Visual and Acoustic Display in Uca Mordax and U. Burgersi, Sibling Species of Neotropical Fiddler Crabs. I. Waving Display

Behaviour ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 83 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 229-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heinrich-Otto Von Hagen
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Fiddler Crabs ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Waving Display ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Major Cheliped ◽  
Evolutionary Point ◽  
Analysis Of Motion

AbstractThe fiddler crabs Uca mordax and U. burgersi, living sympatrically from Guatemala to southern Brazil, were until recently discussed as belonging to only one species, because their similarities refer not only to morphology but also to their waving displays, which were called "indistinguishable". A frame-by-frame analysis of motion pictures taken in Trinidad (W.I.) confirmed the presence of many similarities in respect to the special "jerking" type of waving display, the mean duration of routine waves, the effect of increasing excitation, the pattern of leg-waving and the presence of a "precursory" downstroke" of the major cheliped. However, a closer analysis of certain components or elements of the display yielded various interspecific differences. In burgersi there is the tendency to omit the precursory downstroke and to extend all motion components at the cost of all kinds of pauses, while in mordax the contrary is true. Furthermore, the movements of the minor cheliped show a different pattern in the two species. The differences found are discussed in respect to differences in the allometry of the major cheliped and from an evolutionary point of view. It is concluded that the waving display of mordax represents the more ancestral type. The role of the waving display as a possible means of reproductive isolation will be discussed in part II of this study dealing with the acoustic display.

The Role of Polyculture in Sustainable Agricultural Development and Prevention of Land Degradation

2022 ◽  
pp. 132-153
Author(s):  
Milan Marković ◽  
Ivana Marjanović
Keyword(s):  
Land Degradation ◽  
Organic Agriculture ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Economic Viability ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Sufficient Food ◽  
Growing Population ◽  
Research Show

The aim of the chapter is to show the possible impact of policulture farming on some determinants of sustainable agricultural development, especially from the point of view of economic viability, biodiversity, and land degradation. Increasing the area under polyculture is one of the main solutions to the present environmental problems. The key constraints are economic pressures due to the question of the cost-effectiveness of such a mode of production and the need to provide sufficient food for a growing population, especially in developing countries. The results of the research show that policulture (organic agriculture) should be favored, while monoculture farming must be adequately directed and put in the function of achieving ecological goals of sustainable development as much as possible. In addition, on the example of European countries, it was assessed that there are good conditions for further “greening” of agriculture, bearing in mind the movement of the analyzed indicators.

Combat, display and ritualization in Fiddler Crabs (Ocypodidae, genus Uca )

1966 ◽  
Vol 251 (772) ◽  
pp. 459-472 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Display ◽  
Acoustic Signals ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Fiddler Crabs ◽  
Evolutionary Origins ◽  
The Social ◽  
Serious Injury ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Principal Elements ◽  
Major Cheliped

The principal elements of fighting and display in the genus Uca are surveyed from the point-of-view of their apparent evolutionary origins. The components include combat behaviour between males, threat postures, acoustic signals and visual displays. The latter are characterized by rhythmic motions of the large cheliped and other appendages. Combat between males is highly ritualized, with morphological and behavioural deterrents to maximum intensity. When the deterrents are effective the fights are usually without noticeable results. Although serious injury virtually never occurs, when the deterrents are inadequate the loser sometimes gives up his burrow and occasionally does not court for varying periods thereafter. Combat seems to have evolved directly from the decapod motion of grasping combined at low intensities with an appeasement element in which the major cheliped—a releaser of aggressive behaviour—is turned away from the opponent. Threat postures are primarily intention motions of fighting. Both in the burrows and occasionally on the surface stridulation and other acoustic signals are used in threat, courtship or both. Unlike combat behaviour and threat postures, visual display is species-specific. The twenty-odd elements most often occurring in both acoustic and visual display seem clearly to be derived chiefly from feeding, cleaning and threat movements, usually through the intermediary of displacement activities; sometimes the display elements apparently evolved from conflict between feeding and threat tendencies and sometimes from intention motions. Even in species with the most advanced displays, ritualization of some elements is often only partly or temporarily achieved, while the corresponding displacement motion, unaltered and uncomplicated, is frequently elicited. Parallelisms are evident between the courses of evolution in the social behaviour of fiddler crabs and vertebrates.

scholarly journals The role of mirror neurons in cognitive and social functioning*

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 30-40
Author(s):  
Marta Fabiańska ◽  
Mateusz Bosiacki ◽  
Donata Simińska
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Mirror Neurons ◽  
Mirror Neuron System ◽  
Mirror Neuron ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Neuron System ◽  
Evolutionary Point

