Resembling the juvenile colour of host cichlid facilitates access of the guest cichlid to host territory

Behaviour ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 146 (6) ◽  
pp. 741-756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haruki Ochi ◽  
Satoshi Awata
Keyword(s):  
Lake Tanganyika ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Body Colour ◽  
Cichlid Species ◽  
Guest Species ◽  
Yellow Body ◽  
Black Bodies ◽  
Coexisting Species ◽  
Similar Body

AbstractIn two coexisting species with similar body colours, one species may acquire benefits from mimicking the body colour of the other species. In Lake Tanganyika, the zoobenthivorous cichlid Neolamprologus mustax preferentially exploits the territories of the algivorous cichlid Variabilichromis moorii as a feeding ground, even though other zoobenthivorous cichlid species are expelled from these territories. The yellow body colour of the guest species, N. mustax, resembles that of juveniles of the host species, V. moorii, adults of which have entirely black bodies. To estimate the effect of juvenile colour on aggression from conspecific adults, the responses of adult V. moorii to dummy fish of four colours (black, yellow, white, and blue) were observed in this lake system. Our observations clearly demonstrated that adult V. moorii were less aggressive toward yellow, white, and blue dummies compared to black ones, with a slight difference in response to the yellow and white or blue dummies. This study indicates that resembling the colour of host juveniles can facilitate access of the guest species to host territory, but does not provide sufficient evidence for a hypothesis that the guest species mimics the body colour of the host juvenile.

scholarly journals The resistance to desiccation of Drosophila mutants affecting body colour

1941 ◽  
Vol 130 (859) ◽  
pp. 185-201 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Survival Time ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Colour ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Dry Air ◽  
Yellow Body ◽  
Drosophila Mutants

The offspring of a y / y + x y cross in Drosophila melanogaster, simulans, subobscura and pseudoobscura race A showing phenotypically yellow body colour die earlier when starving in dry air (0% relative humidity and 25°C) than flies of wild type body colour which differ in respect of one gene. The yellow flies also lose more weight. In D. melanogaster F 2 flies of black or ebony body colour survive longer and lose less weight under these conditions than their wild type sibs. These differences are smaller at 70% relative humidity, and disappear at 100% moisture. In the presence of drinking water, yellow females of all four species frequently survive longer than wild type females. It is suggested that most of these differences in survival time and loss in weight may be due to differences in the resistance to evaporation, which can be assumed to vary with the body colour. This assumption is supported by recent results of Fraenkel and Rudall (1940). Secondary differences due to differences in melanogenesis are discussed. The ecological meaning of these findings is under investigation.

scholarly journals Expression variations in Ectodysplasin-A gene (eda) may contribute to morphological divergence of scales in Haplochromine cichlids

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maximilian Wagner ◽  
Sandra Bračun ◽  
Anna Duenser ◽  
Christian Sturmbauer ◽  
Wolfgang Gessl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scale Development ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Lake Tanganyika ◽  
Genetic Difference ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
The Body ◽  
Morphological Divergence ◽  
Shape Variation ◽  
Haplochromine Cichlids ◽  
Cichlid Species

AbstractBackgroundElasmoid scales are one of the most common dermal appendages and can be found in almost all species of bony fish differing greatly in their shape. Whilst the genetic underpinnings behind elasmoid scale development have been investigated, not much is known about the mechanisms involved in the shaping of scales. To investigate the links between gene expression differences and morphological divergence, we inferred shape variation of scales from two different areas of the body (anterior and posterior) stemming from ten haplochromine cichlid species from different origins (Lake Tanganyika, Lake Malawi, Lake Victoria and riverine). Additionally, we investigated transcriptional differences of a set of genes known to be involved in scale development and morphogenesis in fish.ResultsWe found that scales from the anterior and posterior part of the body strongly differ in their overall shape, and a separate look on scales from each body part revealed similar trajectories of shape differences considering the lake origin of single investigated species. Above all, nine as well as 11 out of 16 target genes showed expression differences between the lakes for the anterior and posterior dataset, respectively. Whereas in posterior scales four genes (dlx5, eda, rankl and shh) revealed significant correlations between expression and morphological differentiation, in anterior scales only one gene (eda) showed such a correlation. Furthermore, eda displayed the most significant expression difference between species of Lake Tanganyika and species of the other two younger lakes. Finally, we found genetic differences in downstream regions of eda gene (e.g. in the eda-tnfsf13b inter-genic region) that are associated with observed expression differences. This is reminiscent of a genetic difference in the eda-tnfsf13b inter-genic region which leads to gain or loss of armour plates in stickleback.ConclusionThese findings provide evidence for cross-species transcriptional differences of an important morphogenetic factor, eda, which is involved in formation of ectodermal appendages. These expression differences appeared to be associated with morphological differences observed in the scales of haplochromine cichlids indicating potential role of eda mediated signal in divergent scale morphogenesis in fish.

