Time Course of Error-Potentiated Startle and its Relationship to Error-Related Brain Activity

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anja Riesel ◽  
Anna Weinberg ◽  
Tim Moran ◽  
Greg Hajcak
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Error Related Negativity ◽  
Aversive Events ◽  
Startle Probe ◽  
Oscillatory Power ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Defensive Action

Errors are aversive, motivationally-salient events which prime defensive action. This is reflected in a potentiated startle reflex after the commission of an error. The current study replicates and extends previous work examining the time course of error-potentiated startle as a function of startle lag (i.e., 300 ms or 800 ms following correct and error responses). In addition, the relationship between error-potentiated startle and error-related brain activity in both the temporal (error-related negativity, ERN/Ne) and spectral (error-related theta and delta power) domains was investigated. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from 32 healthy undergraduates while they performed an arrowhead version of a flanker task. Complex Morlet wavelets were applied to compute oscillatory power in the delta- and theta-band range. Consistent with our previous report, startle was larger following errors. Furthermore, this effect was evident at both early and late startle probe times. Increased delta and theta power after an error was associated with larger error-potentiated startle. An association between ERN amplitude and error-potentiated startle was only observed in a subgroup of individuals with relatively large ERN/Ne amplitude. Among these individuals, ERN/Ne magnitude was also related to multiple indices of task performance. This study further supports the notion that errors are aversive events that prime defensive motivation, and that error-potentiated startle is evident beyond the immediate commission of an error and can be predicted from error-related brain activity.

scholarly journals ERP CORE: An Open Resource for Human Event-Related Potential Research

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily S. Kappenman ◽  
Jaclyn Farrens ◽  
Wendy Zhang ◽  
Andrew X Stewart ◽  
Steven J Luck
Keyword(s):  
Data Processing ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Error Related Negativity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Experiment Control ◽  
Related Potentials

Event-related potentials (ERPs) are noninvasive measures of human brain activity that index a range of sensory, cognitive, affective, and motor processes. Despite their broad application across basic and clinical research, there is little standardization of ERP paradigms and analysis protocols across studies. To address this, we created ERP CORE (Compendium of Open Resources and Experiments), a set of optimized paradigms, experiment control scripts, data processing pipelines, and sample data (N = 40 neurotypical young adults) for seven widely used ERP components: N170, mismatch negativity (MMN), N2pc, N400, P3, lateralized readiness potential (LRP), and error-related negativity (ERN). This resource makes it possible for researchers to 1) employ standardized ERP paradigms in their research, 2) apply carefully designed analysis pipelines and use a priori selected parameters for data processing, 3) rigorously assess the quality of their data, and 4) test new analytic techniques with standardized data from a wide range of paradigms.

Brain Activity Underlying Mental Imagery: Event-related Potentials During Mental Image Generation

1989 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 302-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha J. Farah ◽  
Lauren L. Weisberg ◽  
Mark Monheit ◽  
Franck Peronnet
Keyword(s):  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Hemispheric Specialization ◽  
Mental Image ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Image Generation ◽  
Mental Images ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Modality Specificity

This article addresses two issues about the neural bases of mental imagery. The first issue concerns the modality-specificity of mental images, that is, whether or not they involve activity in visual areas of the brain. The second issue concerns hemispheric specialization for the generation of mental images. We compared event-related potentials recorded under two conditions: one in which subjects were shown words and asked to read them and one in which subjects were shown words and asked to read them and generate visual mental images of the words' referents. Imagery caused a slow, late positivity, maximal at the occipital and posterior temporal regions of the scalp, relative to the comparison condition, and consistent with the involvement of modality-specific visual cortex in mental imagery. Also noted was an asymmetry in the imagery-related ERP, consistent with left-hemisphere specialization for mental image generation. Similar results were obtained when subjects listened to auditorily presented words with and without instructions to generate mental images. To assess the specificity of the relation between these ERP effects and mental imagery, we compared the ERP changes brought about by imaging with those brought about by another effortful task using the same stimulus words: proofreading the words for occasional misspellings. This produced changes that differed in polarity, time course, and scalp distribution from the imagery-related changes.

Time Course of Brain Activity during Change Blindness and Change Awareness: Performance is Predicted by Neural Events before Change Onset

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 2108-2129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilles Pourtois ◽  
Michael De Pretto ◽  
Claude-Alain Hauert ◽  
Patrik Vuilleumier
Keyword(s):  
Change Detection ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Change Blindness ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Distinct Pattern ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Visual Changes

People often remain “blind” to visual changes occurring during a brief interruption of the display. The processing stages responsible for such failure remain unresolved. We used event-related potentials to determine the time course of brain activity during conscious change detection versus change blindness. Participants saw two successive visual displays, each with two faces, and reported whether one of the faces changed between the first and second displays. Relative to blindness, change detection was associated with a distinct pattern of neural activity at several successive processing stages, including an enhanced occipital P1 response and a sustained frontal activity (CNV-like potential) after the first display, before the change itself. The amplitude of the N170 and P3 responses after the second visual display were also modulated by awareness of the face change. Furthermore, a unique topography of event-related potential activity was observed during correct change and correct no-change reports, but not during blindness, with a recurrent time course in the stimulus sequence and simultaneous sources in the parietal and temporo-occipital cortex. These results indicate that awareness of visual changes may depend on the attentional state subserved by coordinated neural activity in a distributed network, before the onset of the change itself.