AbstractMirror neurons were accidentally discovered during research on the activity of nerve cells which was conducted by a team of Italian scientists in Parma. They observed that certain brain cells were activated when an animal performed a given activity but also when it observed a similar activity performed by someone else. The following discovery of mirror neurons in the human brain initiated a wave of experimental research which confirmed that mirror nerve cells are responsible for understanding the mental state of other humans. This process is much more complicated and important from an evolutionary point of view than it might initially seem. The activity of mirror neurons is noticeable in everyday life, during all interactions with other living beings. This is exhibited through mirroring – the reflection of emotional and epistemic mental states of others based on their behavior. We present the activities of mirror neurons and the theoretical framework of research. Finally, we discuss the results of neurological studies which have made it possible to locate and define in detail the role of the mirror neuron system in the human brain.

Visual and Acoustic Display in Uca Mordax and U. Burgersi, Sibling Species of Neotropical Fiddler Crabs. Ii. Vibration Signals

Behaviour ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 91 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 204-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heinrich-Otto VON HAGEN
Keyword(s):  
Sibling Species ◽  
Character Displacement ◽  
Fiddler Crabs ◽  
Vibration Signals ◽  
Allopatric Populations ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Waving Display ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Common ◽  
Species Specific

AbstractThe sibling species of fiddler crabs, Uca mordax and U. burgersi, which are very similar in respect to morphology and many traits of their waving display (see part I of this study), were studied bioacoustically in Trinidad (W.I.). When recording their vibration signals (mainly in the laboratory) it was, at the same time, possible to directly observe the animals' underground activities. The dominant vibration signals of the two species were found to be extremely different: males of U. mordax emit rapping sounds ("drumwhirls") by ambulatory percussion, whereas males of U. burgersi produce "howling" sounds (with a varying number of harmonics) by cheliped convulsion, i.e. inconspicuous quivering movements of this appendage. Similar interspecific differences exist in the fainter vibration signals of females. Each of the two species is capable of producing other signals in addition to the prevalent ones mentioned: U. mordax can emit cheliped vibrations as well (though percussive ones) and U. burgersi can also produce ambulatory "drumwhirls". From these and other basic similarities and from comparisons with recordings of burgersi sounds from Colombia and allopatric populations in Florida, the common starting-point and the different evolutionary pathways leading to the two species-specific termini of acoustic display are reconstructed. The extreme differences that were found for the sympatric situation in Trinidad are regarded as an example of character displacement. Apparently, the acoustic communication system of these crabs is much more affected by character displacement than the visual one.

scholarly journals The Influence of Carbon Tax on the Feasibility of Industrial Project: A Case Study of Heat Exchanger Replacement at PT Kaltim Methanol Industri, Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 196
Author(s):  
Wingo Wira Dewanatan ◽  
Muhammad Kurniawan Adiputra ◽  
Imam Karfendi Putro ◽  
Soni Hartanto ◽  
Jonas Kristanto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Exchanger ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Financial Policies ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Industrial Project ◽  
The Cost

Petrochemical industries have faced growing pressure to decrease their carbon emission from direct and indirect sources. This work aims to demonstrate a carbon tax’s introduction to a feasibility study on the heat exchanger (HE) replacement project at PT Kaltim Methanol Industri, Indonesia. The project was aimed to avoid methanol release as much as 48.88 MT/year. The release of methanol can also be associated with CO2 emission with an emission factor of 0.6 ton CO2e/ton methanol. Here, we investigated the influence of inclusion and exclusion of carbon tax to monetize the CO2 release. From the project investment point of view, carbon tax inclusion is expected to increase the cost-saving. Introduction of the carbon tax as high as 10 USD/ton CO2e with 5% annual increase gives IRR value of 7.06% with Payout Time (PoT) of ca. 11 years. The IRR value without carbon tax scenario is 6.68 % with the same range of PoT. Hence, the inclusion of carbon tax may increase the feasibility of the project. This work has demonstrated the positive role of the carbon tax to increase the feasibility of a project which inlines with the national initiatives to curb the CO2 emission from chemical industries. It is also worth noting that introduction of carbon tax should be accompanied by a reorganization of government incentives, including several financial policies to create a conducive atmosphere for investors in Indonesia.

scholarly journals Modeling and optimization of hourglass-shaped aquaporins

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (08) ◽  
pp. 1529-1564
Author(s):  
Matthieu Bonnivard ◽  
Florian Omnès ◽  
Yannick Privat
Keyword(s):  
Chem Phys ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Optimal Shapes ◽  
Regularity Properties ◽  
Good Filtration ◽  
Single File Transport ◽  
Energy Dissipated ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Filtration Properties

