Pengaruh Senam Aerobik Low Impact Terhadap Tekanan Darah Pada Lansia dengan Hipertensi : Literature Review

Hypertension is the most common degenerative disease suffered by the elderly. It caused by variuos factors, such as age, history of hypertension, high sodium consumption and lack of physical activity. Exercise suc as low impact aerobic can reduce heart rate related to decrease in cardiac output. Consequently, blood pressure will decrease gradually. The purpose of the study was to describe the effect of low impact aerobic exercise on blood pressure in elderly with hypertension. The study used a literature review, by accessing the Garuda and ProQuest database using the keyword “Hypertension” AND “Elderly” AND “Low Impact Aerobic Exercise” AND “Blood Pressure”. The result show that there is an effect of low impact aerobic exercise on blood pressure in the elderly with hypertension. After the interventions, the systolic and dyastolic blood pressure was decrease 10.16 mmHg ang 5,02 mmHg, respectively. Low impact aerobic exercise is effective in decrease blood pressure in elderly with hypertension. Low impact aerobic exercise can be an alternative to overcome the problem of hypertension among elderly in family, community and gerontology nursing settings.Keywords: Blood Pressure, elderly, Hypertension, low Impact Aerobics AbstrakHipertensi merupakan penyakit degeneratif yang paling bnayak diderita oleh lansia. Hal ini disebabkan oleh berbagai faktor, seperti usia, riwayat penyakit hipertensi, konsumsi tinggi garam dan kurangnya aktivitas fisik. Latihan fisik seperti senam aerobik low impact dapat menurunkan denyut jantung dimana terjadi penurunan pada cardiac output yang akhirnya dapat menurunkan tekanan darah. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mendeskripsikan pengaruh senam aerobik low impact terhadap tekanan darah pada lansia dalam literature review. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah literature review, dengan mengakses database Portal Garuda dan Proquest dengan menggunakan kata kunci “Hipertensi” DAN ”Lansia” DAN ”Senam Aerobik Low Impact” DAN ”Tekanan Darah”. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh senam aerobik low impact terhadap tekanan darah pada lansia dengan hipertensi yang ditandai dengan adanya penurunan nilai sistole dan diastole setelah diberikan intervensi senam aerobik low impact. Hasil penelitian ini diketahui terdapat pengaruh senam aerobik low impact terhadap tekanan darah pada lansia dengan hipertensi, diharapkan dapat menjadi referensi di keperawatan keluarga maupun komunitas pada lansia untuk meningkatkan aktivitas senam aerobik low impact dalam mengatasi masalah hipertensi pada lansia.Kata kunci : Hipertensi, Lansia, Senam Aerobik Low Impact, Tekanan Darah

Dietary Sodium and Potassium Intake: Data from the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey 2016

Population studies have demonstrated an association between sodium (Na) and po-tassium (K) intake and levels of blood pressure (BP) and cholesterol. The aim of this study was to describe the dietary intake and distribution of Na and K in Mexicans, and their as-sociation with metabolic risk outcomes. We analyzed a national survey that included 4,219 participants. Dietary information was obtained through a 24-hour recall. Foods and beverages were classified based on the degree of processing. BP and biomarkers in blood and urine were measured. The mean intake (mg/d) of Na was 1512 in pre-schoolchildren, 2844 in schoolchildren, 3743 in adolescents, and 3132 in adults. The mean intake of K was 1616 in pre-schoolchildren, 2256 in schoolchildren, 2967 in adolescents, and 3401 in adults. Processed and ultra-processed foods (UPF) contribute to sodium intake: 49% in preschool and schoolchildren, 47% in adolescents, and 39% in adults. Adults in the fourth quartile of sodium intake had lower serum concentrations of cholesterol (181.4 mg/dL) and HDL-c (35.5 mg/dL). The Mexican population has high Na and low K intakes. There is a relationship between Na sodium consumption and cholesterol, and LDL levels. UPF contributes to almost 40% of the sodium consumed by Mexicans.

