Abstract T MP103: Effect of Follow-up Phone Calls on 30-day Readmission Rates for Stroke Patients

Stroke ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Intervention Group ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Phone Call ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Readmission Rates ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Phone Calls ◽  
Number Of Patients

Background and Purpose: Patients who are hospitalized for a stroke or TIA go home with a great deal of information about risk factors, medications, diet and exercise, signs and symptoms of stroke and follow-up care. This information may be difficult for the patient or caregiver to understand and can be overwhelming in the face of a new life-changing event. In addition, The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services will start publicly reporting 30-day readmission rates beginning in 2016. The purpose of this study is to determine if follow-up phone calls with a nurse help to reduce 30 day readmission rates for patients with stroke and TIA. Methods: This study utilized a convenience sample of adult patients who were admitted for ischemic stroke, ICH, SAH or TIA from March 2013 to February 2014. Patients in the intervention group participated in a phone call seven days after discharge to assess their compliance with medications, physician appointments and lifestyle changes. The proportion of readmissions between the groups was compared with Fisher’s exact test. Results: The total number of patients enrolled in the study was 586 and there were no significant differences in demographics between the control and intervention groups. Of the 533 patients in the control group, 54 (10%) of them were readmitted, including 11 patients readmitted for elective surgical procedures. Of the 52 patients in the intervention group, 3 (5.7%) of them were readmitted before the 7-day phone call. Of the 49 patients who participated in the 7-day phone call, none of them were readmitted ( p =0.0098). Conclusions: Patients who participate in a 7-day phone call appear to benefit and are less likely to be readmitted to the hospital. Other strategies may need to be considered for patients who are at higher risk, and thus more likely to be readmitted within seven days of discharge. In addition, some providers may wish to reconsider how they schedule elective procedures for secondary stroke prevention.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Effect of Using Mobile Phone Reminders on the Adherence to Children and Young Adults With Type 1 Diabetes Attending Outreach Appointments

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 60
Author(s):  
Arsene Florent Hobabagabo ◽  
Rex Wong ◽  
Soha El-Halabi ◽  
Edison Rwagasore ◽  
Simon-Pierre Niyonsenga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
Phone Call ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Phone Calls ◽  
Outreach Visits

Effective management of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) requires that people living with the condition attend regular clinical visits. The Rwanda Diabetes Association (RDA) asks young T1DM patients to attend quarterly outreach visits, and prior to the visits, RDA issues reminders via local radio stations. However, adherence in attending clinical appointments has remained low.Since Rwanda has a high mobile phone penetration rate, a pilot intervention study was conducted exploring the use of mobile phone call reminders and Short Message Service (SMS) messages to increase T1DM patients’ attendance of RDA’s quarterly outreach visits. The control group was exposed to only the regular radio broadcast, while the intervention group received reminder phone calls or SMS messages 72 hours prior to their appointments in addition to the regular radio broadcast.The attendance rate was significantly different between the 14 control patients and 35 intervention patients, with 23.3% (3/14) and 76.7% (27/35) attending visits, respectively (P=0.048). The results suggest that using mHealth methods (phone call/SMS reminders) can be effective in improving health outcomes, improving the adherence of T1DM patients to follow-up visits with minimal added cost. The total cost was 0.37 USD per person, compared to potential 672.40 USD for each lost treatment, indicating the intervention is cost-effective in that it minimizes loss to follow up in resource-limited settings. Further research is needed to evaluate the feasibility of scaling up the pilot project and to understand whether improved attendance is sustained long-term.

