Components of Visual Orienting in Early Infancy: Contingency Learning, Anticipatory Looking, and Disengaging

Three aspects of the development of visual orienting in infants of 2, 3, and 4 months of age are examined in this paper. These are the age of onset and sequence of development of (1) the ability to readily disengage gaze from a stimulus, (2) the ability to consistently show “anticipatory” eye movements, and (3) the ability to use a central cue to predict the spatial location of a target. Results indicated that only the 4--month-old group was easily able to disengage from an attractive central stimulus to orient toward a simultaneously presented target. The 4--month-old group also showed more than double the percentage of “anticipatory” looks than did the other age groups. Finally, only the 4--month-old group showed significant evidence of being able to acquire the contingent relationship between a central cue and the spatial location (to the right or to the left) of a target. Measures of anticipatory looking and contingency learning were not correlated. These findings are, in general terms, consistent with the predictions of matura-tional accounts of the development of visual orienting.

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Blocking Is Sensitive to Causal Structure in 4-Year-Old and 8-Year-Old Children

Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) ◽

10.1027/1618-3169.52.4.264 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 52 (4) ◽

pp. 264-271 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Tom Beckers ◽

Uschi Van den Broeck ◽

Marij Renne ◽

Stefaan Vandorpe ◽

Jan De Houwer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Young Children ◽

Associative Learning ◽

Learning Theory ◽

Causal Structure ◽

Age Groups ◽

Learning Task ◽

Contingency Learning

Abstract. In a contingency learning task, 4-year-old and 8-year-old children had to predict the outcome displayed on the back of a card on the basis of cues presented on the front. The task was embedded in either a causal or a merely predictive scenario. Within this task, either a forward blocking or a backward blocking procedure was implemented. Blocking occurred in the causal but not in the predictive scenario. Moreover, blocking was affected by the scenario to the same extent in both age groups. The pattern of results was similar for forward and backward blocking. These results suggest that even young children are sensitive to the causal structure of a contingency learning task and that the occurrence of blocking in such a task defies an explanation in terms of associative learning theory.

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Substantive Right to Life Obligations

10.1093/oso/9780198821380.003.0002 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Ian Park

Keyword(s):

International Law ◽

Armed Conflict ◽

Right To Life ◽

Military Operation ◽

General Terms ◽

The Right

There is a difference between a State’s substantive and procedural right to life obligations. This chapter explores what amount to a state’s substantive right to life obligations with reference to Article 2, ECHR and Article 6, ICCPR. The respective provisions are analysed to determine the extent of a state’s substantive right to life obligations during armed conflict and then a comparison between the two international law instruments is undertaken. In order to undertake such a comparison, the exceptions to the right to life in both the ECHR and ICCPR are examined. Once determined, the planning and conduct of a military operation are considered, to assess the extent to which, in general terms, right to life obligations are considered in these areas.

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A CBCT Based Three-Dimensional Assessment of Mandibular Posterior Region for Evaluating the Possibility of Bypassing the Inferior Alveolar Nerve While Placing Dental Implants

Diagnostics ◽

10.3390/diagnostics10060406 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 406 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Mohammed G. Sghaireen ◽

Kumar Chandan Srivastava ◽

Deepti Shrivastava ◽

Kiran Kumar Ganji ◽

Santosh R. Patil ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nerve Injury ◽

