The von Restorff Effect in Amnesia: The Contribution of the Hippocampal System to Novelty-Related Memory Enhancements

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Kishiyama ◽  
A. P. Yonelinas ◽  
M. M. Lazzara
Keyword(s):  
Medial Temporal Lobe ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Hippocampal Damage ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobes ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Temporal Lobes ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
Thalamic Lesions ◽  
Better Than

The ability to detect novelty is a characteristic of all mammalian nervous systems (Sokolov, 1963), and it plays a critical role in memory in the sense that items that are novel, or distinctive, are remembered better than those that are less distinct (von Restorff, 1933). Although several brain areas are sensitive to stimulus novelty, it is not yet known which regions play a role in producing novelty-related effects on memory. In the current study, we investigated novelty effects on recognition memory in amnesic patients and healthy control subjects. The control subjects demonstrated better recognition for items that were novel (i.e., presented in an infrequent color), and this effect was found for both recollection and familiarity-based responses. However, the novelty advantage was effectively eliminated in patients with extensive medial temporal lobe damage, mild hypoxic patients expected to have relatively selective hippocampal damage, and in a patient with thalamic lesions. The results indicate that the human medial temporal lobes play a critical role in producing normal novelty effects in memory.

scholarly journals Autobiographical memory unknown: Pervasive autobiographical memory loss encompassing personality trait knowledge in an individual with medial temporal lobe amnesia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aubrey Anne Ladd Wank ◽  
Anna Robertson ◽  
Sean C. Thayer ◽  
Mieke Verfaellie ◽  
Steven Z. Rapcsak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Autobiographical Memory ◽  
Medial Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Temporal Lobe ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobe ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Memory Loss ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobes ◽  
Temporal Lobes

Autobiographical memory consists of distinct memory types varying from highly abstract to episodic. Self trait knowledge, which is considered one of the more abstract types of autobiographical memory, is thought to rely on regions of the autobiographical memory neural network implicated in schema representation, including the medial prefrontal cortex, and critically, not the medial temporal lobes. The current case study introduces an individual who, as a consequence of bilateral posterior cerebral artery strokes, experienced extensive medial temporal lobe damage with sparing of the medial prefrontal cortex. Interestingly, in addition to severe retrograde and anterograde episodic and autobiographical fact amnesia, this individual’s self trait knowledge was impaired for his current and pre-morbid personality traits. Yet, further assessment revealed that this individual had preserved conceptual knowledge for personality traits, could reliably and accurately rate another person’s traits, and could access his own self-concept in a variety of ways. In addition to autobiographical memory loss, he demonstrated impairment on non-personal semantic memory tests, most notably on tests requiring retrieval of unique knowledge. This rare case of amnesia suggests a previously unreported role for the medial temporal lobes in personal trait knowledge, which we propose reflects the critical role of this neural region in the storage and retrieval of personal semantics that are experience-near, meaning autobiographical facts grounded in spatiotemporal contexts.

Structural Changes in Thalamic Nuclei Across Prodromal and Clinical Alzheimer’s Disease

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Adam S. Bernstein ◽  
Steven Z. Rapcsak ◽  
Michael Hornberger ◽  
Manojkumar Saranathan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Thalamic Nuclei ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobes ◽  
Cognitive Changes ◽  
Temporal Lobes ◽  
Medial Geniculate ◽  
Healthy Control

Background: Increasing evidence suggests that thalamic nuclei may atrophy in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We hypothesized that there will be significant atrophy of limbic thalamic nuclei associated with declining memory and cognition across the AD continuum. Objective: The objective of this work was to characterize volume differences in thalamic nuclei in subjects with early and late mild cognitive impairment (MCI) as well as AD when compared to healthy control (HC) subjects using a novel MRI-based thalamic segmentation technique (THOMAS). Methods: MPRAGE data from the ADNI database were used in this study (n = 540). Healthy control (n = 125), early MCI (n = 212), late MCI (n = 114), and AD subjects (n = 89) were selected, and their MRI data were parcellated to determine the volumes of 11 thalamic nuclei for each subject. Volumes across the different clinical subgroups were compared using ANCOVA. Results: There were significant differences in thalamic nuclei volumes between HC, late MCI, and AD subjects. The anteroventral, mediodorsal, pulvinar, medial geniculate, and centromedian nuclei were significantly smaller in subjects with late MCI and AD when compared to HC subjects. Furthermore, the mediodorsal, pulvinar, and medial geniculate nuclei were significantly smaller in early MCI when compared to HC subjects. Conclusion: This work highlights nucleus specific atrophy within the thalamus in subjects with early and late MCI and AD. This is consistent with the hypothesis that memory and cognitive changes in AD are mediated by damage to a large-scale integrated neural network that extends beyond the medial temporal lobes.