The Pe of Perfectionism

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mattie Tops ◽  
Sander L. Koole ◽  
Albertus A. Wijers
Keyword(s):  
Flanker Task ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Emotional Impact ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Error Awareness ◽  
Error Related Negativity ◽  
Error Positivity ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Emotional Aspects ◽  
Concern Over Mistakes

The present research investigates the association between concern over mistakes (CoM), a facet of the personality style of perfectionism, and the error positivity (Pe), a response-locked event-related brain potential that relates to error-awareness. Sixteen healthy right-handed female participants performed a flanker task, during which response-locked event-related potentials were measured. CoM was related to a larger Pe at frontal electrodes in a late (400–500 ms post-response) time interval. This frontal late Pe was not related to general trait anxiety. An earlier (150–350 ms) Pe with a more centroparietal maximum was positively associated with accuracy in the flanker task. CoM was not related to the amplitude of the error-related negativity. Exploratory analyses revealed correlations of CoM with reduced state arousal and late positive potential responses to emotional aspects of the feedback stimuli. The latter findings suggest the possibility that, instead of to an increased Pe, high CoM related to a decreased emotional arousal-sensitive stimulus-preceding negativity in anticipation of negative feedback. CoM may thus be associated with avoidant coping with the negative emotional impact of error feedback.

Monitoring of Internal and External Error Signals

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 263-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann-Christine Ehlis ◽  
Martin J. Herrmann ◽  
Achim Bernhard ◽  
Andreas J. Fallgatter
Keyword(s):  
Error Detection ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Negative Response ◽  
Error Related Negativity ◽  
Error Positivity ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Conscious Processing ◽  
Response Feedback

Abstract: In the present study, a modified version of the Eriksen Flanker Task has been used to study event-related potentials (ERPs) elicited by correct responses, response errors, and invalid negative response feedback following correct button presses (“PC-error trials”). Conventional error potentials (error related negativity [ERN/Ne]; error-positivity [Pe]) were observed after incorrect button presses but not following negative response feedback in PC-error trials. Furthermore, a late positive deflection occurred specifically after PC-errors (Late positivity [PL]), which might reflect a conscious processing of these unexpected events. The results imply some restrictions for the notion that the ERN/Ne reflects the activity of a general and “generic” neural error-detection system in the human brain. Furthermore, the existence of an “event-detection system” is indicated, which might be involved in the processing of events that violate learned expectations.

The Utility of Event-Related Potentials in Clinical Psychology

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greg Hajcak ◽  
Julia Klawohn ◽  
Alexandria Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Error Related Negativity ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Continuous Measures ◽  
Direct Measures ◽  
Meaningful Research

Event-related potentials (ERPs) are direct measures of brain activity that can be leveraged for clinically meaningful research. They can relate robustly both to continuous measures of individual difference and to categorical diagnoses in ways that clarify similarities and distinctions between apparently related disorders and traits. ERPs can be linked to genetic risk, can act as moderators of developmental trajectories and responses to stress, and can be leveraged to identify those at greater risk for psychopathology, especially when used in combination with other neural and self-report measures. ERPs can inform models of the development of, and risk for, psychopathology. Finally, ERPs can be used as targets for existing and novel interventions and prevention efforts. We provide concrete examples for each of these possibilities by focusing on programmatic research on the error-related negativity and anxiety, and thus show that ERPs are poised to make greater contributions toward the identification, prediction, treatment, and prevention of mental disorders.

Is it Helpful for Individuals with Minor Depression to Keep Smiling? An Event-Related Potentials Analysis

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenyi Lin ◽  
Jing Hu ◽  
Yanfei Gong
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Negative Mood ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Minor Depression ◽  
Error Related Negativity ◽  
Duchenne Smile ◽  
Related Potentials

We used event-related potentials (ERPs) to explore the influence of manipulating facial expression on error monitoring in individuals. The participants were 11 undergraduate students who had been diagnosed with minor depression (MinD). We recorded error-related negativity (ERN) as the participants performed a modified flanker task in 3 conditions: Duchenne smile, standard smile, and no smile. Behavioral data results showed that, in both the Duchenne smile and standard smile conditions, error rates were significantly lower than in the no-smile condition. The ERP analysis results indicated that, compared to the no-smile condition, both Duchenne and standard smiling facial expressions decreased ERN amplitude, and ERN amplitudes were smallest for those in the Duchenne smile condition. Our findings suggested that even brief smile manipulation may improve long-term negative mood states of people with MinD.