First record of body colour polymorphism in giant African snail Achatina fulica (Bowdich, 1822) - a comparative study using mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene

ENTOMON ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-160
Author(s):  
Keerthy Vijayan ◽  
R. Sugantha Sakthivel ◽  
T.V. Sajeev
Keyword(s):  
Cytochrome Oxidase ◽  
South India ◽  
The Body ◽  
Colour Polymorphism ◽  
Coi Gene ◽  
Body Colour ◽  
Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit ◽  
Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Oxidase Subunit

The presence of the body colour polymorphism in the tropical invasive pest giant African snail is reported for the first time from South India. Three different body colour polymorphs were recognised viz. grey, black and white. The grey body colour is the most common polymorph. The black and white colour polymorphs are found to be in almost equal proportions in the reported localities with the grey counterparts. The cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences of the three colour polymorphs are found to be identical. The presence of the body colour polymorphism in south India may be attributed to the avian predation and other selection pressures.

EARLY STAGES OF FIDONIA NOTATARIA, Walk

1882 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 199-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. W. Goodell
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
White Hair ◽  
The Body ◽  
White Stripe ◽  
Yellowish Green ◽  
Yellow Body ◽  
Bright Green ◽  
Deep Green ◽  
Pale Green ◽  
Dorsal Stripe

Eggs.—Oblong, covered with hexagonal depressions and bright green in color. Length 0.6 mil.; width 0.3 mil. Duration of egg stage 12 days.Young Larva.—Length 2 mil.; head twice as wide as the body, round and deep ochre yellow; body dull yellowish green with a faint paler stigmatal stripe.Mature Larva.—Body of uniform thickness, deep green with a narrow sub-dorsal and stigmatal white stripe, and a dorsal greenish-white hair line; dorsal space pale green; ventral space yellowish green. Head brownish green with a lateral white stripe which is a continuation of the sub-dorsal stripe of the body. Length at rest 25 to 26 mil.; when crawling, 26 to 27 mil. Food plant, Pinus strobus. Duration of larva stage, 35 to 40 days. Described from 57 specimens.

The Basics of Microbiology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Werner Solbach
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Asymptomatic Infection ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Effective Measure ◽  
Hygiene Measures

Microorganisms constitute 70 percent of the biomass on Planet Earth. Comparatively few species are adapted to colonize human surfaces and form a complex Meta-Organism with manyfold mutual benefits. Occasionally, microorganisms may overcome the barriers of the skin and mucosal surfaces and may multiply locally or in multiple sites inside the body. This process is called infection. Infections can be caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, helminths, and fungi. Immediately after infection, numerous defense mechanisms of the immune system are activated to combat replication of the microbes. There is a balance between microorganism and human defense mechanisms, which may lead to either asymptomatic infection or result in a wide spectrum of symptoms from mild to severe disease and even death. The most important factors in the diagnosis of infectious diseases are a careful history, physical examination and the appropriate collection of body fluids and tissues. Laboratory diagnosis requires between 2 and 72 hours. Wherever possible, antibiotics should only be used when sufficient evidence of efficacy is available. Then, however, they should be used as early as possible and in high doses. In addition to everyday hygiene measures, vaccination is the most effective measure to prevent infectious diseases.

scholarly journals Looking Like People; Feeling Like People: The Black Body, Dress and Aesthetic Therapy in the Caribbean

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 857-872
Author(s):  
Marsha Pearce
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
New World ◽  
Black Body ◽  
The Body ◽  
Therapeutic Discourse ◽  
Black Caribbean ◽  
Black Bodies ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Bodily Practice ◽  
Instrumental Role

In the Caribbean, the practice of getting dressed matters because it is a practice of attending to the body. Under a colonial regime, black bodies were ill-treated and selves were negated. Clothing played an instrumental role in the abuse of bodies and the stripping of a sense of wellbeing. Attire was one key way of demarcating master and slave and rendering some members of society null and void. Enslaved Africans, who were forcibly brought across the Atlantic to the New World, were considered chattel or commodities rather than people and clothes functioned in a way that reinforced that notion. Yet, dress became a strategy of subversion – of making chattel, property or ‘non-people’ look like people. The enslaved recognised that, through clothes, it was possible to look and feel free. Today that legacy remains. Clothing is seen not only as that which can make a people ‘look like people’ but also feel like people – clothing sets up a specific structure of feeling. This paper pivots on notions of looking and feeling like people while deploying Joanne Entwistle’s conceptual framework of dress as situated bodily practice. The article locates its investigation in the Caribbean, examining the philosophy and practice of Trinidadian clothing designer Robert Young. The article establishes him as a source of aesthetic therapeutic solutions in the Caribbean. It argues that his clothing designs produce a therapeutic discourse on the Black Caribbean body – a discourse, which facilitates a practice of getting dressed that gives a sense of agency, self-empowerment and psychic security even if that sense is embodied temporarily; lasting perhaps only as long as the garment is worn.

