scholarly journals Following the Leaders? How to Restore Progress in Global Climate Governance

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 99-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua W. Busby ◽  
Johannes Urpelainen
Keyword(s):  
Collective Action ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
Climate Mitigation ◽  
Climate Regime ◽  
Mitigation Potential ◽  
Know How ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Feasible Action

The Paris Agreement is in trouble. Here we assess the potential for climate leaders to bring the global climate regime back on track by developing a strategic understanding of followership. In other words, leaders need to know how to encourage other actors to follow them. We develop a typology of follower types—Enthusiasts, Pliables, Reluctants, and Hard Nuts—distinguished based on motivation and capacity. We identify the scope for a participation cascade based on the distribution of follower types. We argue that achieving a participation cascade may be more likely if leaders appreciate three insights from theories of collective action. First, break down the climate mitigation problem into smaller, more manageable challenges, such as sectoral approaches. Second, prioritize major emitters and areas with high mitigation potential and politically feasible action. Finally, emphasize benefits to potential followers. Together, the strategies can help reduce the number of Hard Nut cases by making the cost/benefit calculus more attractive to prospective followers.

scholarly journals Climate Mitigation Efforts After the Paris Agreement: Achievements, Remaining Debates, and New Challenges

2016 ◽  
Vol 02 (03) ◽  
pp. 383-400
Author(s):  
Huang Yitian
Keyword(s):  
Global Climate ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
Institutional Innovation ◽  
First Century ◽  
Climate Mitigation ◽  
Climate Regime ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Global Challenge ◽  
Nationally Determined Contributions ◽  
New Challenges

Climate change has been widely recognized as a global challenge that must be addressed in the twenty-first century. As an important step toward a post-2020 climate regime, the Paris Agreement has shown great achievements as well as future directions of global climate mitigation. Although some key features can be found in the mitigation provisions of the agreement, such as dual goals of temperature increase, reliance on “nationally determined contributions,” the blending of market and non-market elements, and ambiguity in financial and technology transfer, yet remaining debates including the allocation of responsibilities and the fairness of international transfer of mitigation outcomes will continue to affect the future of global climate governance. Furthermore, new challenges have also emerged after the Paris deal. Political and economic uncertainties, “carbon leakage” among industrializing countries, and the overgrowth of climate financial institutions will all generate impacts on future climate mitigation efforts. There is no ready panacea to these problems. Nevertheless, a few options of policy and institutional innovation at the technical level should be considered to generate incremental progress.

Filling in for Governments? The Role of the Private Actors in the International Climate Regime

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-28
Author(s):  
Charlotte Streck
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
Climate Regime ◽  
Climate Action ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
State Actor ◽  
International Climate ◽  
Private Actors

The 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change abandons the Kyoto Protocol’s paradigm of binding emissions targets and relies instead on countries’ voluntary contributions. However, the Paris Agreement encourages not only governments but also sub-national governments, corporations and civil society to contribute to reaching ambitious climate goals. In a transition from the regulated architecture of the Kyoto Protocol to the open system of the Paris Agreement, the Agreement seeks to integrate non-state actors into the treaty-based climate regime. In 2014 the secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Peru and France created the Non-State Actor Zone for Climate Action (and launched the Global Climate Action portal). In December 2019, this portal recorded more than twenty thousand climate-commitments of private and public non-state entities, making the non-state venues of international climate meetings decisively more exciting than the formal negotiation space. This level engagement and governments’ response to it raises a flurry of questions in relation to the evolving nature of the climate regime and climate change governance, including the role of private actors as standard setters and the lack of accountability mechanisms for non-state actions. This paper takes these developments as occasion to discuss the changing role of private actors in the climate regime.

scholarly journals Global externalities from avoided emissions in the Costa Rican cattle sector: opportunities for more efficient mitigation policies

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe Dall’Orsoletta ◽  
Andrei Domingues Cechin
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Costa Rican ◽  
Global Public Good ◽  
Climate Mitigation ◽  
Positive Externalities ◽  
Livestock Sector ◽  
Mitigation Policies

AbstractThe livestock sector has had an important contribution to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In Costa Rica, more than 20% of emissions come from beef and milk production. This paper performs a cost–benefit analysis of a climate policy in the Costa Rican cattle sector, and tries to innovate by including the positive global externality of emissions reduction into the analysis; to assess the extent to which it affects the attractivity of the referred policy. National sectorial policies for climate change mitigation generate global benefits, such as avoided GHG emissions into the atmosphere—a global public good. However, such global positive externalities, which represented 13% to 31% of the policy’s benefits in the widest scenario of our study, are usually not included in national climate planning, which may lead efficient policies to be dismissed. This paper shows that taking externalities into account makes sectorial climate mitigation policies more efficient, i.e., more appealing for investments. Benefit–cost ratios varied between 0.27 and 7.31 and break-even points average around the third and fourth years. Moreover, the results under different economic assumptions varied in terms of net benefits, but viability balance (viable vs. unviable scenarios) remained stable for different settings. The crucial question remains on how to best balance such global positive externalities to be advantageous to both funders and beneficiaries, enabling an efficient global climate mitigation strategy.

