Time Remembered

KronoScope ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Sills
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Great Accuracy ◽  
Wind Instruments ◽  
Auditory Imagery ◽  
Firing Patterns ◽  
Auditory Image ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
Temporal Aspects ◽  
Shed Light

AbstractThe human brain is capable of experiencing highly complex auditory imagery. Musicians find it valuable to mentally rehearse the auditory image of a piece of music, in the absence of the orchestra or instrument, to help perfect their actual physical performance of it. For this, the auditory image must first be founded on a perfect memory of all the work's musical aspects, and then 'lived- through &#160;in a very finely-judged realisation of its movement in time, so that all its precision or expressive flexibility of tempo and qualities of meaning are fully released.<br /><br />Two neural processes shed light on the trained musician's ability to reproduce the duration of a mental rehearsal with great accuracy: the generation of firing patterns searching for pattern and symmetry, and the coherence behaviour of music processing units in the higher wave-bands. In the light of these two processes, I comment on the experience of mentally rehearsing 'Prélude á L'Aprés-midi d'un Faune', and 'Symphonies of Wind Instruments', and on the organising relationships which heighten the temporal aspects to produce a strong auditory form.

scholarly journals A causal study of bumetanide on a marker of excitatory-inhibitory balance in the human brain

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas L. Botch ◽  
Alina Spiegel ◽  
Catherine Ricciardi ◽  
Caroline E. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Binocular Rivalry ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Autism Spectrum Conditions ◽  
Placebo Control ◽  
Acute Administration ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
The Brain

AbstractBumetanide has received much interest as a potential pharmacological modulator of the putative imbalance in excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) signaling that is thought to characterize autism spectrum conditions. Yet, currently, no studies of bumetanide efficacy have used an outcome measure that is modeled to depend on E/I balance in the brain. In this manuscript, we present the first causal study of the effect of bumetanide on an objective marker of E/I balance in the brain, binocular rivalry, which we have previously shown to be sensitive to pharmacological manipulation of GABA. Using a within-subjects placebo-control crossover design study, we show that, contrary to expectation, acute administration of bumetanide does not alter binocular rivalry dynamics in neurotypical adult individuals. Neither changes in response times nor response criteria can account for these results. These results raise important questions about the efficacy of acute bumetanide administration for altering E/I balance in the human brain, and highlight the importance of studies using objective markers of the underlying neural processes that drugs hope to target.

scholarly journals A roadmap for the study of conscious audition and its neural basis

2017 ◽  
Vol 372 (1714) ◽  
pp. 20160103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew R. Dykstra ◽  
Peter A. Cariani ◽  
Alexander Gutschalk
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Perception ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Scene Analysis ◽  
Conscious Perception ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
Auditory Scenes ◽  
Shed Light

How and which aspects of neural activity give rise to subjective perceptual experience—i.e. conscious perception—is a fundamental question of neuroscience. To date, the vast majority of work concerning this question has come from vision, raising the issue of generalizability of prominent resulting theories. However, recent work has begun to shed light on the neural processes subserving conscious perception in other modalities, particularly audition. Here, we outline a roadmap for the future study of conscious auditory perception and its neural basis, paying particular attention to how conscious perception emerges (and of which elements or groups of elements) in complex auditory scenes. We begin by discussing the functional role of the auditory system, particularly as it pertains to conscious perception. Next, we ask: what are the phenomena that need to be explained by a theory of conscious auditory perception? After surveying the available literature for candidate neural correlates, we end by considering the implications that such results have for a general theory of conscious perception as well as prominent outstanding questions and what approaches/techniques can best be used to address them. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Auditory and visual scene analysis’.

