female individuals (p<0.05). The expected gender difference in 24h urinary creatinine was observed in all age categories (p<0.05). Male individuals had consistently greater sodium, potassium and creatinine excretion than female individuals (p between <0.001 and <0.05). Upon stratification of the study population in four body weight categories (BMI Z-score <0, 0 to <0,9, 1 to <1,9 and ≥2), 24h sodium excretion was significantly greater in obese compared to normal weight children. 24h potassium excretion was also greater in obese children and adolescents compared with their normal weight counterparts (p=0.002). No significant difference was observed in either sodium or potassium excretion by geographical area. Conclusions: The MINISAL survey indicates a substantial age-, gender- and body mass-related variation with average values of sodium intake definitely high when related to true physiological needs or to the “adequate intakes” defined by the health institutions. By contrast, the habitual potassium intake was relatively low and such to indicate an inadequate fruit and vegetable consumption.

scholarly journals A simple and rapid method for collecting saliva to assess sodium status in sheepum

1997 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrico Lippi Ortolani
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Method ◽  
Clinical Sign ◽  
Sodium Deficiency ◽  
Plastic Tube ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Dietary Level ◽  
Low Sodium Diet ◽  
Low Sodium ◽  
Saliva Collection ◽  
Diet Intake

Fifteen lambs were fed diet with normal (0.11%) or deficient levels of sodium ( 0.035%), respectively, for five weeks on each diet. At the end of each period saliva was collected by three different methods: swabbing with a 5 x 5 x 1.25cm synthetic sponge, aspiration with a 15cm long plastic tube connected to a 20ml syringe and sucking with a 4mm x 45cm long plastic tube through a water-jet aspirator pump or an eletric motor pump. The volume of saliva collected/min and the salivary sodium: potassium ratio were analysed. Larger volume of saliva was obtained with the developed sucking apparatus than with the sponge or the syringe. There was no influence of the method of saliva collection on the values of salivary Na:K ratio in both periods. Nevertheless, the lower the sodium dietary level was, the smaller the salivary Na:K ratio. Five weeks of low sodium diet intake resulted in a decrease in the salivary Na:K ratio values by half. However, the lambs did not exhibit any clinical sign of sodium deficiency. The advantages of the developed method to collect saliva are discussed.

Annual Cycle of Physiological Stress and Condition of the Silvereye, Zosterops-Lateralis (Aves)

1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 493 ◽  
Author(s):  
IJ Rooke ◽  
SD Bradshaw ◽  
RA Langworthy ◽  
JA Tom
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Physiological Condition ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Natural Mortality ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Zosterops Lateralis ◽  
Total Body ◽  
High Haematocrit

The physiological condition of a natural population of silvereyes was monitored near Margaret River in Western Australia in each month for a complete year. Plasma samples were analysed for total corticosteroids, glucose, osmolality, urea, sodium, potassium and chloride; blood haematocrit was recorded. Carcasses were processed to yield body weight, total body water, fat content, lean dry-body weight and lean dry weight of the breast muscles. These results showed that in March total corticosteroids were high, haematocrit was low and fat contents were low. In June, fat contents were low and urea levels were high. Although breast muscle weights did not differ significantly between months, lower mean values during June may indicate that the labile protein content is 58% lower than in May. These results indicate that silvereyes are stressed in March and in poor condition in March and June. March and June may be the periods when natural mortality limits the population size, even in years when the March food supply is adequate.

