Cells with affinity for periodic acid – Schiff are present in the pars intermedia of Atlantic salmon

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (12) ◽  
pp. 3105-3108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin P. Komourdjian ◽  
Richard L. Saunders
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Pars Intermedia ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
Distinct Cell ◽  
Two Populations ◽  
Evolutionary Point

Examination of pituitaries from two populations of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr held under natural photoperiods revealed at least two histologically distinct cell types. One type has fine granules with affinity for lead hematoxylin (PIPbH). Another type, hitherto believed to be absent in salmonids, has larger granules which are Schiff-positive (PIPAS). These cells are significantly (P < 0.05) shorter and narrower and have significantly smaller nuclei (P < 0.05) than the PIPbH type. No evidence was found for ascribing to the PIPAS cells the functions assigned to them in other species: melanophore control and reproduction. However, PIPAS granules became evident only during fall-winter, when the smolting process begins. The incidence of these cells rose and then declined sharply during this period, suggesting a possible role in some aspect of smoltification. While the role of these PIPAS cells deserves further study, their presence is in itself important from an evolutionary point of view.

scholarly journals Microtubule–microtubule sliding by kinesin-1 is essential for normal cytoplasmic streaming in Drosophila oocytes

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (34) ◽  
pp. E4995-E5004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Lu ◽  
Michael Winding ◽  
Margot Lakonishok ◽  
Jill Wildonger ◽  
Vladimir I. Gelfand
Keyword(s):  
Cytoplasmic Streaming ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Nurse Cells ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Actin Cortex ◽  
Microtubule Motor ◽  
Multiple Cell ◽  
Cytoplasmic Microtubules ◽  
Two Populations

Cytoplasmic streaming in Drosophila oocytes is a microtubule-based bulk cytoplasmic movement. Streaming efficiently circulates and localizes mRNAs and proteins deposited by the nurse cells across the oocyte. This movement is driven by kinesin-1, a major microtubule motor. Recently, we have shown that kinesin-1 heavy chain (KHC) can transport one microtubule on another microtubule, thus driving microtubule–microtubule sliding in multiple cell types. To study the role of microtubule sliding in oocyte cytoplasmic streaming, we used a Khc mutant that is deficient in microtubule sliding but able to transport a majority of cargoes. We demonstrated that streaming is reduced by genomic replacement of wild-type Khc with this sliding-deficient mutant. Streaming can be fully rescued by wild-type KHC and partially rescued by a chimeric motor that cannot move organelles but is active in microtubule sliding. Consistent with these data, we identified two populations of microtubules in fast-streaming oocytes: a network of stable microtubules anchored to the actin cortex and free cytoplasmic microtubules that moved in the ooplasm. We further demonstrated that the reduced streaming in sliding-deficient oocytes resulted in posterior determination defects. Together, we propose that kinesin-1 slides free cytoplasmic microtubules against cortically immobilized microtubules, generating forces that contribute to cytoplasmic streaming and are essential for the refinement of posterior determinants.

scholarly journals Estrogen binding by leukocytes during phagocytosis,.

1977 ◽  
Vol 145 (4) ◽  
pp. 983-998 ◽  
Author(s):  
S J Klebanoff
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Granulomatous Disease ◽  
Reaction Mechanisms ◽  
Dehydrogenase Deficiency ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Neutrophil Function ◽  
Granulomatous Disease ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Estrogen Binding ◽  
Two Populations

Estradiol binds covalently to normal leukocytes during phagocytosis. The binding involves three cell types, neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes and at least two reaction mechanisms, one involving the peroxidase of neutrophils and monocytes (myeloperoxidase [MPO]) and possibly the eosinophil peroxidase, and the second involving catalase. Binding is markedly reduced when leukocytes from patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), severe leukocytic glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, and familial lipochrome histiocytosis are employed and two populations of neutrophils, one which binds estradiol and one which does not, can be demonstrated in the blood of a CGD carrier. Leukocytes from patients with hereditary MPO deficiency also bind estradiol poorly although the defect is not as severe as in CGD. These findings are discussed in relation to the inactivation of estrogens during infection and the possible role of estrogens in neutrophil function.