scholarly journals Conformity and Reaction to Error: An ERPs Study

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Golovanova ◽  
M Petrov ◽  
K Bakuleva ◽  
N Andriyanova
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Interpersonal Behavior ◽  
Error Processing ◽  
P300 Wave ◽  
Majority Opinion ◽  
Error Related Negativity ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Processing Event ◽  
The Brain

This article is devoted to the analysis of cognitive indicators of conformal behavior. It presents the results of the study of EEG-correlates of conformity. The hypothesis of the study is that people who tend to the conformal behavior have a similar way of response on the errors and disagreement with the majority opinion. Theexperiment involved 20 participants: 11 – nonconformists, 9 – conformists according to tests (‘Interpersonal Behavior Circle’ by T. Leary and ‘Portrait Values Questionnaire’ by S. Schwartz). Participants took part in two types of tasks: arithmetic tasks and attractiveness evaluation. After solving the tasks, participants were given feedback about right/wrong decisions in arithmetic tasks, and agreement/disagreement with the majority opinion in the evaluation of people’s attractiveness. This study analyzed event-related potentials (ERPs) in the case of error or disagreement with the majority opinion. The results of the study showed the differences in the indicators of bioelectric brain activity between conformal and nonconformal participants after the disagreement with the majority opinion. Conformal participants demonstrate higher amplitude of P300 wave upon presentation of the feedback of the disagreement with the majority opinion. Thus, the conformal behavior in a situation of disagreement with others’ opinion accompanied by specific ERP patterns of the brain associated with the correction of behavior. Keywords: conformity, error processing, event-related potentials, P300, error-related negativity

Error-Related Brain Activity in Patients with Obsessive- Compulsive Disorder and in Healthy Controls

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 298-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Ruchsow ◽  
Georg Grön ◽  
Kathleen Reuter ◽  
Manfred Spitzer ◽  
Leopold Hermle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Error Monitoring ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Error Related Negativity ◽  
Error Positivity ◽  
Related Potentials

Abstract: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been related to a hyperactive frontal-striatal-thalamic circuit and associated with altered mechanisms of action and error monitoring. In the present study, we examined whether these results only hold for errors in choice reaction time experiments and Stroop tasks or extend to errors of commission in a Go/NoGo task, as well. We investigated the electrophysiological correlates of error monitoring in 11 patients with OCD and 11 age-, sex-, and education-matched healthy controls using event-related potentials (ERPs). Participants performed a Go/NoGo task while a 64-channel EEG was recorded. Our study focused on three ERP components: the error-related negativity (ERN)/error negativity (Ne), the “early” error positivity (“early” Pe) reflecting automatic error processing, and the “late” error positivity (“late” Pe), which is thought to mirror the awareness of erroneous responses. Artifact-free EEG-segments were used to compute ERPs on correct Go trials and incorrect NoGo trials (i.e., errors of commission), separately. Patients with OCD showed enhanced (more negative) ERN/Ne amplitudes compared to control subjects. Groups did not differ with regard to the early Pe component and the late Pe component. Our results support the view that compulsivity in OCD patients is related to hyper-functioning error monitoring processes.

scholarly journals Disentangling the Independent Contributions of Visual and Conceptual Features to the Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Scene Categorization

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle R. Greene ◽  
Bruce C. Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Similarity Measures ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Scene Categorization ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Single Fixation ◽  
High Level

AbstractHuman scene categorization is characterized by its remarkable speed. While many visual and conceptual features have been linked to this ability, significant correlations exist between feature spaces, impeding our ability to determine their relative contributions to scene categorization. Here, we employed a whitening transformation to decorrelate a variety of visual and conceptual features and assess the time course of their unique contributions to scene categorization. Participants (both sexes) viewed 2,250 full-color scene images drawn from 30 different scene categories while having their brain activity measured through 256-channel EEG. We examined the variance explained at each electrode and time point of visual event-related potential (vERP) data from nine different whitened encoding models. These ranged from low-level features obtained from filter outputs to high-level conceptual features requiring human annotation. The amount of category information in the vERPs was assessed through multivariate decoding methods. Behavioral similarity measures were obtained in separate crowdsourced experiments. We found that all nine models together contributed 78% of the variance of human scene similarity assessments and was within the noise ceiling of the vERP data. Low-level models explained earlier vERP variability (88 ms post-image onset), while high-level models explained later variance (169 ms). Critically, only high-level models shared vERP variability with behavior. Taken together, these results suggest that scene categorization is primarily a high-level process, but reliant on previously extracted low-level features.Significance StatementIn a single fixation, we glean enough information to describe a general scene category. Many types of features are associated with scene categories, ranging from low-level properties such as colors and contours, to high-level properties such as objects and attributes. Because these properties are correlated, it is difficult to understand each property’s unique contributions to scene categorization. This work uses a whitening transformation to remove the correlations between features and examines the extent to which each feature contributes to visual event-related potentials (vERPs) over time. We found that low-level visual features contributed first, but were not correlated with categorization behavior. High-level features followed 80 ms later, providing key insights into how the brain makes sense of a complex visual world.

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