PERBEDAAN RATA-RATA LINGKAR PERUT, KONSUMSI KARBOHIDRAT, DAN NATRIUM LANSIA HIPERTENSI PRIMER STAGE 1 DENGAN STAGE 2 PUSKESMAS ARJUNO KOTA MALANG

The risk factors for hypertension are abdominal obesity, carbohydrate and sodium intake. The purpose of this study to determine the average difference in abdominal circumference, carbohydrate, and sodium consumption in elderly patients with stage 1 primary hypertension and stage 2 in the Arjuno Public Health, Malang City. The research method used a cross sectional design, during November 2016. The sampling technique used purposive sampling, the inclusion criteria were aged >55 years and suffering from primary hypertension. Abdominal circumference was measured using metlin, carbohydrate and sodium consumption obtained from a 1x24 hour recall interview. Data analysis used independent t test and Mann Whitney. The results showed that there was a difference in the average sodium consumption of the elderly with stage 1 primary hypertension and stage 2 from a significant p-value (p=0,032). Meanwhile, abdominal circumference and carbohydrate intake did not show an average difference between the elderly with primary hypertension stage 1 and stage 2 (p=0,580; p=0,332).The results showed that there was no difference in the average abdominal circumference and carbohydrate consumption with the hypertension stage, but there was an average difference between sodium consumption in the elderly with primary hypertension stage 1 and stage 2. It is recommended to provide education to the elderly in the work area of ​​the Arjuno Health Center Malang City about a balanced nutritional diet, low in carbohydrates, and low in sodium to keep his blood pressure more stable. Further research to widen the age range towards a younger and increase the number of samples.

Increased Sodium Consumption Is Associated With Abdominal Obesity in Older Adults

Objectives Sodium intake has been widely studied for its role in cardiovascular disease (CVD) and blood pressure (BP) changes. Some studies have suggested that sodium intake is associated with an increased risk of obesity. Although BMI is a common measure of obesity, waist circumference (WC) may serve as a better predictor of increased obesity-related CVD risk. The objective of this study was to examine the association of measures of body fat distribution including body mass index (BMI), WC, waist to hip ratio (WHP), and waist to height ratio (WHT) with sodium intake and BP in older adults. Methods One hundred twenty-eight adults aged 65–80 were included in this cross-sectional study. Dietary data was collected through a food frequency questionnaire (110 food items). Anthropometric and BP measurements were also collected. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to examine the association of obesity measures with sodium intake and BP levels. One-way ANOVA was used to determine differences in sodium and BP readings between BMI categories (Normal: 18.5–24.9; Overweight: 25.0–29.9 and Obese: 30.0 and above). Results WC and WHT were both significantly associated with sodium intake after controlling for age, gender, physical activity, and total calorie intake. Obese individuals consumed significantly more sodium than individuals with normal weight (2834 ± 974 mg in obese individuals; 2172 ± 840 mg in normal weight individuals; P = 0.044). BMI, WC, WHP, and WHT were significantly associated with systolic and diastolic BP. Mean systolic BP was significantly different between individuals with normal BMI and obese BMI (126 ± 16.5 mmHg in normal BMI; 139.7 ± 22.9 mmHg in obese BMI; P = 0.047). The mean diastolic BP showed a statistically significant difference between the normal BMI and overweight individuals (70.9 ± 10.4 mmHg in normal BMI; 79.3 ± 15.2 mmHg in overweight; P = 0.036) but not in obese individuals. Conclusions Higher sodium consumption was significantly related with higher abdominal body fat mass as measured by WC and WHT in older adults. Higher BMI, WC, WHP, and WHT were also associated with systolic and diastolic BP levels. Our findings suggest that excessive sodium intake is an independent risk factor for obesity in older adults. Funding Sources None.