This paper is concerned with aquaporins (AQPs), that are proteins playing the role of water-selective channels also called nanopores, involved in many biological systems. From a technological point of view, it is relevant to design systems enjoying as good filtration properties. Inspired by [S. Gravelle, L. Joly, C. Ybert and L. Bocquet, Large permeabilities of hourglass nanopores: From hydrodynamics to single file transport, J. Chem. Phys. 141 (2014) 18C526], we investigate in a quite general framework shape optimization issues related to the improvement of hourglass-shaped aquaporins performances, in terms of energy dissipated by the fluid through the channel. After modeling this problem mathematically, we show that it is well-posed in some sense, and compute the so-called shape derivative of the cost functional in view of numerical simulations. Noting that our framework requires regularity properties of the free boundary, we introduce a dedicated numerical method, using in particular a proper shape gradient extension-regularization to adapt the mesh at each iteration, in an adequate way. Optimal shapes of aquaporins are then provided for relevant values of parameters, and we finally discuss the observed performances with respect to the existing results/literature.

scholarly journals Public Assessment of Releasing a Captive Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin into the Wild in South Korea

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 3199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyo-Jin Kim ◽  
Se-Jun Jin ◽  
Seung-Hoon Yoo
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Bottlenose Dolphin ◽  
Public Expenditure ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Metropolitan Government ◽  
Local Taxes ◽  
Post Evaluation ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Cost

A captive Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin named “Jedol” was released from a zoo into the wild, in Jeju Island Sea off South Korea, in July 2013 to improve his welfare. Since he was illegally captured off the coast of Juju Island in May 2009, he had been performing in dolphin shows at Seoul Zoo, which is owned and operated by the Seoul Metropolitan Government. The release demanded considerable public expenditure, of which the source was local taxes gathered from the residents of Seoul. This paper seeks to conduct an ex-post evaluation of the release, employing the contingent valuation (CV) technique. A total of 500 households living in Seoul in 2013 participated in the CV survey to report their willingness to pay (WTP) for the release. Fifty-two percent were willing to accept an increase in local taxes over the next five years to carry out the release. The mean household WTP estimate was obtained as KRW 4880 (USD 4.56) per annum. The present values of the total WTP and the cost of the release are KRW 79.82 billion (USD 74.53 million) and KRW 751 million (USD 701,000), respectively, in 2013. Interestingly, the former is much more than the latter. We can conclude that the release was desirable from the point of view of Seoul residents.

Cells with affinity for periodic acid – Schiff are present in the pars intermedia of Atlantic salmon

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (12) ◽  
pp. 3105-3108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin P. Komourdjian ◽  
Richard L. Saunders
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Pars Intermedia ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
Distinct Cell ◽  
Two Populations ◽  
Evolutionary Point

Examination of pituitaries from two populations of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr held under natural photoperiods revealed at least two histologically distinct cell types. One type has fine granules with affinity for lead hematoxylin (PIPbH). Another type, hitherto believed to be absent in salmonids, has larger granules which are Schiff-positive (PIPAS). These cells are significantly (P < 0.05) shorter and narrower and have significantly smaller nuclei (P < 0.05) than the PIPbH type. No evidence was found for ascribing to the PIPAS cells the functions assigned to them in other species: melanophore control and reproduction. However, PIPAS granules became evident only during fall-winter, when the smolting process begins. The incidence of these cells rose and then declined sharply during this period, suggesting a possible role in some aspect of smoltification. While the role of these PIPAS cells deserves further study, their presence is in itself important from an evolutionary point of view.

scholarly journals The Role of Visibility in Pursuit/Evasion Games

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Athanasios Kehagias ◽  
Dieter Mitsche ◽  
Paweł Prałat
Keyword(s):  
Random Walk ◽  
Mobile Robotics ◽  
Quantitative Measure ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Pursuit Evasion ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Theoretical Results ◽  
Discretized Model ◽  
Cops And Robber

The cops-and-robber (CR) game has been used in mobile robotics as a discretized model (played on a graph G) of pursuit/evasion problems. The “classic” CR version is a perfect information game: the cops’ (pursuer’s) location is always known to the robber (evader) and vice versa. Many variants of the classic game can be defined: the robber can be invisible and also the robber can be either adversarial (tries to avoid capture) or drunk (performs a random walk). Furthermore, the cops and robber can reside in either nodes or edges of G. Several of these variants are relevant as models or robotic pursuit/evasion. In this paper, we first define carefully several of the variants mentioned above and related quantities such as the cop number and the capture time. Then we introduce and study the cost of visibility (COV), a quantitative measure of the increase in difficulty (from the cops’ point of view) when the robber is invisible. In addition to our theoretical results, we present algorithms which can be used to compute capture times and COV of graphs which are analytically intractable. Finally, we present the results of applying these algorithms to the numerical computation of COV.

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