Kritische Bemerkungen zur Geschichte der religiösen Toleranz und zur Tradition der Lessing'schen Ringparabel

Numen ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Dinzelbacher
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Present Writer ◽  
Religious Tolerance ◽  
Wolfram Von Eschenbach ◽  
Original Stories ◽  
Age Of Enlightenment ◽  
Ramon Llull ◽  
The Middle Ages

AbstractAlthough the medieval tradition of the famous parable which stands in the centre of Lessing's Nathan der Weise is quite well known, the present writer holds that the older versions of this motive are usually misinterpreted, being habitually read in the light of the German poet's text written during the age of enlightenment. An analysis, however, of the original stories of Etienne de Bourbon, Busone, Boccaccio et al., shows that their real aim was to illustrate an aporia and the shrewdness necessary to escape from it, not to call for religious tolerance. Indeed, the latter idea grew out of the disasters of the Thirty Years' War only, and was nearly completely alien to the Middle Ages. The few exceptions (Wolfram von Eschenbach, Ramon Llull, Nicolaus Cusanus) — and their limitations — are briefly discussed.

The Date and Purpose of Vegetius' ‘De re militari’

Traditio ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 65-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Goffart
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
The West ◽  
John Of Salisbury ◽  
De Re ◽  
Military Literature ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Age Of Enlightenment ◽  
The Middle Ages

The treatiseDe re militariby Flavius Vegetius Renatus was the bible of warfare throughout the Middle Ages — the soldier's equivalent of the Rule of St. Benedict. The surviving manuscripts exceed 140; there were five separate translations into French within the century following 1284, many more into other languages, and nine incunabula. In contrast to Byzantium, where a succession of authors since Urbicius (ca.500) strove to keep military literature up to date, the Latin civilization of the West was content with a single book. Vegetius, who explicitly omitted cavalry from his exposition, became the philosopher-schoolmaster of Western chivalry. Hrabanus Maurus, John of Salisbury, and Egidius Colonna copied large extracts into works of their own, and so did Machiavelli. Vegetius is among the authors whose popularity in the Renaissance more than equalled their medieval fame. The testimonials continued to mount up through the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, an epoch that was perhaps the highest point of Vegetius‘ influence, and reached even to the Napoleonic age, when Marshall de Ligne (best remembered for a witticism about the Congress of Vienna) pronounced a memorable encomium: ‘A god, says Vegetius, inspired the legion, and I say that a god inspired Vegetius. It is he who by his seven orders of battle made us understand the warfare of the Ancients and taught the greatest generals of our time to imitate them.’ What other book without literary distinction was as prized in the Age of Enlightenment as it had been by Bede?

Contributions to the Knowledge of the Fiscal Administration of Egypt in the Middle Ages

1954 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 502-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Ehrenkreutz
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Present Writer ◽  
Textual Evidence ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Exchange Rate ◽  
Fiscal Administration ◽  
Gold Coins ◽  
Written Sources ◽  
The Middle Ages

Although the ratio between Egyptian gold coins (dinars) and those of silver (dirhams) is known to have fluctuated throughout the history of Islamic Egypt, no attempt has been made to explain the principles underlying the rate of exchange. Any such research is handicapped from the start by a deplorable failure on the part of numismatists to provide their fellow-historians with details concerning the alloys of various Egyptian coins. This drawback deprives us of any means of counterchecking the textual evidence. Nevertheless, it is the belief of the present writer that the material contained in written sources relating to the period of the Ayyūbids (A.H. 569–648/A.D. 1174–1250), allows us to ascertain certain facts concerning the contemporary exchange pattern. The analysis of the nature of that pattern shows clearly that the exchange rate of the gold and silver issues of the BaḥrI Mamlūks (A.H. 648–784/A.D. 1250– 1390), which remained fixed at 1: 20, 1: 25, and 1: 28 1/2, had its roots in the system of the Ayyūbids.

Fragen zum tradierten Persönlichkeitsbild Wolframs von Eschenbach und seiner Wahrnehmung in Wagners "unvollendet" gebliebener Oper Tannhäuser und der Sängerkrieg auf Wartburg

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 368-386
Author(s):  
Ute Jung-Kaiser
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Richard Wagner ◽  
Wolfram Von Eschenbach ◽  
Literary Works ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The World ◽  
The Middle Ages

Richard Wagner regarded his opera Tannhäuser and the Singer's Contest on the Wartburg as unfinished: Shortly before his death in 1883 he declared that "he still owed the world the Tannhäuser". His irritating confession, which lacks an explanation why he considered Tannhäuser incomplete, provides the starting point for studying Wagner's understanding of the dramatic effects, the function of the protagonists, as well as the differences between Wagner's literary sources in addition to variant traditions. Especially the iridescent and multi-layered reception of the figure of Wolfram von Eschenbach, which began already in the Middle Ages, makes it difficult to arrive at clearly defined answers. However, particularly aspects of Wolfram's self-stylizations in his literary works, opinions of his contemporaries, and compositional procedures in Wagner's writings and opera suggest that some of Wagner's intended corrections would have concerned Wolfram's person, image and inner intentions.

