Oral Processing Behavior of Diana Monkeys (Cercopithecus diana) in Taï National Park, Côte d’Ivoire

2020 ◽  
Vol 91 (6) ◽  
pp. 541-557
Author(s):  
Erin E. Kane ◽  
Jordan N. Traff ◽  
David J. Daegling ◽  
W. Scott McGraw
Keyword(s):  
Fallback Foods ◽  
Short Supply ◽  
Fruit Availability ◽  
Dietary Preference ◽  
Dietary Breadth ◽  
Cercopithecus Diana ◽  
Fruit Preference ◽  
Preferred Foods ◽  
Oral Processing ◽  
Resource Switching

Primates are hypothesized to “fall back” on challenging-to-process foods when preferred foods are less available. Such dietary shifts may be accompanied by changes in oral processing behavior argued to be selectively important. Here, we examine the oral processing behavior of Diana monkeys (<i>Cercopithecus diana</i>) in the Taï Forest across their dietary breadth, testing relationships among food intake, fruit availability, preference, and oral processing behaviors including those involved in food ingestion and breakdown. We conducted 1,066 focal follows from April 2016 to September 2017 documenting frequencies of incisor, canine, and cheek tooth mastications (i.e., chews) per ingestive action (<i>n</i> = 11,906 feeding events). We used phenological survey and scan sample data collected between 2004 and 2009 to examine dietary preference and food availability. Our analyses show that Diana monkeys processed foods in significantly different ways (<i>H</i><sub>2</sub> = 360.8, <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001), with invertebrates requiring the least oral processing, fruit requiring intermediate amounts, and leaves requiring the most oral processing. There was no relationship between fruit availability and consumption of preferred or nonpreferred fruits (<i>p</i> &#x3e; 0.05); however, preferred fruits were processed with significantly fewer mastications (i.e., less chewing) than nonpreferred fruits (<i>U</i> = 6,557, <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001). We thus demonstrate that, when preferred foods are scarce, Diana monkeys do not fall back on difficult-to-process foods. Changes in processing profiles occurred throughout the year and not solely when preferred foods were in short supply. Though preferred fruits required less processing than nonpreferred fruits, we found no relationship between fruit preference and fruit availability. Diana monkeys’ lack of readily identifiable fallback foods may be attributable to the relatively high tree diversity and productivity of the Taï Forest. We conclude that Diana monkeys engage in resource switching, consuming a relatively easy-to-process diet year-round.

scholarly journals Urban White-tailed Jackrabbits (Lepus townsendii) Eat Spike Plants (Cordyline australis) in Winter

2012 ◽  
Vol 126 (2) ◽  
pp. 157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alwynne B. Beaudoin ◽  
Yves Beaudoin
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Food Source ◽  
Native Plants ◽  
Short Supply ◽  
Stem Base ◽  
Preferred Foods ◽  
Garden Plant ◽  
The City

We observed White-tailed Jackrabbits (Lepus townsendii) eating spike plants (Cordyline australis), a non-native ornamental garden plant, in our front yard within the city of Edmonton, Alberta. We have noted this persistent behaviour every winter between 2006-2007 and 2011-2012. By late January, the plants were usually eaten right down to the stem base. We suggest that the White-tailed Jackrabbits turn to this food source in winter when more preferred foods are lacking, are in short supply, or are not as readily accessible. Our observations add another plant species to the list of non-native plants consumed by White-tailed Jackrabbits.

scholarly journals Food preference of captive mona monkey (Cercopithecus mona) in University of Lagos, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 184-191
Author(s):  
F. Olaleru ◽  
O. J. Babayemi
Keyword(s):  
Food Preference ◽  
Urban Forest ◽  
Solanum Melongena ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Food Type ◽  
Fallback Foods ◽  
Musa Sapientum ◽  
Preferred Foods ◽  
Mona Monkey ◽  
Food Trough