scholarly journals Secretome Profiling of Atlantic Salmon Head Kidney Leukocytes Highlights the Role of Phagocytes in the Immune Response to Soluble β-Glucan

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitar B. Iliev ◽  
Guro Strandskog ◽  
Mehrdad Sobhkhez ◽  
Jack A. Bruun ◽  
Jorunn B. Jørgensen
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Primary Cultures ◽  
Head Kidney ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Mononuclear Phagocytes ◽  
Immunostimulatory Activity ◽  
Complement Receptor 3 ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

β‐Glucans (BG) are glucose polymers which are produced in bacteria and fungi but not in vertebrate organisms. Being recognized by phagocytic leukocytes including macrophages and neutrophils through receptors such as dectin-1 and Complement receptor 3 (CR3), the BG are perceived by the innate immune system of vertebrates as foreign substances known as Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs). The yeast-derived BG has been recognized for its potent biological activity and it is used as an immunomodulator in human and veterinary medicine. The goal of the current study was to characterize the immunostimulatory activity of soluble yeast BG in primary cultures of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) head kidney leukocytes (HKLs) in which phagocytic cell types including neutrophils and mononuclear phagocytes predominate. The effect of BG on the secretome of HKL cultures, including secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and soluble protein55s was characterized through western blotting and mass spectrometry. The results demonstrate that, along with upregulation of proinflammatory genes, BG induces secretion of ubiquitinated proteins (UbP), MHCII-containing EVs from professional antigen presenting cells as well as proteins derived from granules of polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMN). Among the most abundant proteins identified in BG-induced EVs were beta-2 integrin subunits, including CD18 and CD11 homologs, which highlights the role of salmon granulocytes and mononuclear phagocytes in the response to soluble BG. Overall, the current work advances the knowledge about the immunostimulatory activity of yeast BG on the salmon immune system by shedding light on the effect of this PAMP on the secretome of salmon leukocytes.

scholarly journals A single nuclei transcriptomic analysis of the Atlantic salmon gill through smoltification and seawater transfer

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander C. West ◽  
Yasutaka Mizoro ◽  
Shona H. Wood ◽  
Louise M. Ince ◽  
Marianne Iversen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Prior Work ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Freshwater Environments ◽  
Transcriptomic Studies

AbstractAnadromous salmonids begin life adapted to the freshwater environments of their natal streams before a developmental transition, known as smoltification, transforms them into marine-adapted fish. In the wild, the extending photoperiods of spring stimulates smoltification, typified by radical reprogramming of the gill from an ion-absorbing organ to ion-excreting organ. Prior work has highlighted the role of specialized “mitochondrion-rich” cells in delivering this phenotype. However, transcriptomic studies identify thousands of smoltification-driven differentially regulated genes, indicating that smoltification causes a multifaceted, multicellular change; but direct evidence of this is lacking.Here, we use single-nuclei RNAseq to characterize the Atlantic salmon gill during smoltification and seawater transfer. We identify 20 distinct clusters of nuclei, including known, but also novel gill cell types. These data allow us to isolate cluster-specific, smoltification-induced changes in gene expression. We also show how cellular make-up of the gill changes through smoltification. As expected, we noted an increase in the proportion of seawater mitochondrion-rich cells, however, we also identify a reduction of several immune-related cells. Overall, our results provide unrivaled detail of the cellular complexity in the gill and suggest that smoltification triggers unexpected immune reprogramming directly preceding seawater entry.

scholarly journals Activation and activity of glycosylated KLKs 3, 4 and 11

2018 ◽  
Vol 399 (9) ◽  
pp. 1009-1022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shihui Guo ◽  
Peter Briza ◽  
Viktor Magdolen ◽  
Hans Brandstetter ◽  
Peter Goettig
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Function ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Hek293 Cells ◽  
Secretory Expression ◽  
Detailed Characterization ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
Clinical Biomarkers ◽  
Schiff Reaction