scholarly journals Impact of pharmacist-conducted anticoagulation patient education and telephone follow-up on transitions of care: a randomized controlled trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lamis R. Karaoui ◽  
Elsy Ramia ◽  
Hanine Mansour ◽  
Nisrine Haddad ◽  
Nibal Chamoun
Keyword(s):  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Bleeding Event ◽  
Transitions Of Care ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Post Discharge ◽  
Readmission Rates ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background There is limited published data in Lebanon evaluating the impact of supplemental education for anticoagulants use, especially DOACs, on clinical outcomes such as bleeding. The study aims to assess the impact of pharmacist-conducted anticoagulation education and follow-up on bleeding and readmission rates. Methods This study was a randomized, non-blinded interventional study conducted between August 2017 and July 2019 in a tertiary care teaching Lebanese hospital. Participants were inpatients ≥18 years discharged on an oral anticoagulant for treatment. Block randomization was used. The control group received the standard nursing counseling while the intervention group additionally received pharmacy counseling. Phone call follow-ups were done on day 3 and 30 post-discharge. Primary outcomes included readmission rates and any bleeding event at day 3 and 30 post-discharge. Secondary outcomes included documented elements of education in the medical records and reported mortality upon day 30 post-discharge. Results Two hundred patients were recruited in the study (100 patients in each study arm) with a mean age of 73.9 years. In the pharmacist-counseled group, more patients contacted their physician within 3 days (14% versus 4%; p = 0.010), received explicit elements of education (p < 0.001) and documentation in the chart was better (p < 0.05). In the standard of care group, patients were more aware of their next physician appointment date (52% versus 31%, p < 0.001). No difference in bleeding rates at day 3 and 30 post-discharge was observed between the groups. Conclusions Although pharmacist-conducted anticoagulation education did not appear to reduce bleeding or readmission rates at day 30, pharmacist education significantly increased patient communication with their providers in the early days post-discharge. Trial registration Lebanon Clinical Trial Registry LBCTR2020033424. Retrospectively registered. Date of registration: 06/03/2020.

Abstract 225: A Depression Quality Program and Cardiovascular Disease: Assessing the Impact on Care

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Gordon ◽  
Amanda Malecky ◽  
Andrew Althouse ◽  
Nicole Ansani
Keyword(s):  
Usual Care ◽  
Goal Attainment ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Phone Call ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Care Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Surrogate Outcome ◽  
The Impact

Background: Data demonstrate an adverse association between depression and coronary artery disease prognosis. Therefore, a depression screening program was initiated in the catheterization (cath) lab. The goals were to improve HEDIS depression compliance rates and determine the impact on clinical outcomes. Methods: Adult patients in an inpatient cath lab from 3 cardiology practices were screened for enrollment in a randomized controlled trial. All cath lab patients received a PHQ-9 depression screener. Those who screened positive for depression (score ≥ 10) were randomized to intervention or usual care. The usual care group received a follow-up phone call to re-administer the PHQ-9 at 6-8 weeks and within 210 days of discharge. The intervention group was administered the PHQ-9 and received intensive education at baseline, 6-8 weeks, and within 210 days of discharge. Education included targeted depression information with a mental health care provider and comprehensive disease management education with a cardiovascular nurse practitioner. Outcomes included: differences in HEDIS depression goal attainment; depression response/remission rates; and cardiovascular goals. Differences between groups were tested using chi-squared tests (categorical variables) and t-tests (continuous variables). Results: Baseline characteristics were similar between control (N=43) and intervention (N=40) groups, with the exception of significantly fewer African American patients in the control group (N=2, 4.7%) vs intervention (N=9, 22.5%). Changes in HEDIS goal attainment show that patients in the intervention group were slightly more likely to be referred to a provider to address depression (95.0% vs 86.0%, p=0.314), or receive meds for depression (65.0% vs 51.2%, p=0.219), but these differences are not statistically significant. More patients in the intervention group refused meds for depression compared to control (15.0% vs. 2.3%, p=0.041); have received blood work (65.0% vs 41.9%, p=0.030); and have received follow-up within 210 days (82.5% vs 46.5%, p<0.001). Treatment adjustment rate was higher in the intervention group compared to control (85.0% vs. 65.1%, p=0.037). Hospital readmission rate was similar between groups (p=0.896) and there was no difference in depression remission or response rates (p=0.426). Further, no differences were seen in cardiovascular surrogate outcome parameters, including cholesterol, A1c, CRP, or BNP between groups; except SGOT was significantly different between groups (-5.0 intervention vs 2.0 control p=0.045). Conclusions: These data demonstrate improvements in attaining a surrogate outcome measure of quality (HEDIS goals); however, this does not appear to translate to a significant clinical impact. Quality measures may need to be continuously reassessed to ensure efficiency and effectiveness of care.