scholarly journals Triple Dissociation in the Medial Temporal Lobes: Recollection, Familiarity, and Novelty

2006 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 1902-1911 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Daselaar ◽  
M. S. Fleck ◽  
R. Cabeza
Keyword(s):  
Medial Temporal Lobe ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Parahippocampal Gyrus ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobes ◽  
Temporal Lobes ◽  
Retrieval Processes ◽  
Individual Trial ◽  
Memory Signals ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Left Parietal Cortex

Memory for past events may be based on retrieval accompanied by specific contextual details (recollection) or on the feeling that an item is old (familiarity) or new (novelty) in the absence of contextual details. There are indications that recollection, familiarity, and novelty involve different medial temporal lobe subregions, but available evidence is scarce and inconclusive. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we isolated retrieval-related activity associated with recollection, familiarity, and novelty by distinguishing between linear and nonlinear oldness functions derived from recognition confidence levels. Within the medial temporal lobes (MTLs), we found a triple dissociation among the posterior half of the hippocampus, which was associated with recollection, the posterior parahippocampal gyrus, which was associated with familiarity, and anterior half of the hippocampus and rhinal regions, which were associated with novelty. Furthermore, multiple regression analyses based on individual trial activity showed that all three memory signals, i.e., recollection, familiarity, and novelty, make significant and independent contributions to recognition memory performance. Finally, functional dissociations among recollection, familiarity, and novelty were also found in posterior midline, left parietal cortex, and prefrontal cortex regions. This is the first study to reveal a triple dissociation within the MTL associated with distinct retrieval processes. This finding has direct implications for current memory models.

Cerebellar Activity in Young People with Familial Risk for Psychosis — The Oulu Brain and Mind Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S628-S628
Author(s):  
T. Jukur ◽  
V. Kiviniemi ◽  
J. Veijola
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Familial Risk ◽  
Anterior Lobe ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
Competing Interest ◽  
The Right ◽  
Increased Activity

ObjectiveThe cerebellum plays a critical role in cognition and behavior. Altered function of the cerebellum has been related to schizophrenia and psychosis but it is not known how this applies to spontaneous resting state activity in young people with familial risk for psychosis.MethodsWe conducted resting-state functional MRI (R-fMRI) in 72 (29 male) young adults with a history of psychosis in one or both parents (FR) but without their own psychosis, and 72 (29 male) similarly healthy control subjects without parental psychosis. Both groups in the Oulu Brain and Mind Study were drawn from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986. Participants were 20–25 years old. Parental psychosis was established using the Care Register for Health Care. R-fMRI data pre-processing was conducted using independent component analysis with 30 and 70 components. A dual regression technique was used to detect between- group differences in the cerebellum with p b 0.05 threshold corrected for multiple comparisons.ResultsFR participants demonstrated statistically significantly increased activity compared to control subjects in the anterior lobe of the right cerebellum in the analysis with 70 components. The volume of the increased activity was 73 mm3. There was no difference between the groups in the analysis with 30 components (Fig. 1).ConclusionThe finding suggests that increased activity of the anterior lobe of the right cerebellum may be associated with increased vulnerability to psychosis. The finding is novel, and needs replication to be confirmed.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

scholarly journals Hippocampal Volume Influences The Correlations Between White Matter Disruption and Tau Protein in aMCI and mild AD