Abstract Human kallikrein-related peptidases 3, 4, 11, and KLK2, the activator of KLK3/PSA, belong to the prostatic group of the KLKs, whose major physiological function is semen liquefaction during the fertilization process. Notably, these KLKs are upregulated in prostate cancer and are used as clinical biomarkers or have been proposed as therapeutic targets. However, this potential awaits a detailed characterization of these proteases. In order to study glycosylated prostatic KLKs resembling the natural proteases, we used Leishmania (LEXSY) and HEK293 cells for secretory expression. Both systems allowed the subsequent purification of soluble pro-KLK zymogens with correct propeptides and of the mature forms. Periodic acid-Schiff reaction, enzymatic deglycosylation assays, and mass spectrometry confirmed the glycosylation of these KLKs. Activation of glycosylated pro-KLKs 4 and 11 turned out to be most efficient by glycosylated KLK2 and KLK4, respectively. By comparing the glycosylated prostatic KLKs with their non-glycosylated counterparts from Escherichia coli, it was observed that the N-glycans stabilize the KLK proteases and change their activation profiles and their enzymatic activity to some extent. The functional role of glycosylation in prostate-specific KLKs could pave the way to a deeper understanding of their biology and to medical applications.

Some Observations upon the Cytology of the Pars Distalis of the Surgically-removed Human Pituitary

1956 ◽  
Vol s3-97 (39) ◽  
pp. 379-391
Author(s):  
C. L. FOSTER
Keyword(s):  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Human Pituitary ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Lipid Inclusions ◽  
Staining Methods ◽  
Human Anterior Pituitary

Human anterior pituitary tissue that had been removed at operation and immediately fixed was examined by a number of cytological and histochemical methods and by phase contrast and electron microscopy, and compared with similar material obtained post mortem. The general histological picture of good post-mortem material (not more than 4 hours post mortem) compared well with the surgically-removed tissue. For the study of silver impregnations of the Golgi substance, however, material removed at operation was found to be greatly superior. Evidence was obtained showing that the intracellular lipid inclusions seen post mortem were not artifacts resulting from cytolytic changes. There appeared to be no relationship between these lipid bodies and the Golgi material as revealed by the Aoyama method. No unequivocal dimorphism of the Golgi bodies, correlated with α- and β-cells, such as has been reported to occur in certain other mammals, was observed. Phospholipid was present in the granules of a substantial proportion of the α-cells. It was found that most of the cells which had been designated as β-cells after the application of certain routine staining methods, and most of the Gram-positive cells, reacted positively to the Periodic acid Schiff test: these cells could therefore be regarded as true β- or mucoid cells. A method for the demonstration in frozen sections of the cell-types, together with the lipid inclusions, is described.

scholarly journals Intravital 2-photon imaging reveals distinct morphology and infiltrative properties of glioblastoma-associated macrophages

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (28) ◽  
pp. 14254-14259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhihong Chen ◽  
James L. Ross ◽  
Dolores Hambardzumyan
Keyword(s):  
Cell Types ◽  
Lineage Tracing ◽  
Response To Therapy ◽  
Vascular Endothelial ◽  
Distinct Cell ◽  
Attractive Option ◽  
Endothelial Growth Factor ◽  
Distinct Morphology ◽  
Cx3cr1 Expression

Characterized by a dismal survival rate and limited response to therapy, glioblastoma (GBM) remains one of the most aggressive human malignancies. Recent studies of the role of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in the progression of GBMs have demonstrated that TAMs are significant contributors to tumor growth, invasion, and therapeutic resistance. TAMs, which include brain-resident microglia and circulating bone marrow derived-monocytes (BMDMs), are typically grouped together in histopathological and molecular analyses due to the lack of reliable markers of distinction. To develop more effective therapies aimed at specific TAM populations, we must first understand how these cells differ both morphologically and behaviorally. Furthermore, we must develop a deeper understanding of the mechanisms encouraging their infiltration and how these mechanisms can be therapeutically exploited. In this study, we combined immunocompetent lineage tracing mouse models of GBM with high-resolution open-skull 2-photon microscopy to investigate the phenotypical and functional characteristics of TAMs. We demonstrate that TAMs are composed of 2 morphologically distinct cell types that have differential migratory propensities. We show that BMDMs are smaller, minimally branched cells that are highly migratory compared with microglia, which are larger, highly branched stationary cells. In addition, 2 populations of monocytic macrophages were observed that differed in terms of CX3CR1 expression and migratory capacity. Finally, we demonstrate the efficacy of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor A blockade for prohibiting TAM infiltration, especially against BMDMs. Taken together, our data clearly define characteristics of individual TAM populations and suggest that combination therapy with antivascular and antichemotaxis therapy may be an attractive option for treating these tumors.