scholarly journals Reshaping the Global Climate Change Regime through the Paris Agreement

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-32
Author(s):  
Theodore Okonkwo
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Kyoto Protocol ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
Climate Regime ◽  
Common But Differentiated Responsibilities ◽  
Copenhagen Accord ◽  
International Diplomacy ◽  
Cursory Examination ◽  
Combat Climate Change

The Paris Agreement on Climate Change which aimed at halting climate change and limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius, remains the most important piece of international diplomacy in years, since the Kyoto Protocol of 1992 and the Copenhagen Accord (which endorsed the continuation of the Kyoto Protocol) 2009. The signing of the Paris Agreement underlies the fact that climate change remains one of the greatest challenges of our time and calls for a strong political will to urgently combat climate change in accordance with the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities. This article looks at Paris Agreement’s resolve to peak global greenhouse-gas emissions as soon as possible and also undertakes a cursory examination of the global climate regime. The article also examines how the problem of climate change has altered since the 2009 Copenhagen Accord and concludes by emphasizing the need to take the Paris Agreement forward in spirit.

scholarly journals Optimizing sequestered carbon in forest offset programs: balancing accounting stringency and participation

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsey Wise ◽  
Eric Marland ◽  
Gregg Marland ◽  
Jason Hoyle ◽  
Tamara Kowalczyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
Income Taxes ◽  
Forest Carbon ◽  
Climate Mitigation ◽  
Broad Agreement ◽  
Filing System ◽  
Forest Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Accounting Approaches

Abstract Background Although there is broad agreement that negative carbon emissions may be required in order to meet the global climate change targets specified in the Paris Agreement and that carbon sequestration in the terrestrial biosphere can be an important contributor, there are important accounting issues that often discourage forest carbon sequestration projects. The legislation establishing the California forest offset program, for example, requires that offsets be “real, additional, quantifiable, permanent, verifiable, and enforceable”. While these are all clearly desirable attributes, their implementation has been a great challenge in balancing complexity, expense, and risk. Most forest offset protocols carry similar accounting objectives, but often with different details, (e.g. Richards and Huebner in Carbon Manag 3(4):393–410, 2012 and Galik et al. in Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Change 14:677–690, 2009). The result is that the complexity, expense, and risk of participation discourage participation and make it more difficult to achieve climate mitigation goals. We focus on the requirements for accounting and permanence to illustrate that current requirements disproportionately disadvantage small landowners. Results The simplified 1040EZ filing system for U.S. income taxes may provide insight for a protocol model that balances reward, effort, and risk, while still achieving the overall objectives of standardized offset protocols. In this paper, we present initial ideas and lay the groundwork behind a “2050EZ” protocol for forest carbon sequestration as a complement to existing protocols. Conclusion The Paris Agreement states that “Parties should take action to conserve and enhance, as appropriate, sinks and reservoirs of greenhouse gases.” The Paris Agreement also refers to issues such as equity, sustainable development, and other non-carbon benefits. The challenge is to provide incentives for maintaining and increasing the amount of carbon sequestered in the biosphere. Monitoring and verification of carbon storage need to be sufficient to demonstrate sequestration from the atmosphere while providing clear incentives and simple accounting approaches that encourage participation by diverse participants, including small land holders.

scholarly journals Strengthening the Paris Agreement by Holding Non-State Actors Accountable: Establishing Normative Links between Transnational Partnerships and Treaty Implementation

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Charlotte Streck
Keyword(s):  
Paris Agreement ◽  
Climate Mitigation ◽  
Climate Regime ◽  
Mitigation And Adaptation ◽  
Climate Action ◽  
State Actor ◽  
State Actors ◽  
Minimum Criteria ◽  
Treaty Implementation

Abstract While the intergovernmental climate regime increasingly recognizes the role of non-state actors in achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement (PA), the normative linkages between the intergovernmental climate regime and the non-state dominated ‘transnational partnership governance’ remain vague and tentative. A formalized engagement of the intergovernmental climate regime with transnational partnerships can increase the effectiveness of partnerships in delivering on climate mitigation and adaptation, thereby complementing rather than replacing government action. The proposed active engagement with partnerships would include (i) collecting and analyzing information to develop and prioritize areas for transnational and partnership engagement; (ii) defining minimum criteria and procedural requirements to be listed on an enhanced Non-state Actor Zone for Climate Action platform; (iii) actively supporting strategic initiatives; (iv) facilitating market or non-market finance as part of Article 6 PA; and (v) evaluating the effectiveness of partnerships in the context of the enhanced transparency framework (Article 13 PA) and the global stocktake (Article 14 PA). The UNFCCC Secretariat could facilitate engagement and problem solving by actively orchestrating transnational partnerships. Constructing effective implementation partnerships, recording their mitigation and adaptation goals, and holding them accountable may help to move climate talks from rhetoric to action.