Interactions between angiotensin II and renal nerves during chronic sodium deprivation

1988 ◽  
Vol 255 (5) ◽  
pp. F823-F827 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. Mizelle ◽  
J. E. Hall ◽  
L. L. Woods
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Enzyme Inhibitor ◽  
Left Kidney ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Renal Nerves ◽  
Ang Ii ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Low Sodium Diet ◽  
Low Sodium

The aim of this study was to examine the importance of the renal nerves in mediating the sodium-retaining actions of angiotensin II (ANG II) during chronic sodium deprivation. In seven female dogs the left kidney was denervated and the urinary bladder was split, allowing continuous urine collection from separate innervated and denervated kidneys in the same dog. The dogs were maintained on a low-sodium diet (7 meq/day) for 9 days and then infused with the converting-enzyme inhibitor captopril (CAP, 14 micrograms.kg-1.min-1, 7 days) followed by CAP plus ANG II (10 ng.kg-1.min-1, 7 days). Mean arterial pressure (MAP) fell from a control of 88 +/- 4 (average for 5 days preceding CAP) to 65 +/- 3 mmHg during CAP. Infusion of ANG II along with CAP restored MAP to 97 +/- 5 mmHg. There were no significant differences in urine volume or sodium, potassium, chloride, or osmolar excretions between innervated and denervated kidneys during the control period, CAP infusion, or CAP plus ANG II infusion. Norepinephrine content was reduced by 99 +/- 1% in denervated kidneys. Because a differential response was not observed between innervated and denervated kidneys during ANG II blockade or infusion of ANG II, we conclude that the renal nerves do not play a major role in mediating the sodium-retaining effects of ANG II during chronic sodium restriction.

scholarly journals Left Ventricular Mass Reduction by a Low-Sodium Diet in Treated Hypertensive Patients

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3714
Author(s):  
Natale Musso ◽  
Federico Gatto ◽  
Federica Nista ◽  
Andrea Dotto ◽  
Zhongyi Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Left Ventricular Mass ◽  
Ventricular Hypertrophy ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Common Salt ◽  
Low Sodium Diet ◽  
Low Sodium ◽  
Ventricular Mass ◽  
Sodium Consumption

Objective: To evaluate the left ventricular mass (LVM) reduction induced by dietary sodium restriction. Patients and Methods: A simple sodium-restricted diet was advised in 138 treated hypertensives. They had to avoid common salt loads, such as cheese and salt-preserved meat, and were switched from regular to salt-free bread. Blood pressure (BP), 24-h urinary sodium (UNaV) and LVM were recorded at baseline, after 2 months. and after 2years. Results: In 76 patients UNaV decreased in the recommended range after 2 months and remained low at 2 years. In 62 patients UNaV levels decreased after 2 months and then increased back to baseline at 2 years. Initially the two groups did not differ in terms of BP (134.3 ± 16.10/80.84 ± 12.23 vs. 134.2 ± 16.67/81.55 ± 11.18 mmHg, mean ± SD), body weight (72.64 ± 15.17 vs. 73.79 ± 12.69 kg), UNaV (161.0 ± 42.22 vs. 158.2 ± 48.66 mEq/24 h), and LVM index (LVMI; 97.09 ± 20.42 vs. 97.31 ± 18.91 g/m2). After 2years. they did not differ in terms of BP (125.3 ± 10.69/74.97 ± 7.67 vs. 124.5 ± 9.95/75.21 ± 7.64 mmHg) and body weight (71.14 ± 14.29 vs. 71.50 ± 11.87 kg). Significant differences were seen for UNaV (97.3 ± 23.01 vs. 152.6 ± 49.96 mEq/24 h) and LVMI (86.38 ± 18.17 vs. 103.1 ± 21.06 g/m2). Multiple regression analysis: UNaV directly and independently predicted LVMI variations, either as absolute values (R2 = 0.369; β = 0.611; p < 0.001), or changes from baseline to +2years. (R2 = 0.454; β = 0.677; p < 0.001). Systolic BP was a weaker predictor of LVMI (R2 = 0.369; β = 0.168; p = 0.027; R2 = 0.454; β = 0.012; p = 0.890), whereas diastolic BP was not correlated with LVMI. The prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy decreased (29/76 to 15/76) in the first group while it increased in the less compliant patients (25/62 to 36/62; Chi2p = 0.002). Conclusion: LVM seems linked to sodium consumption in patients already under proper BP control by medications.

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