scholarly journals The James versions

1999 ◽  
Vol 73 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 73-81
Author(s):  
H. Hoetink
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
The United States ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Edward Bellamy ◽  
Protest Movements ◽  
Political Biography ◽  
Werner Sombart ◽  
Socialist Movement ◽  
University Of Massachusetts

[First paragraph]C.L.R. James: His Intellectual Legacies. SELWYN R. CUDJOE & WILLIAM E. CAIN (eds.). Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1995. x + 476 pp. (Cloth USS 55.00, Paper US$ 19.95)C.L.R. James on the "Negro Question." SCOTT MCLEMEE (ed.). Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1996. xxxvii + 154 pp. (Paper US$ 16.95)C.L.R. James: A Political Biography. KENT WORCESTER. Albany: State University of New York, 1996. xvi + 311 pp. (Paper US$ 19.95)"Why is there no socialism in the United States?," asked the German sociologist Werner Sombart (1906:43) in a famous essay at the beginning of the present century. Immigrants, it is true, had brought socialist notions with them in the middle of the past century, and had caused some anarchistic wavelets in the 1880s; there had been radical protest movements such as the Grangers, and a fledgling third party like the Populists; there were famous social critics and Utopians like Henry George and Edward Bellamy, but - in striking contrast to other parts of the Hemisphere - a socialist movement of any political weight never came off the ground.

The Socialist Party of America, 1900–1929

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth McKillen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War I ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
The United States ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Socialist Party ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Socialist Party Of America ◽  
Socialist Movement ◽  
The One

One of the pervasive myths about the United States is that it has never had a socialist movement comparable to other industrialized nations. Yet in the early 20th century a vibrant Socialist Party and socialist movement flourished in the United States. Created in 1901, the Socialist Party of America unsurprisingly declared its primary goal to be the collectivization of the means of production. Yet the party’s highly decentralized and democratic structure enabled it to adapt to the needs and cultures of diverse constituencies in different regions of the country. Among those attracted to the movement in its heyday were immigrant and native-born workers and their families, tenant farmers, middle-class intellectuals, socially conscious millionaires, urban reformers, and feminists. Party platforms regularly included the reform interests of these groups as well as the long-term goal of eradicating capitalism. By 1912, the Socialist Party boasted an impressive record of electoral successes at the local, state, and national levels. U.S. Socialists could also point with pride to over three hundred English and foreign-language Socialist periodicals, some with subscription rates that rivaled those of the major urban daily newspapers. Yet Socialists faced numerous challenges in their efforts to build a viable third-party movement in the United States. On the one hand, progressive reformers in the Democratic and Republican parties sought to coopt Socialists. On the other hand, the Socialist Party encountered challenges on the left from anarchists, syndicalists, communists, and Farmer-Labor Party activists. The Socialist Party was particularly weakened by government repression during World War I, by the postwar Red Scare, and by a communist insurgency within its ranks in the aftermath of the war. By the onset of the Great Depression, the Communist Party would displace the Socialist Party as the leading voice of radical change in the United States.

Development of Ultra-Low Emission Diesel Fuel-Fired Microturbine Engines for Vehicular Heavy Duty Applications: Combustion Modifications

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junhua Chen ◽  
Mark G. Mitchell ◽  
John G. Nourse
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Mixing Processes ◽  
Urban Bus

Worldwide regulations currently set very stringent emissions standards for new on-road heavy-duty diesel engines (HDDE’s). For example, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) and the California Air Resources Board (CARB) will require 2010 and subsequent HDDE to emit less than 0.2 g/bhp-hr (0.27 g/kW-hr) NOx and 5.0 g/bhp-hr (6.7 g/kW-hr) CO in addition to other strictly regulated pollutants such as formaldehyde, volatile organic compounds, and particulate matter. Diesel or biodiesel fired Microturbine engines are in use in hybrid electric vehicular (HEV) urban bus applications in part because of their low emissions. A vehicular test cycle based on practical driving data of The New York City M60 route duty cycle for an urban bus is presented and discussed. Engine only test cycles that would represent in vehicle engine usage are also discussed. In the process of developing new technologies to meet the upcoming 2010 EPA and CARB HDDE regulations, Capstone Turbine has demonstrated a significant reduction in the emissions of its C30 family engines fired with ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD) without any post-combustion treatment. The technical approaches which yielded the emissions improvements, included enhancements to the fuel vaporization and mixing processes in an effort to reduce local primary zone temperatures. With only injector modifications the ULSD-fired engine achieved emission levels of 0.046 g/hp-hr NOx, 0.87 g/hp-hr CO, 0.003 g/hp-hr PM, 0.013 g/hp-hr NMHC and 0.006 g/hp-hr HCHO in a recent third party demonstration test. NOx levels of 5–7 ppmV at 15% O2 were achieved for a power range of 50–100% while running on diesel fuel #2. With these new injector modifications the C30 engine has the potential capability to meet the same HDDE standards while burning other opportunity liquid fuels, including biodiesel, and ethanol.

