scholarly journals Studies on the habitats of Grey Francolin Francolinus pondicerianus (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) (Galliformes: Phasianidae) in northern districts of Tamil Nadu, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 19948-19955
Author(s):  
M. Pandian
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Small Groups ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Habitat Type ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Suitable Habitat ◽  
Agricultural Lands ◽  
Loud Calls ◽  
Bird Habitat

This paper pertains to the habitats of the Grey Francolin Francolinus pondicerianus with specific reference to populations, habitat type, vegetation, foraging, impact of human dwellings, and probable threats to  populations in 20 villages covering four northern districts of Tamil Nadu, India. A total of 252 individuals were enumerated. During the non-breeding season, birds move in small groups of 2–6. Of four habitats identified, the maximum number of 143 birds was observed foraging in grasslands, while 61 were seen in dry fallow agricultural lands, 37 in dry lakes/canals, and 11 in harvested fields. No significant association was observed between habitat type and bird behaviour. They feed on termites and spilled paddy grains. Males have repeated loud calls and fight with each other. Four species of tall grasses, six of stunted trees and two shrubs were identified to provide bird habitat. Birds preferred to live away from human dwellings, with 193 found 1,000 m away from settlements. The study area continues to be a suitable habitat for Grey Francolin populations, hence this habitat needs protection.

scholarly journals Distribution and habitat associations of the Critically Endangered frog Walkerana phrynoderma (Anura: Ranixalidae), with an assessment of potential threats, abundance, and morphology

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Arun Kanagavel ◽  
Sethu Parvathy ◽  
Abhiijth P. Chundakatil ◽  
Neelesh Dahanukar ◽  
Benjamin Tapley
Keyword(s):  
Western Ghats ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Habitat Associations ◽  
Critically Endangered ◽  
Suitable Habitat ◽  
Time Activity ◽  
Western Ghats Of India ◽  
Pesticide Runoff ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Western Ghats

Distribution and habitat associations of the Critically Endangered frog Walkerana phrynoderma (Anura: Ranixalidae), with an assessment of potential threats, abundance, and morphology. Little is known about Walkerana phrynoderma, a frog endemic to the Anamalai Hills of the Western Ghats of India. Baseline information (i.e., distribution, threats, habitat characteristics, activity patterns, and relative abundance) is provided for this species, with the aim of improving our understanding of the status of the species in the wild. Visual-encounter, transect, and time-activity budget surveys were conducted in and around the Anamalai Hills of the Western Ghats. The frog skin was swabbed to determine the presence/absence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, and habitat and environmental characteristics were recorded at sites where W. phrynoderma was found. These data were compared with those of sites apparently lacking this species that had suitable habitat. Walkerana phrynoderma is restricted to evergreen forests between 1300 and 1700 m a.s.l. in the Anamalai Tiger Reserve and at Munnar; thus, its range was extended from the state of Tamil Nadu to the adjoining state of Kerala. Pesticide runoff and human disturbance are the most severe threats to the species; B. dendrobatidis was not detected. This nocturnal anuran prefers forest edges and is associated with well-shaded forest foors in cool areas near freshwater streams. Walkerana phrynoderma is rarely encountered whereas its congener, W. leptodactyla, is more common. The impact of anthropogenic disturbances, especially waste disposal and development of tourism infrastructure, should be evaluated. The land that is owned by the Forest Department peripheral to the protected areas could be designated as eco-sensitive sites to prevent changes in land use that could have an adverse effect on W. phrynoderma.

scholarly journals Effect of Climate and Habitat on Morphological Characteristics and Fruit Production of Picralima Nitida (Stapf) in West Africa

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghislain Comlan AKABASSI ◽  
Elie Antoine Padonou ◽  
Achille Ephrem Assogbadjo ◽  
Noël Zirihi Guede
Keyword(s):  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Habitat Type ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Natural Forest ◽  
Home Gardens ◽  
Suitable Habitat ◽  
Habitat Types ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries

Abstract Picralima nitida is an important African medicinal plant species used in pharmaceutical industries and traditional medicine to treat several diseases. Despite its importance, the species faces conservation problem. This study evaluated the effect of climate and habitat on morphological characteristics and fruit production of P. nitida. A total of 132 fruiting trees was randomly sampled from three habitat types (home gardens, botanical garden and natural forest) and three soils (Nitisols, Arenosols and Acrisols) in Dahomey Gap and Guineo-Congolese zone. A total of 5 morphological traits and fruit production were recorded per tree to describe the relationship between morphological determinism of the species and climate. Pearson correlation was performed to identify the suitable habitat type in each climatic zone. Harmonized World Soil Database was used to determine physicochemical characteristics of the soil types on which the species occurred. Results revealed that the climatic zones (p < 0.001) and habitat types (p < 0.0001) influenced significantly the morphological characteristics and fruit production of P. nitida. High trees with more number of fruits were observed in home gardens on acid soils (Nitisols (pH: 5) and Arenosols (pH: 5.3)) in Dahomey Gap. In Guineo-Congolese zone, the species was more present in natural forest on acid Acrisols (pH: 5).