Age Groups ◽

Inferior Alveolar Nerve ◽

Three Dimensions ◽

High Rate ◽

Cortical Plate ◽

Computed Tomography Images ◽

Group I ◽

Linear Distance ◽

The Right

A high rate of nerve injury and related consequences are seen during implant placement in the posterior mandibular arch. An approach has been proposed to avoid nerve injury by dodging the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) while placing an implant. A prospective study with a total of 240 CBCT (cone beam computed tomography) images of patients with three dentate statuses, namely, edentulous (group I), partially edentulous (group II) and dentate (group III) were included in the study. The nerve path tracing was done on CBCT images with On-demand 3D software. The three dimensions, i.e., the linear distance from the outer buccal cortical plate to the inferior alveolar nerve (BCPN), linear distance from the outer lingual cortical plate to the inferior alveolar nerve (LCPN) and linear distance from the midpoint of the alveolar crest to the inferior alveolar nerve (ACN) were assessed. The data were presented and analyzed between variables using one-way ANOVA and independent t-test in SPSS version 21.LCPN of the right 1st premolar region (p < 0.05) was significantly different among the groups with edentulous subjects recorded with the minimum value (6.50 ± 1.20 mm). Females were found to have significantly (p < 0.05) less available bone (6.03 ± 1.46 mm) on the right side of the mandibular jaw compared to males in edentulous group of patients. On comparing age groups for partially edentulous subjects, LCPN of the right 1st premolar region had significantly (p < 0.05) less available bone (6.03 ± 0.38 mm) in subjects with age ≥54 years. The IAN follows a lingual course in the molar region and later flips to the buccal side in the premolar region. The LCPN dimension in the 1st and 2nd premolar region was found to be more than 6 mm irrespective of age, gender and side of the jaw. Thus, it can be considered as a suitable site for placing implants while bypassing the IAN with CBCT assessment remaining as the mainstay in the pre-surgical phase.

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Five reasons COVID-19 is less severe in younger age groups

Evolution Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.1093/emph/eoaa050 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Paul W Turke

Keyword(s):

Life History ◽

Life History Theory ◽

Age Of Onset ◽

Age Groups ◽

Medical Community ◽

System Function ◽

The Third ◽

Immune System Function ◽

Age Related ◽

Younger Age

Abstract The severity of COVID-19 is age-related, with the advantage going to younger age groups. Five reasons are presented. The first two are well-known, are being actively researched by the broader medical community, and therefore are discussed only briefly here. The third, fourth, and fifth reasons derive from evolutionary life history theory, and potentially fill gaps in current understanding of why and how young and old age groups respond differently to infection with SARS-CoV-2. Age of onset of generalized somatic aging, and the timing of its progression, are identified as important causes of these disparities, as are specific antagonistic pleiotropic tradeoffs in immune system function.

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Prevalence of Language Delay among Healthy Preterm Children, Language Outcomes and Predictive Factors

Children ◽

10.3390/children8040282 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 282

Author(s):

Miguel Pérez-Pereira

Keyword(s):

Gestational Age ◽

Language Impairment ◽

Maternal Education ◽

Longitudinal Design ◽

Age Groups ◽

Full Term ◽

Language Delay ◽

Preterm Children ◽

General Terms ◽

Extremely Preterm

Language delay (LD) and its relationship with later language impairment in preterm children is a topic of major concern. Previous studies comparing LD in preterm (PT) and full-term (FT) children were mainly carried out with samples of extremely preterm and very preterm children (sometimes with additional medical problems). Very few of them were longitudinal studies, which is essential to understand developmental relationships between LD and later language impairment. In this study, we compare the prevalence of LD in low-risk preterm children to that of FT children in a longitudinal design ranging from 10 to 60 months of age. We also analyze which variables are related to a higher risk of LD at 22, 30 and 60 months of age. Different language tests were administered to three groups of preterm children of different gestational ages and to one group of full-term children from the ages of 10 to 60 months. ANOVA comparisons between groups and logistic regression analyses to identify possible predictors of language delay at 22, 30 and 60 months of age were performed. The results found indicate that there were practically no differences between gestational age groups. Healthy PT children, therefore, do not have, in general terms, a higher risk of language delay than FT children. Previous language delay and cognitive delay are the strongest and longest-lasting predictors of later language impairment. Other factors, such as a scarce use of gestures at 10 months or male gender, affect early LD at 22 months of age, although their effect disappears as children grow older. Low maternal education appears to have a late effect. Gestational age does not have any significant effect on the appearance of LD.