Book Reviews

2015 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 1023-1024
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Assistant Professor ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Affairs ◽  
California State University ◽  
Third Party ◽  
State University ◽  
The University

Anton D. Lowenberg of California State University, Northridge reviews “Busted Sanctions: Explaining Why Economic Sanctions Fail”, by Bryan R. Early. The Econlit abstract of this book begins: “Examines how third-party states can contribute to the failure of U.S. sanction policies and explores how U.S. policymakers can become more effective at addressing the challenges posed by sanctions busting. Discusses why busted sanctions lead to broken sanction policies; what sanction busters are; assessing the consequences of sanctions busting; why third parties sanctions-bust via trade and aid; sanctions busting for profits—how the United Arab Emirates busted the United States' sanctions against Iran; assessing which third-party states become trade-based sanctions busters; sanctions busting for politics—analyzing Cuba's aid-based sanctions busters; and implications. Early is Assistant Professor in the Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and Policy at the University at Albany, State University of New York.”

Worker Militancy and Its Consequences: Political Responses to Labor Unrest in the United States, 1877–1914

1991 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 5-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Friedman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Working Class ◽  
State Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Democracy ◽  
Capitalist Economy ◽  
American Worker ◽  
Political Outcomes ◽  
Werner Sombart ◽  
Socialist Movement

Werner Sombart asks two questions in Why is there no Socialism in the United States?: Why the United States, home of the world's premier capitalist economy, lacks a strong socialist movement, and why American democracy has not led to significant reforms in the interests of the working class. To Sombart, these are the same question because he assumes that without popular sanction democratically elected officials would never act as openly as America's have in support of capitalist expansion and against labor. Assuming this democracy, he can then draw conclusions about popular attitudes from political outcomes, causally attributing procapitalist state policy to popular procapitalist attitudes. Indeed, the juxtaposition of democracy and state policy leads to his central conclusion that “emotionally the American worker has a share in capitalism …he loves it.”

Gerald H. Thayer's ornithological work in St Vincent and the Grenadines, Lesser Antilles

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
James W. Wiley
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
West Indies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Lesser Antilles ◽  
American Museum ◽  
The West ◽  
Comparative Zoology ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South

Gerald Handerson Thayer (1883–1939) was an artist, writer and naturalist who worked in North and South America, Europe and the West Indies. In the Lesser Antilles, Thayer made substantial contributions to the knowledge and conservation of birds in St Vincent and the Grenadines. Thayer observed and collected birds throughout much of St Vincent and on many of the Grenadines from January 1924 through to December 1925. Although he produced a preliminary manuscript containing interesting distributional notes and which is an early record of the region's ornithology, Thayer never published the results of his work in the islands. Some 413 bird and bird egg specimens have survived from his work in St Vincent and the Grenadines and are now housed in the American Museum of Natural History (New York City) and the Museum of Comparative Zoology (Cambridge, Massachusetts). Four hundred and fifty eight specimens of birds and eggs collected by Gerald and his father, Abbott, from other countries are held in museums in the United States.

The “Japanese Turn” in Fine Dining in the United States, 1980–2020

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-54
Author(s):  
Samuel H. Yamashita
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
San Francisco Bay Area ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Century ◽  
Further Training ◽  
Bay Area ◽  
Wide Acceptance

In the 1970s, Japanese cooks began to appear in the kitchens of nouvelle cuisine chefs in France for further training, with scores more arriving in the next decades. Paul Bocuse, Alain Chapel, Joël Robuchon, and other leading French chefs started visiting Japan to teach, cook, and sample Japanese cuisine, and ten of them eventually opened restaurants there. In the 1980s and 1990s, these chefs' frequent visits to Japan and the steady flow of Japanese stagiaires to French restaurants in Europe and the United States encouraged a series of changes that I am calling the “Japanese turn,” which found chefs at fine-dining establishments in Los Angeles, New York City, and later the San Francisco Bay Area using an ever-widening array of Japanese ingredients, employing Japanese culinary techniques, and adding Japanese dishes to their menus. By the second decade of the twenty-first century, the wide acceptance of not only Japanese ingredients and techniques but also concepts like umami (savory tastiness) and shun (seasonality) suggest that Japanese cuisine is now well known to many American chefs.

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