In the wild, nonhuman primates' preferences for some food may not be quite clear due to the seasonality and utilization of fallback foods during periods of scarcity. Understanding the most preferred foods could aid schedules of serving them to captive primates. Against this background, the study was carried out to determine the food preference of captive mona monkeys offered foods consumed by their counterparts in the degraded and fragmented urban forest, biodiversity rich rainforest, and in a zoo. The feeding trials were conducted in the service area of the University of Lagos. Four adult monkeys (two males and two females) were offered weighed amounts of 13 different foods served in batches of five, using the cafeteria method. Each food type was offered separately in a food trough at 10:00 hrs each day. Left over was withdrawn and measured after 24 hours. Position of the food trough was changed every day. Water was provided ad libitum in a water trough. The difference between offered and left-over weights was regarded as intake. Food preference was determined from the coefficient of preference (COP), and a unitary value was considered preferred. In decreasing order of preference, the preferred foods that had COP ≥ 1 were Musa sapientum, Zea mays, and Solanum melongena. The mona monkey and other sympatric species held in captivity could be provided with these foods in addition to other foods that could meet their nutritional needs. Nutritional assays of these foods could provide clues to their being preferred above others.     Dans la nature, les préférences des primates non humains pour certains aliments peuvent ne pas être tout à fait claires en raison de la saisonnalité et de l'utilisation des aliments de remplacement pendant les périodes de pénurie. Comprendre les aliments les plus préférés pourrait faciliter les horaires de les servir aux primates captifs. Dans ce contexte, l'étude a été menée pour estimer la préférence alimentaire des singes mona en captivité qui offraient des aliments consommés par leurs homologues dans la forêt urbaine dégradée et fragmentée, la forêt tropicale riche en biodiversité et dans un zoo. Les essais d'alimentation ont été menés dans l’aire de service de l'Université de Lagos. Quatre singes adultes (deux mâles et deux femelles) se sont vus offrir des quantités pesées de 13 aliments différents servis par lots de cinq, en utilisant la méthode de la cafétéria. Chaque type de nourriture était offert 184 séparément dans une auge à 10 h chaque jour. Le surplus a été prélevé et mesuré après 24 heures. La position de l'auge a été changée chaque jour. L'eau était fournie à volonté dans un bac à eau. La différence entre le poids offert et le poids restant a été considérée comme un apport. La préférence alimentaire a été déterminée à partir du coefficient de préférence (COP), et une valeur unitaire a été considérée comme préférée. Par ordre décroissant de préférence, les aliments préférés qui avaient un COP ≥ 1 étaient Musa sapientum, Zeamays et Solanummelongena. Le singe mona et d'autres espèces sympatriques gardées en captivité pourraient recevoir ces aliments en plus d'autres aliments qui pourraient répondre à leurs besoins nutritionnels. Les dosages nutritionnels de ces aliments pourraient fournir des indices sur leur préférence aux autres.  

Groins, sand retention, and the future of Southern California’s beaches

Shore & Beach ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 14-36
Author(s):  
Gary Griggs ◽  
Kiki Patsch ◽  
Charles Lester ◽  
Ryan Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Southern California ◽  
Beach Sand ◽  
Submarine Canyons ◽  
Littoral Drift ◽  
Short Supply ◽  
Land Use Decisions ◽  
Coastal Cliffs ◽  
Retention Structures

Beaches form a significant component of the economy, history, and culture of southern California. Yet both the construction of dams and debris basins in coastal watersheds and the armoring of eroding coastal cliffs and bluffs have reduced sand supply. Ultimately, most of this beach sand is permanently lost to the submarine canyons that intercept littoral drift moving along this intensively used shoreline. Each decade the volume of lost sand is enough to build a beach 100 feet wide, 10 feet deep and 20 miles long, or a continuous beach extending from Newport Bay to San Clemente. Sea-level rise will negatively impact the beaches of southern California further, specifically those with back beach barriers such as seawalls, revetments, homes, businesses, highways, or railroads. Over 75% of the beaches in southern California are retained by structures, whether natural or artificial, and groin fields built decades ago have been important for local beach growth and stabilization efforts. While groins have been generally discouraged in recent decades in California, and there are important engineering and environmental considerations involved prior to any groin construction, the potential benefits are quite large for the intensively used beaches and growing population of southern California, particularly in light of predicted sea-level rise and public beach loss. All things considered, in many areas groins or groin fields may well meet the objectives of the California Coastal Act, which governs coastal land-use decisions. There are a number of shoreline areas in southern California where sand is in short supply, beaches are narrow, beach usage is high, and where sand retention structures could be used to widen or stabilize local beaches before sand is funneled offshore by submarine canyons intercepting littoral drift. Stabilizing and widening the beaches would add valuable recreational area, support beach ecology, provide a buffer for back beach infrastructure or development, and slow the impacts of a rising sea level.

Assessment of the Sensory Acceptability of Soy Milk Based Sandesh (Traditional Indian Sweet Dairy Dessert) For Elderly People (Aged > 60 Years) Living in Kolkata and its Efficacy on the Health Status of Geriatric Population

2020 ◽  
pp. 31-38
Author(s):  
Sweata Rani Rai ◽  
Sabia Nazmin
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cerebrovascular Diseases ◽  
Buffalo Milk ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Eating Patterns ◽  
Soy Milk ◽  
Geriatric Population ◽  
Dietary Preference ◽  
Chemical Evaluation ◽  
Nutritional Needs

Background: Aging is often associated with the incidence of degenerative diseases such as cardiovascular, cerebrovascular diseases, diabetes, osteoporosis, and cancer, which affects dietary eating patterns in older adults. With advancing age, there is a decline in appetite and a reduced affinity to food. However, the eighty million citizens of West Bengal including the older adults have a craving for sweets. Therefore, the present study aims to evaluate the sensory and chemical evaluation of Sandesh prepared from soymilk and dates adhering to nutritional needs and dietary preference towards sweets for older adults. Method: Sandesh is prepared with the substitution of traditional milk chenna (fresh, unripened curd cheese made from cow milk/ buffalo milk)with soy milk and dates syrup.