Hostile Takeovers and Anti-takeover Defenses in the Russian Corporate Market

2007 ◽  
pp. 70-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Demidova
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Hostile Takeovers ◽  
Russian Market ◽  
Takeover Defenses ◽  
The Cost ◽  
European Markets

This article analyzes definitions and the role of hostile takeovers at the Russian and European markets for corporate control. It develops the methodology of assessing the efficiency of anti-takeover defenses adapted to the conditions of the Russian market. The paper uses the cost-benefit analysis, where the costs and benefits of the pre-bid and post-bid defenses are compared.

The Evolutionary Psychology of Scientific Publishing: Cost-Benefit Optimization of Players in the Game

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milind Watve
Keyword(s):  
Peer Review ◽  
Current System ◽  
Critical Mass ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Scientific Publishing ◽  
Collective Goal ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Collective Goals ◽  
Innate Tendency

Peer reviewed scientific publishing is critical for communicating important findings, interpretations and theories in any branch of science. While the value of peer review is rarely doubted, much concern is being raised about the possible biases in the process. I argue here that most of the biases originate in the evolved innate tendency of every player to optimize one’s own cost benefits. Different players in the scientific publishing game have different cost-benefit optima. There are multiple conflicts between individual optima and collective goals. An analysis of the cost-benefit optima of every player in the scientific publishing game shows how and why biases originate. In the current system of publishing, by optimization considerations, the probability of publishing a ‘bad’ manuscript is relatively small but the probability of rejecting a ‘good’ manuscript is very high. By continuing with the current publishing structure, the global distribution of the scientific community would be increasingly clustered. Publication biases by gender, ethnicity, reputation, conformation and conformity will be increasingly common and revolutionary concepts increasingly difficult to publish. Ultimately, I explore the possibility of designing a peer review publishing system in which the conflicts between individual optimization and collective goal can be minimized. In such a system, if everyone behaves with maximum selfishness, biases would be minimized and the progress towards the collective goal would be faster and smoother. Changing towards such a system might prove difficult unless a critical mass of authors take an active role to revolutionize scientific publishing.

PENGEMBANGAN USAHA RUMAHAN PEMBUAT ROTI MANIS ANGGOTA KOMUNITAS MEMASAK CHEF DEPOK

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Endang Wulandari ◽  
Rahmawati Rahmawati
Keyword(s):  
Business Management ◽  
Business Development ◽  
Know How ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Good Food

                                                             AbstrakKomunitas memasak Chef Depok adalah kelompok  wanita yang ingin meningkatkan kemampuan dan wawasan dalam bidang kuliner, dan ingin mendapatkan penghasilan tambahan dengan membuat berbagai masakan terutama roti manis. Kelompok ini masih memiliki masalah. Mitra belum bisa menentukan harga pokok produk dengan benar, belum mempunyai pembukuan, dan kondisi produk yang tidak konsisten. Pengembangan usaha rumahan pembuat roti manis anggota komunitas memasak Chef Depok telah dilakukan. Tujuan kegiatan ini adalah: 1) Perbaikan dan pendampingan manajemen usaha; dan 2) Standarisasi proses pembuatan roti manis sehingga produk yang dihasilkan konsisten dan sesuai dengan yang diinginkan. Tim abdimas bertindak sebagai fasilitator dan telah melakukan pendampingan untuk menentukan harga pokok produk dan pembukuan sederhana.   Selain itu mitra telah mengetahui cara produksi pangan yang baik, standarisasi resep, dan penerapan higiene dan sanitasi yang baik sehingga dihasilkan produk roti manis yang konsisten. Pengetahuan dan kemampuan mitra terhadap materi yang diberikan meningkat rata-rata sebesar 57.75%.  Kata kunci—Komunitas Chef Depok, roti manis, harga pokok produk, pembukuan sederhana, cara produksi yang baik, higienis  Abstract        The Depok Chef cooking community is a group of women who want to improve ability and insight in the culinary field, and want to earn income additions by making various dishes, especially sweet bread. This group is still have a problem. Partners have not been able to determine the cost of goods properly, not yet have accounting, and inconsistent product conditions. Business development home made sweet bread maker member of the Chef Depok cooking community. Aim these activities are: 1) Improvement and mentoring of business management; and 2) Standardization the process of making sweet bread so that the resulting product is consistent and in accordance with which are desired. The abdimas team acts as a facilitator and has provided assistance to determine the cost of goods and simple bookkeeping. In addition partners have know how to produce good food, standardize recipes, and apply hygiene and good sanitation to produce consistent sweet bread products. Knowledge and the partner's ability to deliver the material increased by an average of 57.75%. Keywords— Chef Depok Cooking’s Community ; Sweet Bread ; Cost of Good Properly ; Simple Bookkeeping ; Produce Good food  ; Hygienis  

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