Learning Shapes the Representation of Visual Categories in the Aging Human Brain

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 2899-2912 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen D. Mayhew ◽  
Sheng Li ◽  
Joshua K. Storrar ◽  
Kamen A. Tsvetanov ◽  
Zoe Kourtzi
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Category Learning ◽  
Decision Criterion ◽  
Neural Signals ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
Sensory Experiences ◽  
Neural Representations ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
Behavioral Choices ◽  
Posterior Parietal

The ability to make categorical decisions and interpret sensory experiences is critical for survival and interactions across the lifespan. However, little is known about the human brain mechanisms that mediate the learning and representation of visual categories in aging. Here we combine behavioral measurements and fMRI measurements to investigate the neural processes that mediate flexible category learning in the aging human brain. Our findings show that training changes the decision criterion (i.e., categorical boundary) that young and older observers use for making categorical judgments. Comparing the behavioral choices of human observers with those of a pattern classifier based upon multivoxel fMRI signals, we demonstrate learning-dependent changes in similar cortical areas for young and older adults. In particular, we show that neural signals in occipito-temporal and posterior parietal regions change through learning to reflect the perceived visual categories. Information in these areas about the perceived visual categories is preserved in aging, whereas information content is compromised in more anterior parietal and frontal circuits. Thus, these findings provide novel evidence for flexible category learning in aging that shapes the neural representations of visual categories to reflect the observers' behavioral judgments.

scholarly journals The socialization of hallucinations: Cultural priors, social interactions, and contextual factors in the use of psychedelics

2021 ◽  
pp. 136346152110363
Author(s):  
David Dupuis
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Cultural Transmission ◽  
Auditory Imagery ◽  
Peruvian Amazon ◽  
Cognitive Penetrability ◽  
Global North ◽  
Ethnographic Data ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Do So

The effects of so-called “psychedelic” or “hallucinogenic” substances are known for their strong conditionality on context. While the so-called culturalist approach to the study of hallucinations has won the favor of anthropologists, the vectors by which the features of visual and auditory imagery are structured by social context have been so far little explored. Using ethnographic data collected in a shamanic center of the Peruvian Amazon and an anthropological approach dialoguing with phenomenology and recent models of social cognition of Bayesian inspiration, I aim to shed light on the nature of these dynamics through an approach I call the “socialization of hallucinations.” Distinguishing two levels of socialization of hallucinations, I argue that cultural background and social interactions organize the relationship not only to the hallucinogenic experience, but also to its very phenomenological content. I account for the underpinnings of the socialization of hallucinations proposing such candidate factors as the education of attention, the categorization of perceptions, and the shaping of emotions and expectations. Considering psychedelic experiences in the light of their noetic properties and cognitive penetrability debates, I show that they are powerful vectors of cultural transmission. I question the ethical stakes of this claim, at a time when the use of psychedelics is becoming increasingly popular in the global North. I finally emphasize the importance of better understanding the extrapharmacological factors of the psychedelic experience and its subjective implications, and sketch out the basis for an interdisciplinary methodology in order to do so.

scholarly journals Comparison Between Human and Rodent Neurons for Persistent Activity Performance: A Biologically Plausible Computational Investigation

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Zhang ◽  
Yi Zeng ◽  
Tielin Zhang ◽  
Taoyi Yang
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Brain Cell ◽  
Membrane Properties ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Computational Investigation ◽  
Multi Scale ◽  
Neocortical Neurons ◽  
Activity Performance ◽  
Shed Light

Elucidating the multi-scale detailed differences between the human brain and other brains will help shed light on what makes us unique as a species. Computational models help link biochemical and anatomical properties to cognitive functions and predict key properties of the cortex. Here, we present a detailed human neocortex network, with all human neuron parameters derived from the newest Allen Brain human brain cell database. Compared with that of rodents, the human neural network maintains more complete and accurate information under the same graphic input. Unique membrane properties in human neocortical neurons enhance the human brain’s capacity for signal processing.

“Enacted” Auditory Images are Ambiguous; “Pure” Auditory Images are Not

1989 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 619-641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Reisberg ◽  
J. David Smith ◽  
David A. Baxter ◽  
Marcia Sonenshine
Keyword(s):  
Visual Image ◽  
Visual Images ◽  
Auditory Imagery ◽  
Auditory Image ◽  
Internal Stimulus

Previous research indicates that visual images are inherently unambiguous. The present study extends this argument to auditory imagery. In Experiment 1, subjects were able to reinterpret an imaged ambiguous auditory figure, but covert subvocalization apparently aided this reinterpretation. When subvocalization was blocked, reinterpretations were eliminated. Experiments 2 and 3 generalize this finding to different procedures and stimuli. Experiment 4 explores further the role of subvocalization, by showing that the likelihood of reinterpreting an imaged stimulus is directly proportional to the degree of enactment allowed. We argue that subvocalization or enactment provides an internal stimulus that is subject to reinterpretation. Without enactment, the “pure” auditory image is as unambiguous as a visual image. Thus, in both visual and auditory modalities, images come into being as representations and so are inherently meaningful.