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thamires Naela Cardoso Magalhães ◽  
Raphael Fernandes Casseb ◽  
Christian Luiz Baptista Gerbelli ◽  
Luciana Ramalho Pimentel-Silva ◽  
Mateus Henrique Nogueira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobe ◽  
Hippocampal Volume ◽  
Tau Proteins ◽  
Cortical Atrophy ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobes ◽  
Temporal Lobes ◽  
Prodromal Ad ◽  
Transentorhinal Cortex

Abstract Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is classically considered a grey matter (GM) disease that starts in the transentorhinal cortex and spreads to limbic and neocortical regions. However, white matter (WM) damage could be more severe and widespread than expected cortical atrophy. The role of AD biomarkers and WM integrity throughout the brain is unclear, especially in amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment (aMCI) patients, a possible prodromal AD dementia stage. If WM damage can be detected even before the development of cortical atrophy and overt dementia and in the AD process, Aβ42 Tau (and its phosphorylated form) could directly affect WM. Methods: We analyzed in this study 183 individuals - 48 aMCI in the AD continuum (altered CSF Aβ42), 30 patients with very mild or mild AD dementia and 105 normal controls. All subjects underwent neuropsychological evaluation and MRI exams. aMCI and mild AD individuals were also submitted to CSF puncture to evaluate AD biomarkers.Results: We observed several significant differences in WM integrity regarding the DTI measures between individuals and we found significant correlations between fornix and right cingulum hippocampal tracts and Tau and p-Tau proteins. Conclusions: We hypothesize that significant correlations with tracts anatomically far from more well-established GM atrophic regions, like medial temporal lobes, would support a more direct effect of pathological proteins on WM, whereas medial temporal lobe (MTL) correlations would favor WD and/or a direct spreading of pathology from the hippocampus.

Does the Medial Temporal Lobe Bind Phonological Memories?

2001 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 593-609 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Knott ◽  
William Marslen-Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Lobe ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobe ◽  
Lexical Representation ◽  
Phonological Memory ◽  
Distinctive Pattern ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobes ◽  
Phonological Representations ◽  
Temporal Lobes ◽  
Phonological Errors

The medial temporal lobes play a central role in the consolidation of new memories. Medial temporal lesions impair episodic learning in amnesia, and disrupt vocabulary acquisition. To investigate the role of consolidation processes in phonological memory and to understand where and how, in amnesia, these processes begin to fail, we reexamined phonological memory in the amnesic patient HM. While HM's word span performance was normal, his supraspan recall was shown to be markedly impaired, with his recall characterized by a distinctive pattern of phonological errors, where he recombined phonemes from the original list to form new response words. These were similar to errors observed earlier for patients with specifically semantic deficits. Amnesic Korsakoff's patients showed a similar, though much less marked, pattern. We interpret the data in terms of a model of lexical representation where temporal lobe damage disrupts the processes that normally bind semantic and phonological representations.

scholarly journals Delay-dependent contributions of medial temporal lobe regions to episodic memory retrieval

eLife ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maureen Ritchey ◽  
Maria E Montchal ◽  
Andrew P Yonelinas ◽  
Charan Ranganath
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobe ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobes ◽  
Temporal Lobes ◽  
Pattern Similarity ◽  
Delayed Recognition ◽  
Delay Dependent ◽  
Over Time

The medial temporal lobes play an important role in episodic memory, but over time, hippocampal contributions to retrieval may be diminished. However, it is unclear whether such changes are related to the ability to retrieve contextual information, and whether they are common across all medial temporal regions. Here, we used functional neuroimaging to compare neural responses during immediate and delayed recognition. Results showed that recollection-related activity in the posterior hippocampus declined after a 1-day delay. In contrast, activity was relatively stable in the anterior hippocampus and in neocortical areas. Multi-voxel pattern similarity analyses also revealed that anterior hippocampal patterns contained information about context during item recognition, and after a delay, context coding in this region was related to successful retention of context information. Together, these findings suggest that the anterior and posterior hippocampus have different contributions to memory over time and that neurobiological models of memory must account for these differences.

