Time Course of Brain Activity during Change Blindness and Change Awareness: Performance is Predicted by Neural Events before Change Onset

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 2108-2129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilles Pourtois ◽  
Michael De Pretto ◽  
Claude-Alain Hauert ◽  
Patrik Vuilleumier
Keyword(s):  
Change Detection ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Change Blindness ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Distinct Pattern ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Visual Changes

People often remain “blind” to visual changes occurring during a brief interruption of the display. The processing stages responsible for such failure remain unresolved. We used event-related potentials to determine the time course of brain activity during conscious change detection versus change blindness. Participants saw two successive visual displays, each with two faces, and reported whether one of the faces changed between the first and second displays. Relative to blindness, change detection was associated with a distinct pattern of neural activity at several successive processing stages, including an enhanced occipital P1 response and a sustained frontal activity (CNV-like potential) after the first display, before the change itself. The amplitude of the N170 and P3 responses after the second visual display were also modulated by awareness of the face change. Furthermore, a unique topography of event-related potential activity was observed during correct change and correct no-change reports, but not during blindness, with a recurrent time course in the stimulus sequence and simultaneous sources in the parietal and temporo-occipital cortex. These results indicate that awareness of visual changes may depend on the attentional state subserved by coordinated neural activity in a distributed network, before the onset of the change itself.

scholarly journals Disentangling the Independent Contributions of Visual and Conceptual Features to the Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Scene Categorization

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle R. Greene ◽  
Bruce C. Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Similarity Measures ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Scene Categorization ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Single Fixation ◽  
High Level

AbstractHuman scene categorization is characterized by its remarkable speed. While many visual and conceptual features have been linked to this ability, significant correlations exist between feature spaces, impeding our ability to determine their relative contributions to scene categorization. Here, we employed a whitening transformation to decorrelate a variety of visual and conceptual features and assess the time course of their unique contributions to scene categorization. Participants (both sexes) viewed 2,250 full-color scene images drawn from 30 different scene categories while having their brain activity measured through 256-channel EEG. We examined the variance explained at each electrode and time point of visual event-related potential (vERP) data from nine different whitened encoding models. These ranged from low-level features obtained from filter outputs to high-level conceptual features requiring human annotation. The amount of category information in the vERPs was assessed through multivariate decoding methods. Behavioral similarity measures were obtained in separate crowdsourced experiments. We found that all nine models together contributed 78% of the variance of human scene similarity assessments and was within the noise ceiling of the vERP data. Low-level models explained earlier vERP variability (88 ms post-image onset), while high-level models explained later variance (169 ms). Critically, only high-level models shared vERP variability with behavior. Taken together, these results suggest that scene categorization is primarily a high-level process, but reliant on previously extracted low-level features.Significance StatementIn a single fixation, we glean enough information to describe a general scene category. Many types of features are associated with scene categories, ranging from low-level properties such as colors and contours, to high-level properties such as objects and attributes. Because these properties are correlated, it is difficult to understand each property’s unique contributions to scene categorization. This work uses a whitening transformation to remove the correlations between features and examines the extent to which each feature contributes to visual event-related potentials (vERPs) over time. We found that low-level visual features contributed first, but were not correlated with categorization behavior. High-level features followed 80 ms later, providing key insights into how the brain makes sense of a complex visual world.

scholarly journals ERP CORE: An Open Resource for Human Event-Related Potential Research

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily S. Kappenman ◽  
Jaclyn Farrens ◽  
Wendy Zhang ◽  
Andrew X Stewart ◽  
Steven J Luck
Keyword(s):  
Data Processing ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Error Related Negativity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Experiment Control ◽  
Related Potentials

Event-related potentials (ERPs) are noninvasive measures of human brain activity that index a range of sensory, cognitive, affective, and motor processes. Despite their broad application across basic and clinical research, there is little standardization of ERP paradigms and analysis protocols across studies. To address this, we created ERP CORE (Compendium of Open Resources and Experiments), a set of optimized paradigms, experiment control scripts, data processing pipelines, and sample data (N = 40 neurotypical young adults) for seven widely used ERP components: N170, mismatch negativity (MMN), N2pc, N400, P3, lateralized readiness potential (LRP), and error-related negativity (ERN). This resource makes it possible for researchers to 1) employ standardized ERP paradigms in their research, 2) apply carefully designed analysis pipelines and use a priori selected parameters for data processing, 3) rigorously assess the quality of their data, and 4) test new analytic techniques with standardized data from a wide range of paradigms.

scholarly journals On the Time Course of Visual Word Recognition: An Event-related Potential Investigation using Masked Repetition Priming

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 1631-1643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip J. Holcomb ◽  
Jonathan Grainger
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Visual Word Recognition ◽  
Repetition Priming ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Visual Word ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Animal Names ◽  
Masked Repetition

The present study used event-related potentials (ERPs) to examine the time course of visual word recognition using a masked repetition priming paradigm. Participants monitored target words for occasional animal names, and ERPs were recorded to nonanimal critical items that were full repetitions, partial repetitions, or unrelated to the immediately preceding masked prime word. The results showed a strong modulation of the N400 and three earlier ERP components (P150, N250, and the P325) that we propose reflect sequential overlapping steps in the processing of printed words.