Effects of Auditory Imagery on the Detection of a Pure Tone in White Noise: Experimental Evidence of the Auditory Perky Effect

1992 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 443-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hitoshi Okada ◽  
Kazuo Matsuoka
Keyword(s):  
White Noise ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Auditory Perception ◽  
Pure Tone ◽  
Auditory Imagery ◽  
Auditory Modality ◽  
Auditory Image ◽  
Signal Tone

The purpose of this study was to examine whether the auditory image of a pure tone facilitates or interferes with the auditory perception of the pure tone. The masked threshold of a pure tone in white noise with and without the image of a pure tone was compared. It was shown that, in contrast to Farah and Smith's (1983) finding of facilitation, imagery interfered with the detection of the pure tone only when the frequency of the imagined tone and the detected tone was the same. This interference was interpreted as showing the assimilation of the signal tone into imagery, i.e., the effect described by Perky in 1910, occurred in the auditory modality. An explanation of the differences between findings of interference and facilitation is offered.

Contextual information in the firing patterns of single neurons in the human brain

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph T. Weidemann ◽  
Alec Solway ◽  
Michael J. Kahana ◽  
Itzhak Fried
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
Single Neurons ◽  
Firing Patterns

Integration of Multimodal Data for Deciphering Brain Disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingqi Chen ◽  
Guiying Dong ◽  
Liting Song ◽  
Xingzhong Zhao ◽  
Jixin Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Data Science ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Biomedical Data ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
Multimodal Data ◽  
Future Data ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Shed Light

The accumulation of vast amounts of multimodal data for the human brain, in both normal and disease conditions, has provided unprecedented opportunities for understanding why and how brain disorders arise. Compared with traditional analyses of single datasets, the integration of multimodal datasets covering different types of data (i.e., genomics, transcriptomics, imaging, etc.) has shed light on the mechanisms underlying brain disorders in greater detail across both the microscopic and macroscopic levels. In this review, we first briefly introduce the popular large datasets for the brain. Then, we discuss in detail how integration of multimodal human brain datasets can reveal the genetic predispositions and the abnormal molecular pathways of brain disorders. Finally, we present an outlook on how future data integration efforts may advance the diagnosis and treatment of brain disorders. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Biomedical Data Science, Volume 4 is July 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Tracking of a “Moving” Fused Auditory Image Under Conditions that Elicit the Precedence Effect

1990 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher A. Moore ◽  
Jerry L. Cranford ◽  
Angela E. Rahn
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Sound Localization ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Great Accuracy ◽  
Precedence Effect ◽  
Neural Function ◽  
Auditory Image ◽  
Conventional Tests ◽  
Temporal Lobe Lesions

Pursuit auditory tracking of a fused auditory image (FAI), based on stimulus conditions known to elicit the precedence effect phenomenon in sound localization, was investigated in 36 normal subjects and in a small group of subjects with known neuropathology. Movement of the FAI was simulated by incrementally varying the delay between two clicks presented, one each, from two loudspeakers placed on opposite sides of the listener. The group of normal listeners tracked the movement of the FAI without difficulty and with great accuracy; the perceived location of the FAI varied linearly with the interspeaker delay. The sensitivity of the task in detecting neural timing or integration deficits was investigated in 5 subjects with neuropathology, including subjects with unilateral temporal lobe lesions, multiple sclerosis, or dyslexia. These disorders, previously shown to disrupt neural timing, yielded characteristic patterns of tracking inaccuracy for this task. These subjects had no difficulty localizing either a moving unitary click source or sounds in daily life. These data support the suggestion that sound localization using stimulus conditions known to elicit the precedence effect places greater demands on neural timing and integration than conventional tests of localization, and may provide a more sensitive index of neural function.

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