Mechanisms of Green Development of Urban Agricultural Production in a Large Industrial City

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 823-829
Author(s):  
E. V. Malysh
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Urban Agriculture ◽  
Food Supply ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Agricultural Technologies ◽  
Short Supply ◽  
Industrial City ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Green Development

A city’s potential for food self-sufficiency is expected to increase through the distribution of innovative, high-tech, green agricultural practices of producing food in an urban environment, which can improve the city’s food security due to increased food accessibility in terms of quantity and quality. Aim. Based on the systematization of theoretical approaches and analysis of institutional aspects, the study aims to propose ways to strengthen the city’s food security by improving food supply in urban areas, increasing the socio-economic and environmental sustainability of urban food systems, and changing the diet of urban residents.Tasks. The authors propose methods for the development of urban agricultural production in a large industrial city based on the principles of green economy and outline the range of strategic urban activities aimed at implementing green agricultural production technologies associated with the formation and development of the culture of modern urban agricultural production.Methods. This study uses general scientific methods of cognition to examine the specificity of objectives of strengthening a city’s food security by improving the quality of food supply to the population. Methods of comparison, systems analysis, systematization of information, and the monographic method are also applied.Results. A strategic project for the development of urban agricultural systems through the implementation and green development of advanced urban agricultural technologies is described. Green development mechanisms will create conditions for the city’s self-sufficiency in terms of organic and safe products, functioning of short supply chains, and green urban agriculture.Conclusions. Managing the growth of urban agriculture will promote the use of highly effective, easily controlled, resource-efficient, eco-friendly, weather- and season-independent, multi-format urban agricultural technologies. The study describes actions aimed at creating conditions for stabilizing a city’s high-quality food self-sufficiency with allowance for the growing differentiation of citizen needs.

Effective optimization of SARS-CoV-2 laboratory testing variables in an era of supply chain constraints

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (15) ◽  
pp. 1483-1487
Author(s):  
Nikhil S Sahajpal ◽  
Ashis K Mondal ◽  
Allan Njau ◽  
Sudha Ananth ◽  
Kimya Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Rna Extraction ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Swab ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Short Supply ◽  
Viral Transport ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Bridging Studies

RT-PCR-based assays for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 have played an essential role in the current COVID-19 pandemic. However, the sample collection and test reagents are in short supply, primarily due to supply chain issues. Thus, to eliminate testing constraints, we have optimized three key process variables: RNA extraction and RT-PCR reactions, different sample types and media to facilitate SARS-CoV-2 testing. By performing various validation and bridging studies, we have shown that various sample types such as nasopharyngeal swab, bronchioalveolar lavage and saliva, collected using conventional nasopharyngeal swabs, ESwab or 3D-printed swabs and, preserved in viral transport media, universal transport media, 0.9% sodium chloride or Amies media are compatible with RT-PCR assay for COVID-19. Besides, the reduction of PCR reagents by up to fourfold also produces reliable results.

Conclusion

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Talbot C. Imlay
Keyword(s):  
International Politics ◽  
Socialist Party ◽  
Short Supply ◽  
Historical Scholarship ◽  
International Dimension ◽  
International Policies ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Post War

In examining the practice of socialist internationalism, this book has sought to combine three fields of historical scholarship (socialism, internationalism, and international politics) in the aim of contributing to each one. The contribution to the first area, socialism, is perhaps the most obvious. Contrary to numerous claims, socialist internationalism did not die in August 1914 but survived the outbreak of war and afterwards even flourished at times. Indeed, during the two post-war periods, European socialists worked closely together on a variety of pressing issues, endowing the policymaking of the British, French, and German parties with an important international dimension. This international dimension was never all-important: it rarely, if ever, trumped the domestic political and intra-party dimensions of policymaking. But its existence means that the international policies of any one socialist party cannot be fully understood in isolation from the policies of other parties. The practice of socialist internationalism was rarely easy: contention was present and sometimes rife. Equally pertinent, idealism could be in short supply. Often enough, European socialists instrumentalized internationalism for their own ends, whether it was Ramsay MacDonald with the Geneva Protocol during the 1920s or Guy Mollet, who hoped to discredit internal party critics of his Algerian policy during the 1950s. Nevertheless, the attempts to instrumentalize socialist internationalism underscore the latter’s significance. After all, such attempts would be inconceivable unless socialist internationalism meant something to European socialists....

Impulse Control Disorders in Medical Settings

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean G. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Primary Health Care ◽  
Impulse Control ◽  
Care Service ◽  
Health Care Service ◽  
Impulse Control Disorders ◽  
Short Supply ◽  
Medical Settings ◽  
Primary Care Settings ◽  
Primary Health

Impulse control disorders (ICDs) and conditions with impulse control features provide a challenge in terms of identification, treatment, and follow-up when mental health specialists are in short supply. Medical settings, in particular the largest, primary health care, provide an opportunity to address many impulse-affected conditions currently poorly assessed and treated in health care settings. Barriers to intervention for ICDs in primary health care are time constraints; understanding of the etiology, symptoms, and appropriate interventions; the health and social costs; and prioritizing of training in and treatment of conditions perceived as more serious or appropriate to a primary health care service. These barriers may possibly be overcome in primary care settings, and in this chapter, a model to address problem gambling is described.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document