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Racial Disparities in Epigenetic Aging of the Right vs Left Colon

JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute ◽

10.1093/jnci/djaa206 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Matthew Devall ◽

Xiangqing Sun ◽

Fangcheng Yuan ◽

Gregory S Cooper ◽

Joseph Willis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dna Methylation ◽

African Americans ◽

Racial Differences ◽

Age Of Onset ◽

Left Colon ◽

Right Colon ◽

Normal Colon ◽

Epigenetic Aging ◽

Epigenetic Age Acceleration ◽

The Right

Abstract There are well-documented racial differences in age-of-onset and laterality of colorectal cancer. Epigenetic age acceleration is postulated to be an underlying factor. However, comparative studies of side-specific colonic tissue epigenetic aging are lacking. Here, we performed DNA methylation analysis of matched right and left biopsies of normal colon from 128 individuals. Among African Americans (n = 88), the right colon showed accelerated epigenetic aging as compared to individual-matched left colon (1.51 years; 95% CI = 0.62 to 2.40 years; two-sided P = .001). In contrast, among European Americans (n = 40), the right colon shows remarkable age deceleration (1.93 years; 95% CI = 0.65 to 3.21 years; two-sided P = .004). Further, epigenome-wide analysis of DNA methylation identifies a unique pattern of hypermethylation in African American right colon. Our study is the first to report such race and side-specific differences in epigenetic aging of normal colon, providing novel insight into the observed younger age-of-onset and relative preponderance of right-side colon neoplasia in African Americans.

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Task-Irrelevant Sound Corrects Leftward Spatial Bias in Blindfolded Haptic Placement Task

Multisensory Research ◽

10.1163/22134808-20191387 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 33 (4-5) ◽

pp. 521-548

Author(s):

Laura Cacciamani ◽

Larisa Sheparovich ◽

Molly Gibbons ◽

Brooke Crowley ◽

Kalynn E. Carpenter ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Memory Task ◽

Spatial Location ◽

Dominant Hand ◽

Spatial Bias ◽

Leftward Bias ◽

Object Location Memory ◽

Irrelevant Sound ◽

Haptic Object ◽

The Right ◽

Task Irrelevant

Abstract We often rely on our sense of vision for understanding the spatial location of objects around us. If vision cannot be used, one must rely on other senses, such as hearing and touch, in order to build spatial representations. Previous work has found evidence of a leftward spatial bias in visual and tactile tasks. In this study, we sought evidence of this leftward bias in a non-visual haptic object location memory task and assessed the influence of a task-irrelevant sound. In Experiment 1, blindfolded right-handed sighted participants used their non-dominant hand to haptically locate an object on the table, then used their dominant hand to place the object back in its original location. During placement, participants either heard nothing (no-sound condition) or a task-irrelevant repeating tone to the left, right, or front of the room. The results showed that participants exhibited a leftward placement bias on no-sound trials. On sound trials, this leftward bias was corrected; placements were faster and more accurate (regardless of the direction of the sound). One explanation for the leftward bias could be that participants were overcompensating their reach with the right hand during placement. Experiment 2 tested this explanation by switching the hands used for exploration and placement, but found similar results as Experiment 1. A third Experiment found evidence supporting the explanation that sound corrects the leftward bias by heightening attention. Together, these findings show that sound, even if task-irrelevant and semantically unrelated, can correct one’s tendency to place objects too far to the left.

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ATTITUDE TOWARDS MYTHS AND MISCONCEPTIONS AMONG ADOLESCENT GIRLS DURING THE MENSTRUATION

10.36106/ijar/1012282 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 42-43

Author(s):

J. C. Kavitha Latha ◽

R. Varalakshmi

Keyword(s):

Adolescent Girls ◽

Transition Period ◽

Age Groups ◽

Adult Life ◽

Negative Attitude ◽

Adult Age ◽

Hygiene Practices ◽

Minimal Sample ◽

High Attitude ◽

The Right

Adolescents are dened as the young people between the age groups of 10 and 19 years as per the WHO records. Adolescence is a transition period from childhood to adult life as it is regarded as the intermediate period between the childhood age and the adult age. Menstruation occurs every month periodically except during pregnancy. The maintenance of menstrual hygienic methods is a very challenging task to the adolescent girls. Social prohibitions and traditional beliefs blocked the access to get the right kind of information to adolescent girls that led to poor hygiene practices. Menstruation has often been dealt with secrecy in many cultures. Aim: Attitude towards myths and misconceptions among adolescent girls during the menstruation. To assess the attitude regarding myths Objective: and misconceptions among adolescent girls during the menstruation. To examine the level of attitude of adolescent girls towards Myths and Misconceptions Tool: The Tool used for the present study was self structured questionnaire which was developed by the researcher. Results: Many of number of adolescent girls is having low attitude i.e., having many myths and misconceptions towards menstruation and very few sample is having high attitude which is indicating that minimal sample is not having negative attitude towards the myths and misconceptions. Sample: Sample of the present study consists of 300 adolescent girls from government vocational colleges in Chittoor District of Andhra Pradesh State. There are signicant differences between age, religion, educational quali Conclusion: cations of mother's, type of family and mode of communication among adolescent girls with regard to their attitude towards myths and misconceptions during the menstruation. There is low level of attitude towards the myths and misconceptions among adolescent girls during the menstruation