Clarithromycin inhibits overproduction of muc5ac core protein in murine model of diffuse panbronchiolitis

2003 ◽  
Vol 285 (4) ◽  
pp. L847-L853 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yukihiro Kaneko ◽  
Katsunori Yanagihara ◽  
Masafumi Seki ◽  
Misuzu Kuroki ◽  
Yoshitsugu Miyazaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Core Protein ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
Western Blots ◽  
Diffuse Panbronchiolitis ◽  
Mucin Production ◽  
Long Term Treatment

Long-term treatment of macrolide antibiotics is considered an effective treatment for diffuse panbronchiolitis (DPB). Although hypersecretion is a common feature of this disease, and it is known that macrolides inhibit mucin production, the mechanism of the effect on mucin production is unclear. The aim of our study was to determine the production of muc5ac core protein, a major core protein of mucin in airway secretion, and the effect of clarithromycin treatment on such production in a mouse model mimicking DPB. Alcian blue-periodic acid-Schiff-positive cells were detected in the lungs of Pseudomonas aeruginosa-infected mice. Western blots of these mice showed muc5ac glycoprotein at day 1 and increased progressively from day 4 to day 14 after inoculation of bacteria. Clarithromycin (10 mg · kg-1· day-1for 7 days) significantly reduced the muc5ac expression at both the mRNA and protein levels. To investigate the role of molecules upstream in muc5ac regulation, we examined the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation increased in the infected lung and decreased after treatment. Our results suggest that overproduction of muc5ac plays an important role in the pathogenesis of DPB and that clinical improvement following macrolide therapy seems to involve, at least in part, its inhibition of mucin overproduction, through modulation of intracellular signal transduction.

scholarly journals The role of mirror neurons in cognitive and social functioning*

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 30-40
Author(s):  
Marta Fabiańska ◽  
Mateusz Bosiacki ◽  
Donata Simińska
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Mirror Neurons ◽  
Mirror Neuron System ◽  
Mirror Neuron ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Neuron System ◽  
Evolutionary Point

AbstractMirror neurons were accidentally discovered during research on the activity of nerve cells which was conducted by a team of Italian scientists in Parma. They observed that certain brain cells were activated when an animal performed a given activity but also when it observed a similar activity performed by someone else. The following discovery of mirror neurons in the human brain initiated a wave of experimental research which confirmed that mirror nerve cells are responsible for understanding the mental state of other humans. This process is much more complicated and important from an evolutionary point of view than it might initially seem. The activity of mirror neurons is noticeable in everyday life, during all interactions with other living beings. This is exhibited through mirroring – the reflection of emotional and epistemic mental states of others based on their behavior. We present the activities of mirror neurons and the theoretical framework of research. Finally, we discuss the results of neurological studies which have made it possible to locate and define in detail the role of the mirror neuron system in the human brain.

scholarly journals Developmental Changes of Lymphoid Tissue in the Harderian Gland of Laying Hens

2014 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela Bejdić ◽  
Rizah Avdić ◽  
Ljiljana Amidžić ◽  
Velida Ćutahija ◽  
Faruk Tandir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Harderian Gland ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Methyl Green ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
Tissue Sections ◽  
Lymphoid Nodules

Abstract The Harderian gland of 110 laying hens was histologically investigated from the time of hatching to the period of 10 months of age. Tissue sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid-schiff (PAS) and methyl green-pyronin technique. The research shows that lymphoid tissue is colonised by three types of cells: heterophils, lymphocytes and plasma cells. The number of these cells is directly dependent on the bird’s age. During the lifetime of the hens there gradually comes a shift in the dominance of these three cell types. Lymphoid nodules are detected only in 40-day-old chickens, while later in adult birds the Harderian gland is the organ which contains the largest number of mature plasma cells. Some plasma cells contain Russell bodies with different size and shape.

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