Effectiveness of a Student Pharmacist–Led Telephone Follow-Up Intervention to Improve Hemoglobin A1Cin Diabetic Patients

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 832-837 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel K. Peasah ◽  
Kathryn Granitz ◽  
Michelle Vu ◽  
Bobby Jacob
Keyword(s):  
Regression Model ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Standard Of Care ◽  
Multiple Regression Model ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Phone Calls

Objective:To evaluate the effectiveness of a student pharmacist–led telephone follow-up intervention to improve hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c) in diabetic patients.Methods:This was a prospective, randomized, pilot study to implement a telephone follow-up intervention for diabetic patients with HbA1c≥7%. Patients were recruited and randomized into intervention and control groups. All patients received standard of care. Patients in the intervention group additionally received weekly phone calls from a student pharmacist for 12 weeks to encourage medication adherence. HbA1cat baseline and end of study were measured and the data were analyzed using SAS version 9.4. Analysis included descriptive statistics and a multiple regression model to assess the association between the end of study and baseline HbA1cwhile controlling for demographics.Results:Seventy-eight patients participated and the average age was 62 (±11) years. Baseline HbA1cwas 8.2% (±1.4%) in the intervention group and 7.9% (±1.3%) in the control group. HbA1cdecreased by 0.35% in the intervention group ( P = .027) and increased by 0.338% in the control group ( P = .013). The end of study HbA1cwere higher in the control group even after controlling for baseline HbA1cs (0.5547, P value .002) in the regression model.Conclusion:Incorporating student pharmacists in physician offices to provide clinical care services could lead to improved patient outcomes and students’ clinical and research skills.

scholarly journals Pharmacist-Led Discharge Medication Counseling and its Corresponding Impact on Medication Adherence and Hospital Readmission Rates

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Savannah Cunningham ◽  
Joshua D. Kinsey
Keyword(s):  
Medication Adherence ◽  
Hospital Readmission ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Readmission Rates ◽  
Discharge Medication ◽  
Hospital Readmission Rates ◽  
Medication Counseling ◽  
Significant Difference

Objectives: Pharmacists have been shown to reduce hospital readmission rates and improve adherence rates by providing discharge medication counseling and offering services such as a bedside delivery program.1 Hospitals are now penalized by Medicare if patients are readmitted within 30 days of discharge, so implementation of these programs have the potential to be financially significant as well.2 The primary endpoint of this study is to evaluate the impact of a pharmacist discharge medication counseling bedside delivery program on medication adherence rates within a six-week period following discharge. The secondary endpoint focuses on hospital readmission rates. The objective of this study is to increase collaboration between community pharmacies and hospitals in order to improve the quality of patient care. Methods: This study was designed as intervention versus control, whereas the intervention patients were those who received counseling from a pharmacist or pharmacist intern and control patients were those who did not within the same time period. Collected patient data (n=81) included patients’ demographic data and all disease states, genders, and insurance coverage were encompassed by the included patients. Medication adherence was measured at follow-up intervals utilizing the proportion of days covered (PDC) equation, where a score of at least 80% is required for optimal therapeutic efficacy. Informed consent was obtained from all participants regarding a follow-up telephone call or retrieval of medication records through the pharmacy electronic medication records system and hospital electronic medical records system. Approximately 10-15-minute counseling sessions were performed at the time of discharge. Follow-up phone calls were conducted for the intervention group at four-weeks and six-weeks post-discharge using an eight-item Morisky medication adherence survey to discuss medication adherence and side effects experienced.  Results: There was a total of 81 patients enrolled in this study. There were 27 patients in the intervention group and 54 patients in the control group. These pharmacist-led discharge counseling sessions made a statistically significant difference in medication adherence rates (P=<0.001) as calculated using PDC, showing adherence rates of 84.4% in the intervention group and 62.8% in the control group. The pharmacist-led discharge counseling sessions did not make a statistically significant difference in hospital readmission rates, though investigators do expect to see an impact on clinical and financial endpoints. Conclusion: Pharmacist involvement in a bedside delivery program helps to improve medication adherence in patients being discharged from a hospital. A PDC of at least 80% is required for optimal therapeutic efficacy in most classes of chronic medications, and only the intervention arm reached this threshold.13 Although this study’s sample size was not sufficient to show a statistically significant difference in reduced hospital readmission rates for patients receiving a pharmacist-led discharge counseling session, the findings show the potential for a clinical impact and improved patient outcomes due to increased adherence rates.   Original Research