Differences of sodium consumption pattern hypertension sufferer in coastal and highland communities in Wakatobi islands

Available data indicate that food sodium (such as salt) is directly related to blood pressure (BP). The research aims to look at the different sodium consumption patterns of hypertension sufferers in two different coastal areas and highland areas in the Wakatobi Islands. The type of research is observational analytic research using a cross-sectional design. This study has been carried out in the District of Wangi-Wangi, especially in the MolaSamaturu villages and Waginopo Village in October 2019. The number of research samples is 100 people (50 respondents in Mola Samaturu Village and 50 people in Waginopo Village). The results showed the differences between sodium consumption patterns in hypertensive sufferers in Mola Samaturu Village and Waginopo Village with a p-value = 0,000 <α 0.05. Sodium consumption patterns in coastal communities are higher than in highlands community.

MO506RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SODIUM CONSUMPTION, PRO-INFLAMMATORY PARAMETERS AND KIDNEY DISEASE IN THE JACKSON HEART STUDY

Background and Aims Kidney disease is thought to be linked to inflammation. Pro-inflammatory parameters like C-reactive protein (CRP), endothelin-1, and TNF-a inversely associate with kidney function cross-sectionally and some have predictive value for longer-term kidney outcomes. Given the recently argued pro-inflammatory effect of sodium, we questioned whether sodium consumption has a role in the relationship between pro-inflammatory parameters and renal outcomes. Method Our research question was investigated using the Jackson Heart Study, which is a large prospective cohort study involving n=5301 Afro-Americans residing in Jackson, Mississippi, US. Spot urine sodium was used to estimate 24-hour sodium excretion with the Kawasaki formula, serving as a proxy for sodium consumption, and was available for n=1831 participants (depicting a random sample of the total population) that had a median follow-up of 8 years. Multiple linear regression was used to assess the relationship between sodium consumption and pro-inflammatory parameters. The parameters available for this cohort involved endothelin-1, high-sensitivity CRP, and leukocyte subsets (monocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes). Models were adjusted for potential confounders, involving sex, age, body mass index, estimated potassium intake, smoking status, and presence of diabetes. Subsequently, linear regression analyses between pro-inflammatory parameters and baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR CKD-EPI) and change during follow-up were carried out with and without adjustment for sodium consumption as a confounder, to explore the possibility of a causal mediating pathway. Results Increased sodium consumption significantly associates with increased serum endothelin-1 levels in both unadjusted and adjusted models (Table 1). There was no association between sodium consumption and leukocyte subsets. There was a negative association between sodium consumption and CRP (Table 2). CRP was not associated with eGFR at baseline (p=0.20) or eGFR change from baseline (p=0.20). Endothelin-1 was inversely associated with eGFR at baseline (beta -0.06, p&lt;0.001) and with eGFR change from baseline (beta 2.3 p=0.03). However, when these models were corrected for sodium consumption, endothelin-1 was no longer a significant predictor (beta -0.01 p=0.4 for eGFR at baseline) or was inversed (beta -0.1; p=0.001 eGFR during follow-up). Conclusion In this prospective cohort of Afro-Americans, increased sodium consumption is associated with increased circulating endothelin-1 levels. If this relationship proves to be causal (as suggested by animal sodium loading studies), this implies that sodium consumption may (at least partly) be underlying the relationship between endothelin-1 and worse renal outcomes.

Do knowledge about sodium, health status by self-report, and having hypertension predict sodium consumption behaviors among Southern California hospital employees?

Lay Summary A major problem in the United States is the overconsumption of high sodium foods. These foods often put people at higher risk of hypertension, heart disease, and stroke. Recent public health efforts have tackled this problem by making it easier to select/purchase healthier, lower sodium foods in different settings. Hospital employees are one such group that has been the focus of these interventions. Presently, little is known about what explains sodium-related dietary behaviors among hospital employees. To address this gap, we used data from a survey of hospital staff who were exposed to sodium reduction interventions in the workplace to examine how their knowledge, attitudes, and self-reported health status affected their sodium consumption. A key finding was being in “good health” and having the belief that salt intake matters for health predicted decreased sodium consumption among the survey participants. These and other study findings provide context and insights into ways in which further sodium reduction could be achieved among at-risk hospital employees.