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Comorbidity between Klinefelter syndrome and diaphragmatic hernia. A case report

Sao Paulo Medical Journal ◽

10.1590/1516-3180.2014.1325737 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 132 (5) ◽

pp. 311-313

Author(s):

Carolina Melendez Valdez ◽

Stephan Philip Leonhardt Altmayer ◽

Adyr Eduardo Virmond Faria ◽

Aline Weiss ◽

Jorge Alberto Bianchi Telles ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diaphragmatic Hernia ◽

Ultrasound Examination ◽

Klinefelter Syndrome ◽

Age Groups ◽

Left Lung ◽

Left Lobe ◽

Imaging Studies ◽

Left Hemithorax ◽

Prenatal Imaging ◽

The Right

CONTEXT: Intrathoracic cystic lesions have been diagnosed in a wide variety of age groups, and the increasing use of prenatal imaging studies has allowed detection of these defects even in utero.CASE REPORT: A 17-year-old pregnant woman in her second gestation, at 23 weeks of pregnancy, presented an ultrasound with evidence of a cystic anechoic image in the fet al left hemithorax. A morphological ultrasound examination performed at the hospital found that this cystic image measured 3.7 cm x 2.1 cm x 1.6 cm. Polyhydramnios was also present. At this time, the hypothesis of cystic adenomatoid malformation was raised. Fet al echocardiography showed only a dextroposed heart. Fet al magnetic resonance imaging produced an image compatible with a left diaphragmatic hernia containing the stomach and at least the first and second portions of the duodenum, left lobe of the liver, spleen, small intestine segments and portions of the colon. The stomach was greatly distended and the heart was shifted to the right. There was severe volume reduction of the left lung. Fet al karyotyping showed the chromosomal constitution of 47,XXY, compatible with Klinefelter syndrome. In our review of the literature, we found only one case of association between Klinefelter syndrome and diaphragmatic hernia.CONCLUSIONS: We believe that the association observed in this case was merely coincidental, since both conditions are relatively common. The chance of both events occurring simultaneously is estimated to be 1 in 1.5 million births.

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Treatment of trigeminal and glossopharyngeal neuralgia in an adolescent: a case report

JA Clinical Reports ◽

10.1186/s40981-021-00465-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Aiko Maeda ◽

Kenzo Araki ◽

Chiaki Yamada ◽

Shoko Nakayama ◽

Kazuhiro Shirozu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Age Groups ◽

The Elderly ◽

Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia ◽

Neurovascular Compression ◽

Case Presentation ◽

Younger Age ◽

Combined Features ◽

The Right ◽

Symptom Recurrence

Abstract Background Hyperactive dysfunction syndrome (HDS) refers to a constellation of symptoms developing from cranial nerve overactivity caused by neurovascular compression at the root entry or exit zone near the brainstem. Although the combined features of HDS are seen in the elderly, there are no reports of such cases in adolescents, to date. Case presentation A 17-year-old male was diagnosed with right glossopharyngeal neuralgia and treated with microvascular decompression. He experienced new-onset right facial pain later and was diagnosed with right trigeminal neuralgia, which required prompt radiofrequency thermocoagulation of the right mandibular nerve. Follow-up in the third post-treatment year revealed the absence of symptom recurrence. Discussion We report the treatment of a rare case of adolescent-onset combined HDS presenting as trigeminal and glossopharyngeal neuralgia. This report highlights the possibility of combined hyperactive dysfunction syndrome in younger age groups. It is crucial to establish a diagnosis early on for prompt management.

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