Abstract 239: Impact of Nurse Practitioner Directed Comprehensive Heart Failure Program in the Clinical Decision Unit

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (suppl_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anekwe Onwuanyi ◽  
Maihemuti Axiyan ◽  
Michele Edwards ◽  
Barbara Rhoads ◽  
Jasmine Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Nurse Practitioner ◽  
Health Care Expenditure ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Retrospective Chart Review ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
Phone Call ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Chi Square

Background: Hospitalization due to acute heart failure (HF) is a leading cause for admission and a major source for healthcare dollar expenditure. Clinical decision units (CDU) in the emergency department (ED) have been increasingly utilized by hospitals to prevent unnecessary HF admissions. If post CDU discharge and follow up care is suboptimal, there is increased likelihood for repeat ED visit and/or admission.We conducted this study to prove that a nurse practitioner (NP) directed intervention consisting of HF specific education coupled with timely outpatient clinic follow up will reduce repeat ED visit and/or 30 days readmissions. Methods: A retrospective chart review of HF patients admitted to the CDU using a prespecified protocol from 1/2013-12/2013 was performed. The patients were divided into two groups, those seen by the HFNP in the CDU (intervention group) vs. those not seen by HFNP (the control group). The intervention consisted of face-to-face heart failure education, medication optimization, symptom management; follow up phone call within 24-48 hours and heart failure clinic follow up 1-3 days post CDU discharge. Outcomes variable were repeat ED visits and/or readmissions within 30 days. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square were used for data analysis. Results: 160 patients were admitted to the CDU using the heart failure protocol. 15 patients were found not to have heart failure and excluded from the study. Of the 145 heart failure CDU patients, 33 required admission and were not included in further analysis. The final study population was 112 patients, with 85 patients receiving the intervention. The mean ages for the intervention and control groups were 57.2 vs 55.9. There were 11 admissions (13% all cause) in the intervention group within 30 days following CDU discharge and 5 (6%) were HF related after adjudication. For the control group, there were 7 admissions (26% all cause) and 6 (22%) heart failure related. The difference in all cause 30 day admissions was statistically significant (p = 0.035). Conclusion: NP directed intervention in the CDU significantly reduced ED visit and 30 days readmission. Further studies are required to fully investigate this findings and potential impact on health care expenditure.

Abstract 360: A Simplified Post-Discharge Telephone Intervention To Reduce Hospital Readmission for Patients with Cardiovascular Disease.