Activation of Preexisting and Acquired Face Representations: The N250 Event-related Potential as an Index of Face Familiarity

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 1488-1497 ◽  
Author(s):  
James W. Tanaka ◽  
Tim Curran ◽  
Albert L. Porterfield ◽  
Daniel Collins
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Face Representation ◽  
Learning Conditions ◽  
Electrophysiological Studies ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Face Stimuli

Electrophysiological studies using event-related potentials have demonstrated that face stimuli elicit a greater negative brain potential in right posterior recording sites 170 msec after stimulus onset (N170) relative to nonface stimuli. Results from repetition priming paradigms have shown that repeated exposures of familiar faces elicit a larger negative brainwave (N250r) at inferior temporal sites compared to repetitions of unfamiliar faces. However, less is known about the time course and learning conditions under which the N250 face representation is acquired. In the familiarization phase of the Joe/no Joe task, subjects studied a target “Joe” face (“Jane” for female subjects) and, during the course of the experiment, identified a series of sequentially presented faces as either Joe or not Joe. The critical stimulus conditions included the subject's own face, a same-sex Joe ( Jane) face and a same-sex “other” face. The main finding was that the subject's own face produced a focal negative deflection (N250) in posterior channels relative to nontarget faces. The task-relevant Joe target face was not differentiated from other nontarget faces in the first half of the experiment. However, in the second half, the Joe face produced an N250 response that was similar in magnitude to the own face. These findings suggest that the N250 indexes two types of face memories: a preexperimentally familiar face representation (i.e., the “own face” and a newly acquired face representation (i.e., the Joe/Jane face) that was formed during the course of the experiment.

Brain Activity Underlying Mental Imagery: Event-related Potentials During Mental Image Generation

1989 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 302-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha J. Farah ◽  
Lauren L. Weisberg ◽  
Mark Monheit ◽  
Franck Peronnet
Keyword(s):  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Hemispheric Specialization ◽  
Mental Image ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Image Generation ◽  
Mental Images ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Modality Specificity

This article addresses two issues about the neural bases of mental imagery. The first issue concerns the modality-specificity of mental images, that is, whether or not they involve activity in visual areas of the brain. The second issue concerns hemispheric specialization for the generation of mental images. We compared event-related potentials recorded under two conditions: one in which subjects were shown words and asked to read them and one in which subjects were shown words and asked to read them and generate visual mental images of the words' referents. Imagery caused a slow, late positivity, maximal at the occipital and posterior temporal regions of the scalp, relative to the comparison condition, and consistent with the involvement of modality-specific visual cortex in mental imagery. Also noted was an asymmetry in the imagery-related ERP, consistent with left-hemisphere specialization for mental image generation. Similar results were obtained when subjects listened to auditorily presented words with and without instructions to generate mental images. To assess the specificity of the relation between these ERP effects and mental imagery, we compared the ERP changes brought about by imaging with those brought about by another effortful task using the same stimulus words: proofreading the words for occasional misspellings. This produced changes that differed in polarity, time course, and scalp distribution from the imagery-related changes.

scholarly journals Binge drinking affects brain oscillations linked to motor inhibition and execution

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (7) ◽  
pp. 873-882 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo López-Caneda ◽  
Socorro Rodríguez Holguín ◽  
Ángeles Correas ◽  
Carina Carbia ◽  
Alberto González-Villar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Binge Drinking ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Drinking Patterns ◽  
Motor Inhibition ◽  
Brain Oscillations ◽  
Oscillation Analysis ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Oscillatory Brain Activity

Introduction: Neurofunctional studies have shown that binge drinking patterns of alcohol consumption during adolescence and youth are associated with anomalies in brain functioning. Recent evidence suggests that event-related oscillations may be an appropriate index of neurofunctional damage associated with alcoholism. However, there is no study to date that has evaluated the effects of binge drinking on oscillatory brain responses related to task performance. The purpose of the present study was to examine brain oscillations linked to motor inhibition and execution in young binge drinkers (BDs) compared with age-matched controls. Methods: Electroencephalographic activity was recorded from 64 electrodes while 72 university students (36 controls and 36 BDs) performed a visual Go/NoGo task. Event-related oscillations along with the Go-P3 and NoGo-P3 event-related potential components were analysed. Results: While no significant differences between groups were observed regarding event-related potentials, event-related oscillation analysis showed that BDs displayed a lower oscillatory response than controls in delta and theta frequency ranges during Go and NoGo conditions. Conclusions: Findings are congruent with event-related oscillation studies showing reduced delta and/or theta oscillations in alcoholics during Go/NoGo tasks. Thus, BDs appear to show disruptions in neural oscillations linked to motor inhibition and execution similar to those observed in alcohol-dependent subjects. Finally, these results are the first to evidence that oscillatory brain activity may be a sensitive indicator of underlying brain anomalies in young BDs, which could complement standard event-related potential measures.