Visual Working Memory Is Impaired when the Medial Temporal Lobe Is Damaged

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 1087-1097 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrid R. Olson ◽  
Katherine Sledge Moore ◽  
Marianna Stark ◽  
Anjan Chatterjee
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobe ◽  
Memory Load ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobes ◽  
Temporal Lobes ◽  
Impaired Memory ◽  
Rehearsal Strategies ◽  
Verbal Component

The canonical description of the role of the medial temporal lobes (MTLs) in memory is that short-term forms of memory (e.g., working memory [WM]) are spared when the MTL is damaged, but longer term forms of memory are impaired. Tests used to assess this have typically had a heavy verbal component, potentially allowing explicit rehearsal strategies to maintain the WM trace over the memory delay period. Here we test the hypothesis that the MTL is necessary for visual WM when verbal rehearsal strategies are difficult to implement. In three patients with MTL damage we found impairments in spatial, face, and color WM, at delays as short as 4 sec. Impaired memory could not be attributed to memory load or perceptual problems. These findings suggest that the MTLs are critical for accurate visual WM.

Emotional Memory in the Human Brain

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonard Faul ◽  
Kevin S. LaBar
Keyword(s):  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobe ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Emotional Memory ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Cognitive Factors ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Memory Processing ◽  
Memory Modification ◽  
Better Than

Across a lifetime, people tend to remember some experiences better than others, and often these biases in memory are fueled by the emotions felt when initially encoding an event. The neuroscientific study of emotional memory has advanced considerably since researchers first detailed a critical role for the amygdala in enhancing memory consolidation for arousing experiences. It is now known that the influence of emotion on memory is both a more selective and multifaceted process than initially thought. Consequently, the neural mechanisms that govern emotional memory involve an expansive set of distributed connections between the amygdala and other medial temporal lobe structures, along with prefrontal and sensory regions, that interact with noradrenergic, dopaminergic, and glucocorticoid neuromodulatory systems to both enhance and impair items in memory. Recent neurocognitive models have detailed specific mechanisms to explain how and why the influence of emotion on memory is so varied, including arousal-based accounts for the selective consolidation of information based on stimulus priority, as well as top-down cognitive factors that moderate these effects. Still other lines of research consider the time-dependent influence of stress on memory, valence-based differences in neural recapitulation at retrieval, and the mechanisms of emotional memory modification over time. While appreciating these many known ways in which emotions influence different stages of memory processing, here we also identify gaps in the literature and present future directions to improve a neurobiological understanding of emotional memory processes.

scholarly journals Hippocampal Volume Influences the Correlations Between White Matter Disruption and Tau Protein in aMCI and mild AD

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thamires Naela Cardoso Magalhães ◽  
Raphael Fernandes Casseb ◽  
Christian Luiz Baptista Gerbelli ◽  
Mateus Henrique Nogueira ◽  
Luciana Ramalho Pimentel-Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medial Temporal Lobe ◽  
Hippocampal Volume ◽  
Cortical Atrophy ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobes ◽  
Temporal Lobes ◽  
Prodromal Ad ◽  
Transentorhinal Cortex ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Normal Controls

Abstract BackgroundAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is classically considered a grey matter (GM) disease that starts in transentorhinal cortex and spread to limbic and neocortical regions. However, withe matter (WM) damage could be more severe and widespread than expected cortical atrophy. It is not clear the role of AD biomarkers and WM integrity throughout the brain, especially including amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment (aMCI) patients, a possible prodromal AD dementia stage, if WM damage can be detected even before the development of cortical atrophy and overt dementia and in AD process, Aβ42 Tau (and its phosphorylated form) could directly affect WM.MethodsWe analyzed in this study 183 individuals - 48 aMCI in the AD continuum (altered CSF Aβ42), 30 patients with very mild or mild AD dementia and 105 normal controls. All subjects underwent neuropsychological evaluation and MRI exam. aMCI and mild AD individuals were also submitted to CSF puncture to evaluate AD biomarkers.ResultsWe observed several significant differences in WM integrity regarding the DTI measures between individuals and we found significant correlations between fornix and right cingulum hippocampal tracts and Tau and p-Tau proteins.ConclusionsWe hypothesize that significant correlations with tracts anatomically far from more well-established GM atrophic regions, like medial temporal lobes, would support a more direct effect of pathological proteins on WM, whereas medial temporal lobe (MTL) correlations would favor WD and/or a direct spreading of pathology from hippocampus.

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