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gene F Kwan ◽  
Lana Kwong ◽  
Yun Hong ◽  
Abhishek Khemka ◽  
Gary Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Hospital Readmissions ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Phone Call ◽  
Post Discharge ◽  
Coronary Syndrome ◽  
Phone Calls ◽  
Administrative Assistants

Background: Readmission rates are high for patients with cardiovascular disease, particularly heart failure (HF) and acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Telephone calls by clinical staff have had mixed effects. We aim to evaluate the degree of implementation and the effect of a quality improvement initiative using a simplified post-discharge phone call by administrative assistants. Methods: Clinical data were retrospectively reviewed at a single urban public hospital. From January through October 2012 all patient discharged home from inpatient cardiology services (intervention group, n=1034 discharges) were identified. Within 7 days, administrative assistants contacted patients via telephone and queried regarding (1) medication compliance, (2) awareness of follow-up appointments and (3) if clinician contact is requested. Outcome events were defined as readmissions (for any cause) within 30 days to the same hospital and are reported as patients experiencing readmission, and total readmissions. A comparison group of all patients discharged home from inpatient cardiology services from January through October 2010 (n=746) were selected as controls (no phone calls). Categorical data were compared in a univariate fashion using the Chi Square test. Statistical significance is defined as p<.05. Results: Of the 1034 discharge events in the intervention group, 620 (60.0%) had phone calls attempted. Of those, 419 (67.6%) were directly contacted. Patients were statistically different with respect to language, ethnicity and insurance status. Of the patients called, 48 (7.7%) reported medication abnormalities, 13 (2.1%) did not understand their follow-up and 38 (6.1%) had a question for a clinician. The rates of patients experiencing events was not statistically different (132 [17.7%] vs. 156 [15.1%], OR 0.85, p=.14). Total readmissions were significantly reduced (157[21.0%] vs. 179 [17.3%], OR 0.82, p=.047). Pre-specified subgroups of ACS and HF patients showed a trend towards decreased re-admissions but were not statistically significant. Conclusion: A simplified post-discharge telephone call strategy is associated with a trend towards reduced hospital readmissions for cardiology patients. Further refinements are needed to improve program implementation.

Efficacy of Chinese Children's Asthma Action Plan in the management of children with asthma

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. e3-e10
Author(s):  
Kang Zhu ◽  
Li Xiang ◽  
Kunling Shen
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Function ◽  
Asthma Control ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Asthma Care ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Children With Asthma ◽  
Asthma Action Plan

Background: Abundant evidence has proven the effectiveness of following an asthma action plan for children. China released its first children's asthma action plan in 2017 to improve asthma control. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of the Chinese Children's Asthma Action Plan (CCAAP) in the management of children with asthma. Methods: Children with persistent asthma (6‐14 years old) at 10 tertiary hospitals were randomized to receive either CCAAP instructions (intervention group, n = 87) or no plan (control group, n = 86) in addition to the usual asthma care, including education, stepwise asthma therapy, and regular outpatient follow-up. Children were followed up by using a serial measurement of outcomes over the course of 3 months. Results: CCAAP instructions did not have a significant effect on any of outcomes compared with the intervention group: (1) variables related to asthma exacerbation, including the number of patients (p = 0.09), symptomatic days (p = 0.658), severity, medication (courses of reliever, p = 0.696; combined rhinitis medication, p = 0.081; combined oral antibiotics, p = 0.852), missed work days (p = 0.538) or school days (p = 0.441), and economic costs (p = 0.898); (2) asthma control (p = 0.180); or (3) pulmonary function parameters during the follow-up period. Both groups showed significant improvement in asthma control (both p < 0.001) and pulmonary function (p < 0.017) from baseline to the 3-month follow-up. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that provision of CCAAP may play a useful role in the management of children with asthma, but there were no greater benefits than usual asthma care. We need to plan a larger appropriately powered study.