Descriptions of five new shiny Dichaetomyia species from Madagascar (Diptera: Muscidae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 157 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-103
Author(s):  
Eberhard Zielke
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Colour

Five new species of the genus Dichaetomyia are described from Madagascar as Dichaetomyia ambrea sp. n., Dichaetomyia besseta sp. n., Dichaetomyia doubla sp. n., Dichaetomyia montea sp. n., and Dichaetomyia ranoa sp. n. The body colour of the five species is shiny metallic blue, green or violet and the colour combinations are similar to Dichaetomyia tristis (Zielke, 1972). The species, however, differ significantly from one another in other taxonomic characteristics which are commonly used in other genera to distinguish species.

scholarly journals Zika virus infection as a cause of congenital brain abnormalities and Guillain-Barré syndrome: From systematic review to living systematic review

F1000Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Jacques Counotte ◽  
Dianne Egli-Gany ◽  
Maurane Riesen ◽  
Million Abraha ◽  
Teegwendé Valérie Porgo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Congenital Abnormalities ◽  
Causal Link ◽  
The Body ◽  
Guillain Barre Syndrome ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Zikv Infection ◽  
Guillain Barré Syndrome ◽  
Guillain Barré

Background. The Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak in the Americas has caused international concern due to neurological sequelae linked to the infection, such as microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). The World Health Organization stated that there is “sufficient evidence to conclude that Zika virus is a cause of congenital abnormalities and is a trigger of GBS”. This conclusion was based on a systematic review of the evidence published until 30.05.2016. Since then, the body of evidence has grown substantially, leading to this update of that systematic review with new evidence published from 30.05.2016 – 18.01.2017, update 1. Methods. We review evidence on the causal link between ZIKV infection and adverse congenital outcomes and the causal link between ZIKV infection and GBS or immune-mediated thrombocytopaenia purpura. We also describe the transition of the review into a living systematic review, a review that is continually updated. Results. Between 30.05.2016 and 18.01.2017, we identified 2413 publications, of which 101 publications were included. The evidence added in this update confirms the conclusion of a causal association between ZIKV and adverse congenital outcomes. New findings expand the evidence base in the dimensions of biological plausibility, strength of association, animal experiments and specificity. For GBS, the body of evidence has grown during the search period for update 1, but only for dimensions that were already populated in the previous version. There is still a limited understanding of the biological pathways that potentially cause the occurrence of autoimmune disease following ZIKV infection. Conclusions. This systematic review confirms previous conclusions that ZIKV is a cause of congenital abnormalities, including microcephaly, and is a trigger of GBS. The transition to living systematic review techniques and methodology provides a proof of concept for the use of these methods to synthesise evidence about an emerging pathogen such as ZIKV.

Food for the body and soul: Veganism, righteous male bodies, and culinary redemption in the Kingdom of Yah

Ethnography ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 146613812091018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fran Markowitz ◽  
Nir Avieli
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Black Male ◽  
The Body ◽  
Vegan Diet ◽  
Religious Change ◽  
Social Justice Movements ◽  
Black Bodies ◽  
Body And Soul ◽  
Dramatic Shift ◽  
Justice Movements

This article grapples with the unlikely combination of veganism, righteous black bodies, and servitude as expressed in the “divine holistic culture” of the African Hebrew Israelite Community (AHIC). Based on our ethnography of how the Community re-scripts strong, virile black male bodies from rough brutes to responsible and righteous patriarchs, we show how the Hebrew Israelites’ vegan diet undergirds their Biblically based culture and fuels their salvation project. We propose the term “culinary redemption” to encapsulate the dramatic shift made by the AHIC from a theology based on salvation in the afterlife to a restorative cosmology in the here and now, and suggest that the food and foodways of other subaltern groups also provide powerful material for initiating social justice movements and religious change.

The Substrate and Properties of Meridians: A Review of Modern Research

1999 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haifeng Wei ◽  
Lawrence Chung-Long Huang ◽  
Jian Kong
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Theory ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
The Body ◽  
Structural Basis ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Partial Explanation ◽  
Normal Tissues ◽  
Vascular Channels ◽  
Ionic Movement ◽  
Orderly Arrangement

Meridians are regarded as the base upon which traditional acupuncture theory is built but, although much research time has been spent on their investigation, no coherent scientific theory has emerged to explain their structure or mode of action. There have been several hypotheses that offer sufficient evidence for a partial explanation for certain meridians. This paper suggests that there is indeed no single answer, but that the various hypotheses should be combined, accepting that different explanations are likely for different meridians or parts of the body. The most useful tool for investigation seems to be the phenomenon of propagated sensation along meridians. Experiments indicate that physical transmission occurs most generally through the interstitial space, specifically along the neurovascular bundles, rather than through vascular channels. The mechanism of meridian activity is likely to be via neuro-transmitters, found particularly along meridian lines, and by ionic movement. This review of research literature, much of which has emanated from China, concludes that there is a real structural basis for the meridians, but that this structure is the orderly arrangement of normal tissues along the line of meridians rather than any special histological feature.

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