The Supreme Court of India and Inter-State water dispute: an analysis of the judgments on Mullaperiyar Dam

Water Policy ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 1003-1018
Author(s):  
M. P. Ram Mohan ◽  
Krittika Chavaly
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
The State ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Supreme Court Of India ◽  
First Case ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
State Water ◽  
Inter State

This paper addresses the issue of the Mullaperiyar Dam dispute between Kerala and Tamil Nadu with specific reference to the two judgments delivered by the Supreme Court of India on the matter. This paper attempts to examine the arguments, facts, and the judgment of the Court on each of the primary issues raised during the course of the dispute. The first case was filed by the Mullaperiyar Environmental Protection Forum in 2001, wherein the Court adjudged the case in favour of the respondents, the State of Tamil Nadu. Consequently, due to certain developments, examined in the course of the second case, the State of Tamil Nadu filed a petition before the Supreme Court against Kerala in 2006 seeking relief for the actions on the part of the latter after the judgment in the first case. A Constitution Bench was constituted to adjudicate this case, which re-examined certain issues raised during the first case and conclusively laid down its decision in favour of Tamil Nadu.

scholarly journals Aspects of the ecology and the behaviour of the Leopard Panthera pardus in the Kalahari desert

Koedoe ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
J Du P Bothma ◽  
E. A. N Le Riche
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
National Park ◽  
Habitat Type ◽  
Crocuta Crocuta ◽  
Panthera Leo ◽  
Panthera Pardus ◽  
Dense Vegetation ◽  
Kalahari Desert

Tracking in sand revealed data on hunting and kill rates, range, movements, activity, cover and water use, reproduction and interactions with other carnivores, by the leopard Panthera pardus in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park. For leopards in the interior, 812,5 km of tracks were followed for 54 days, and 205,1 km for 15 days for females with cubs. In the Nossob riverbed 30,2 km of tracks were folowed in eight days. Medium-sized mammals featured prominently in the diet of all leopards, with prey used influenced by habitat type. Leopards in the interior moved greater distances than those in the Nossob riverbed. Leopards rested frequently at the onset and end of activity and used dense vegetation and aardvark Orycteropus afer and porcupine Hystrix africaeaustralis burrows as daytime cover. Leopards are independent of water, and females apparently have no definite breeding season. Lions Panthera leo dominate leopards, but the outcome of leopard/spotted hyaena Crocuta crocuta encounters depend on the size of the leopard and the number of hyaenas in the pack. Leopards in the Kalahari Desert are opportunists which occupy this harsh envi- ronment successfully.

A study on sources of vegetable supply chain wastage with specific reference to retail outlets in Tamil Nadu

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 141
Author(s):  
Ravilochanan Parthasarathy ◽  
Geetha Panneerselvam ◽  
Arivazhagan Ramanathan
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Retail Outlets

Social-Behavior and Colony Formation in a Population of Crested Terns, Sterna-Bergii, in Southwestern Australia

1987 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 529 ◽  
Author(s):  
JN Dunlop
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Small Groups ◽  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Colony Formation ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Breeding Population ◽  
Southwestern Australia ◽  
Nest Sites ◽  
The Social

In a breeding population of crested terns near Fremantle, W.A., social behaviour involved complex patterns of social displays and paired behaviour. The social phase was probably truncated over much of the extended breeding season by the presence of incubating conspecifics, and may serve to synchronise laying in their absence. The responses of pre-laying crested terns to incubating conspecifics were studied by means of artificial 'colonies' of polyurethane models. These proved to be most attractive to prebreeding pairs searching for nest sites, and the earliest eggs were invariably laid among the decoys. Pre-breeding terns in the social phase were not attracted to the decoys. It is suggested that loose groups of incubating conspecifics acted as a key stimulus, releasing settlement and laying in birds in an advanced state of reproductive readiness. This key stimulus could change the learned location of colonies but during late summer and early autumn other factors, probably related to food availability, controlled the onset of laying. Small, spatially distinct, nesting groups were less synchronous in their laying than larger colonies. Such small groups are thought to result from discontinuities in reproductive phase between groups of terns, which are not apparent when the number of pre-laying birds is large.