scholarly journals Time Course of the Neural Activity Related to Behavioral Decision-Making as Revealed by Event-Related Potentials

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
José M. Martínez-Selva ◽  
Miguel A. Muñoz ◽  
Juan P. Sánchez-Navarro ◽  
César Walteros ◽  
Pedro Montoya
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Behavioral Decision Making ◽  
Behavioral Decision ◽  
Related Potentials

scholarly journals An EEG study of Detection without Localisation in Change Blindness

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catriona L. Scrivener ◽  
Asad Malik ◽  
Jade Marsh ◽  
Michael Lindner ◽  
Etienne B. Roesch
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Change Detection ◽  
False Alarm ◽  
Change Blindness ◽  
Visual Awareness ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Colour Change ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Eeg Data ◽  
Related Potentials

AbstractPrevious studies of change blindness have suggested a distinction between detection and localisation of changes in a visual scene. Using a simple paradigm with an array of coloured squares, the present study aimed to further investigate differences in event-related potentials (ERPs) between trials in which participants could detect the presence of a colour change but not identify the location of the change (sense trials), versus those where participants could both detect and localise the change (localise trials). Individual differences in performance were controlled for by adjusting the difficulty of the task in real time. Behaviourally, reaction times for sense, blind, and false alarm trials were distinguishable when comparing across levels of participant certainty. In the EEG data, we found no significant differences in the visual awareness negativity ERP, contrary to previous findings. In the N2pc range, both awareness conditions (localise and sense) were significantly different to trials with no change detection (blind trials), suggesting that this ERP is not dependent on explicit awareness. Within the late parietal positivity range, all conditions were significantly different. These results suggest that changes can be ‘sensed’ without knowledge of the location of the changing object, and that participant certainty scores can provide valuable information about the perception of changes in change blindness.

Time Course of Error-Potentiated Startle and its Relationship to Error-Related Brain Activity

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anja Riesel ◽  
Anna Weinberg ◽  
Tim Moran ◽  
Greg Hajcak
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Error Related Negativity ◽  
Aversive Events ◽  
Startle Probe ◽  
Oscillatory Power ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Defensive Action

Errors are aversive, motivationally-salient events which prime defensive action. This is reflected in a potentiated startle reflex after the commission of an error. The current study replicates and extends previous work examining the time course of error-potentiated startle as a function of startle lag (i.e., 300 ms or 800 ms following correct and error responses). In addition, the relationship between error-potentiated startle and error-related brain activity in both the temporal (error-related negativity, ERN/Ne) and spectral (error-related theta and delta power) domains was investigated. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from 32 healthy undergraduates while they performed an arrowhead version of a flanker task. Complex Morlet wavelets were applied to compute oscillatory power in the delta- and theta-band range. Consistent with our previous report, startle was larger following errors. Furthermore, this effect was evident at both early and late startle probe times. Increased delta and theta power after an error was associated with larger error-potentiated startle. An association between ERN amplitude and error-potentiated startle was only observed in a subgroup of individuals with relatively large ERN/Ne amplitude. Among these individuals, ERN/Ne magnitude was also related to multiple indices of task performance. This study further supports the notion that errors are aversive events that prime defensive motivation, and that error-potentiated startle is evident beyond the immediate commission of an error and can be predicted from error-related brain activity.

scholarly journals Distinct Patterns of Neural Activity during Memory Formation of Nonwords versus Words

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 1776-1789 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leun J. Otten ◽  
Josefin Sveen ◽  
Angela H. Quayle
Keyword(s):  
Neural Activity ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Item Type ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Memory Formation ◽  
Electrical Brain Activity ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Neural Underpinnings ◽  
Incidental Encoding ◽  
The Brain

Research into the neural underpinnings of memory formation has focused on the encoding of familiar verbal information. Here, we address how the brain supports the encoding of novel information that does not have meaning. Electrical brain activity was recorded from the scalps of healthy young adults while they performed an incidental encoding task (syllable judgments) on separate series of words and “nonwords” (nonsense letter strings that are orthographically legal and pronounceable). Memory for the items was then probed with a recognition memory test. For words as well as nonwords, event-related potentials differed depending on whether an item would subsequently be remembered or forgotten. However, the polarity and timing of the effect varied across item type. For words, subsequently remembered items showed the usually observed positive-going, frontally distributed modulation from around 600 msec after word onset. For nonwords, by contrast, a negative-going, spatially widespread modulation predicted encoding success from 1000 msec onward. Nonwords also showed a modulation shortly after item onset. These findings imply that the brain supports the encoding of familiar and unfamiliar letter strings in qualitatively different ways, including the engagement of distinct neural activity at different points in time. The processing of semantic attributes plays an important role in the encoding of words and the associated positive frontal modulation.

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