From reactive to proactive basic palliative hospital care. Evaluation of one-nurse-based telephone follow-up and bedside consultation to advanced gastrointestinal cancer patients and informal caregivers: A quasi-experimental study

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisbeth Soelver ◽  
Marianne Krogsgaard
Keyword(s):  
Palliative Care ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Gastrointestinal Cancer ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Phone Calls ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Quasi Experimental

Rationale and aim: Organizational and staff-related barriers need to be overcome in order to integrated early palliative care and develop its supporting infrastructure. We aimed to evaluate the use of a one-nurse-staffed telephone line and bedside consultations on a surgical ward.Method: Advanced gastrointestinal cancer patients and their relatives are offered at diagnosis telephone contact with a nurse with a specialism experience and expertise in the field of palliative care – the contact is lifelong. A proactive holistic approach is taken, including individual needs assessment, guidance, regulation of medication and a tight follow-up. The nurse also acts as a sparring advice partner for colleagues and facilitates complex situations and process. Contacts are described qualitatively in a logbook and the effect on the incidence of hospital admissions and hospital deaths was investigated using a quasi-experimental design with a historical control group. Data were processed using descriptive statistics and Chi-squared (x 2) test.Results: Over 9 month 131 patients and 427 consultations were registred. Outgoing telephone calls to patients, caregivers and professionals (40%). Incoming phone calls (31%) and in-person meeting with patients and families during hospitalization or outpatient visits (29%). Over 15 month intervention and control period the test showed a significant reduction in the short-term admissions of  < 2 days, and a significant reduction in the number of patients who died during hospitalization.Conclusion: The telephone follow-up and bedside consultations by one qualified nurse, is an interface that supports continuity and cooperation and could underpine more effective basic palliative care.

scholarly journals Assessment of Cognitive Functions in Patients with Carotid Stenosis Undergoing Carotid Intervention

QJM ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S A M Helal ◽  
M H Elboulkemy ◽  
A A Abdelaziz ◽  
A N Mohamed ◽  
A A I Elbassiouny ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Infarction ◽  
Carotid Stenosis ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Symptomatic Carotid ◽  
Symptomatic Carotid Stenosis ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Background Symptomatic carotid stenosis is commonly defined as stenosis in the internal carotid artery, intracranial or extracranial, leading to symptoms of amaurosis fugax, transient ischemic attacks, or ischemic stroke ipsilateral to the lesion. Degree of stenosis varies among the major therapeutic trials studying treatment of carotid stenosis, but severe stenosis (70–99%) has been demonstrated to confer the highest risk for recurrent stroke or TIA. The number of people suffering from arteriosclerosis with vascular risk factors has been increasing recently due to the westernization of diet patterns and changing living environments, which has led to the increase in the number of patients with carotid stenosis (CS) or cerebral infarction. Severe CS is one of the important culprits underlying cerebral infarction, and can cause cognitive impairments due to continuous perfusion defects. Aim The aim of this study was to detect the effect of revascularization procedures on cognitive functions from baseline to 3 months follow up post-procedure in patients with CS using comprehensive psychometric tests. Methodology A prospective nonrandomized hospital based study was done at Ain Shams University hospitals. The study was conducted over 3 years from January 2015 till March 2018. Eighty patients with CS were enrolled, 34 patients underwent CAS procedure, six patients underwent CEA using standard techniques and the other 40 control patients follow up on conservative medical treatment. Decisions about whether and which method of treatment was applied (CEA, CAS, conservative) were taken independently of the study and were up to the treating physicians and patients. All CEAs and stents were performed under local anesthesia; periprocedural embolization was detected using follow up DW MRI imaging. Results Comparisons of clinical information at baseline between two groups On the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 80 patients were recruited into the present study and received regular follow-up. 2 were lost to follow-up from the control group (died after 2 months of study). The main determinants (age, males/ females ratio, education level, DM, HTN, dyslipidemia, ISHD, smoking, laterality and degree of stenosis by CD and DSA) were compared between patients of the two groups to make sure that both groups were homogenous with no selection bias. There was no significant difference between the two groups except for the age, total number of previous strokes as well as presence of contralateral stenosis which were more prevalent in the intervention group (p &lt; 0.05) and thus may affect their cognitive results. Conclusion that extracranial carotid intervention either CAS or CEA exerts beneficial effects on some of the cognitive functions of symptomatic CS patients at 3 months after treatment, in particular, the visual, working memory and executive functions.

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