William of Occam and the Higher Law

1932 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1005-1023 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max A. Shepard
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Political Theory ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
The United States ◽  
Thomas Aquinas ◽  
Present Writer ◽  
Political Ideas ◽  
Fundamental Law ◽  
Higher Law ◽  
The Middle Ages

William of Occam has fittingly been called the “most subtle doctor of the Middle Ages.” Despite this fact, or perhaps because of it, the vast political writings of this famous fourteenth-century scholastic have been surprisingly neglected by modern students, particularly in England and the United States. It is commonly agreed that among general philosophers of the Middle Ages this “second founder of nominalism” is surpassed by St. Thomas Aquinas alone. Surely, therefore, the presumption is reasonable that the encyclopedic mass of Occam's political writings conceals many “diamonds in the rough,” only awaiting discovery. The present writer hopes that he may throw some light on certain important problems discussed by Occam, especially that most significant one of a “higher” or fundamental law.An impression seems prevalent in many quarters that Occam obtained most of his political ideas from his famous contemporary, Marsiglio of Padua, who has established himself among modern students as the really great political genius of his times. Without detracting from Marsiglio's well-deserved fame, we are quite unable to accept this view. On the contrary, Occam, as might be expected of such a great general philosopher, can stand upon his own feet, and his political theory in many respects exhibits characteristics entirely independent of any Marsiglian influence.

scholarly journals O vício capital da inveja na visão de Ramon Llull

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Armando Alexandre Dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Catalan Literature ◽  
Medieval Spirituality ◽  
Ramon Llull ◽  
The Middle Ages

Resumo: Exposição do pensamento de Ramon Llull acerca do vício capital da inveja, inserida na cultura e na espiritualidade da Idade Média, destacando, de um lado, sua conformidade com a doutrina espiritual e teológica acerca do assunto, e de outro lado sua extrema originalidade na aplicação prática dessa doutrina.Palavras-chave: inveja, vício capital, espiritualidade medieval, literatura catalã, Ramon Llull.Abstract: Exposition of Ramon Llull’s thought about the capital vice of envy, inserted in the culture and spirituality of the Middle Ages, highlighting its conformity with the spiritual and theological doctrine on the subject, and at the same time his extreme originality in the application practice of that doctrine.Keywords: envy, capital vice, medieval spirituality, catalan literature, Ramon Llull

scholarly journals La persistencia del discurso nacionalcatólico sobre el medievo peninsular en la historiografía española actual / The Persistence of National-Catholic Discourse on Medieval Iberia in Current Spanish Historiography

2017 ◽  
pp. 132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro García Sanjuán
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Religious Tolerance ◽  
Special Regard ◽  
Medieval Iberia ◽  
National Catholicism ◽  
The Middle Ages

This work examines the surviving persistence of the National Catholic discourse within current Spanish historiography with special regard to the specific case of the study of the Middle Ages. This approach to the medieval Iberian past may be summarized in two major features: the historical illegitimacy of al-Andalus from its origins, expressed through the notion of the Arab and Islamic “invasion” of Iberia, and the consequent legitimacy and glorification of the Christian conquest (so-called Reconquista), ending with the siege of Granada by the Catholic Kings in 1492. The recent publication of AlAndalus y la cruz, by Rafael Sánchez Saus, represents the last academic byproduct of this tendency and its entire argument still drags its most typical prejudices and stereotypes.Key WordsAl-Andalus, National-Catholicism, Reconquista, Religious tolerance, Dhimma.ResumenEste artículo analiza el fenómeno de la continuidad del discurso nacionalcatólico en la historiografía española actual en relación con el caso específico del estudio de la Edad Media. Esta perspectiva sobre la historia medieval ibérica se caracteriza por dos aspectos principales, la ilegitimidad histórica de al-Andalus desde sus orígenes, expresada a través de la noción de la “invasión” árabe y musulmana, y la consiguiente legitimidad y glorificación de su conquista por los cristianos (re-conquista), culminada con la toma de Granada por los Reyes Católicos en 1492. El libro Al-Andalus y la cruz, de Rafael Sánchez Saus, representa la más reciente manifestación de esta corriente historiográfica en el ámbito académico, y todo su argumento todavía arrastra a sus más típicos prejuicios y estereotipos.Palabras claveAl-Andalus, Nacionalcatolicismo, Reconquista, Tolerancia religiosa, Dimma

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