Characterization, Nutrient Intake, and Nutritional Status of Low-Income Students Attending a Brazilian University Restaurant

In Brazilian universities, the university restaurant (UR) is essential in supporting students to complete their courses, as the UR offers free or low-cost food. In this sense, this research aimed to evaluate public policy effectiveness in offering food to low-income students attending the UR of the University of Brasília. This cross-sectional study compared low-income students (participating in the Student Assistance Program—Group 1) and students that did not participate in the Program (Group 2). Researchers assessed food consumption through direct observation of students while serving their plates at UR (in all meals consumed at UR) and completed food consumption with diet recalls for the meals outside the UR. In total, three complete days, including one weekend day, were evaluated for each student. Researchers also evaluated the participants’ body mass composition and body fat percentage. The results of the comparisons between the evaluated groups showed that the groups presented similar intakes. Only sodium intake was significantly different for males, being higher for Group 1. The median sodium consumption among females and males in group 1 was 55% and 119%, respectively, above the upper limit (UL). In Group 2, sodium intake levels reached consumption percentages above UL by 36% for females and 79% for males. The prevalence of inadequate sodium consumption was 100% for both genders and groups. Extra salt was added to dishes by 19.7% of the students. For females, only fiber ingestion was statistically different, with higher intake for Group 1. The other evaluated parameters showed similarities among groups for each gender. The statistical analysis revealed a significant difference in the consumption of calories, fibers, sodium, iron, and calcium for the students who had three meals at the UR in the two weekdays. There was a statistical difference in nutrients for those who had three meals in the UR, reinforcing the importance of the UR’s meals. The current food and nutrition policy at the UR proved to be extremely important in university students’ lives and in maintaining healthy nutritional aspects. However, changes in sodium use, more calcium intake, and less cholesterol consumption should receive attention to better balance dietary elements of the food offered. Dish preparation should be carefully followed to ensure the quality of the food for university students.

Left Ventricular Mass Reduction by a Low-Sodium Diet in Treated Hypertensive Patients

Objective: To evaluate the left ventricular mass (LVM) reduction induced by dietary sodium restriction. Patients and Methods: A simple sodium-restricted diet was advised in 138 treated hypertensives. They had to avoid common salt loads, such as cheese and salt-preserved meat, and were switched from regular to salt-free bread. Blood pressure (BP), 24-h urinary sodium (UNaV) and LVM were recorded at baseline, after 2 months. and after 2years. Results: In 76 patients UNaV decreased in the recommended range after 2 months and remained low at 2 years. In 62 patients UNaV levels decreased after 2 months and then increased back to baseline at 2 years. Initially the two groups did not differ in terms of BP (134.3 ± 16.10/80.84 ± 12.23 vs. 134.2 ± 16.67/81.55 ± 11.18 mmHg, mean ± SD), body weight (72.64 ± 15.17 vs. 73.79 ± 12.69 kg), UNaV (161.0 ± 42.22 vs. 158.2 ± 48.66 mEq/24 h), and LVM index (LVMI; 97.09 ± 20.42 vs. 97.31 ± 18.91 g/m2). After 2years. they did not differ in terms of BP (125.3 ± 10.69/74.97 ± 7.67 vs. 124.5 ± 9.95/75.21 ± 7.64 mmHg) and body weight (71.14 ± 14.29 vs. 71.50 ± 11.87 kg). Significant differences were seen for UNaV (97.3 ± 23.01 vs. 152.6 ± 49.96 mEq/24 h) and LVMI (86.38 ± 18.17 vs. 103.1 ± 21.06 g/m2). Multiple regression analysis: UNaV directly and independently predicted LVMI variations, either as absolute values (R2 = 0.369; β = 0.611; p < 0.001), or changes from baseline to +2years. (R2 = 0.454; β = 0.677; p < 0.001). Systolic BP was a weaker predictor of LVMI (R2 = 0.369; β = 0.168; p = 0.027; R2 = 0.454; β = 0.012; p = 0.890), whereas diastolic BP was not correlated with LVMI. The prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy decreased (29/76 to 15/76) in the first group while it increased in the less compliant patients (25/62 to 36/62; Chi2p = 0.002). Conclusion: LVM seems linked to sodium consumption in patients already under proper BP control by medications.