The role of habitat, landscape structure and residence time on plant species invasions in a neotropical landscape

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 240-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Ananda Haider ◽  
Raphael Höbart ◽  
Nina Kovacs ◽  
Markus Milchram ◽  
Stefan Dullinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Habitat Type ◽  
Hydrilla Verticillata ◽  
Agricultural Landscapes ◽  
Suitable Habitat ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Herbaceous Vegetation ◽  
Species Invasions ◽  
Alien Flora ◽  
Water Courses

Abstract:Plant invasions in tropical agricultural landscapes have been poorly studied so far. Here, we use plot data collected in 2015 in the La Gamba valley in southern Costa Rica to analyse the spread of two invasive alien species (Hydrilla verticillata, Hedychium coronarium) on the landscape level. In total, we recorded the aquatic H. verticillata, which was locally introduced into the La Gamba valley in 2005, in 26% of all plots (size: 15 m2), while H. coronarium, which occurs along water courses, was recorded in 80% of all plots (size: 25 m2). Generalized Linear Models (GLMs) showed that the habitat type invaded and shading had no significant effect on H. verticillata presence and abundance. However, proximity to the point of local introduction and habitat diversity in the adjacent landscape did positively affect its presence. For H. coronarium, GLMs showed a significant correlation with the invaded habitat type. The probability of H. coronarium presence was highest in herbaceous vegetation and cover was higher compared with other habitats. There was no effect on native plant species richness and cover by H. verticillata, while H. coronarium exerted a negative impact on herbaceous plant species number and, in particular, cover. Hydrilla verticillata is a rather recent addition to the local alien flora, and thus dispersal limitation still restricts its local range. Compared with observed rates of spread in other regions, spread velocity within the first decade of its local presence was low. In contrast, H. coronarium has been locally present for a substantially longer time period. This species encounters suitable habitat conditions in herbaceous vegetation along water courses, where it builds up dense clonal stands which negatively affect herbaceous vegetation. Our results show that while both study species are invasive in Central American lowlands, their local abundance and impacts on native vegetation may differ profoundly.

scholarly journals Avian Community Structure as a Function of Season, Habitat Type, and Disturbance, in Mole National Park, Northern Region (Ghana)

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Collins Ayine Nsor ◽  
Emmanuel Acquah ◽  
Grace Mensah ◽  
Vincent Kusi-Kyei ◽  
Samuel Boadi
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Preference ◽  
National Park ◽  
Habitat Preferences ◽  
Habitat Type ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Point Count ◽  
Ordination Techniques ◽  
Bird Habitat ◽  
High Conservation ◽  
Conservation Concern

The study assessed factors that influenced bird-habitat preference, diversity, and spatial distribution in Mole National Park. Birds were identified using point count sampling method, while ordination techniques were performed to determine the influence of environmental factors on bird-habitat preference. A total of 4951 individuals belonging to 131 species were identified across the four habitat types in the wet (n= 3033) and dry (n= 1648) seasons. Despite the high abundance and richness of birds in the woodland and shrubland habitats, grassland habitat was the most diverse, due to the high spatial evenness distribution of the birds. Bushfire, patchiness, and animal trampling were the key environmental determinants in bird assemblages and habitat preferences and accounted for 62.02% and 81.82% variations in the two seasons. Rarer birds like White-Backed Vulture (NT) and White-Headed Vulture (CR), Bateleur Eagle (NT), and Woolly-Necked Stork (VU), with high conservation concern, suggest intensification of conservation effort, while the dominance of Sahel Bush-sparrow was probably due to their broad range habitat preferences and ability to adapt to environmental conditions across these habitats. These species could be used as indicators of habitat quality, if future scenarios restrict their movement or distribution in narrow range habitats.

scholarly journals Right Against Exploitation under Article 24 of the Indian Constitution

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-57
Author(s):  
Nishant Pande
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
The Other ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Bill Of Rights ◽  
Right To Life ◽  
Hazardous Environments ◽  
Democratic Rights ◽  
The Right

Article 24 of the Constitution prohibits the employment of children in hazardous environments. The provision is worded in a manner that allows horizontal application of the right guaranteed thereby. However, the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India’s method of applying this horizontal right is obscure. On one hand, the Court in People’s Union for Democratic Rights v. Union of India indulged in a direct horizontal application of the right conferred under the Article, while on the other hand, the Court in the case of M. C. Mehta v. State of Tamil Nadu, undertook a combined indirect horizontal and vertical application of the Article. This paper attempts to identify the exact manner of applicability of the right under Article 24, by tracing its development, with specific reference to the Supreme Court’s interpretation of the same. Further, this paper explores the possibility of reading the right against exploitation in a more inclusive manner, as has been done for right to life under Article 21. The author has been inspired by the International community’s perception of child labour, specifically, the Constitution of Ireland and the Bill of Rights of South Africa, in putting forward arguments to augment the expansion of the scope of Article 24.

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