The discovery of the ‘transient’ male Tibetan wild ass: alternative ‘sneaky’ mating tactics in a wild equid?

Behaviour ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 154 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Prameek M. Kannan ◽  
Michael H. Parsons ◽  
Pushpinder S. Jamwal ◽  
Pankaj S. Chandan ◽  
Faith E. Parsons ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Mating Strategy ◽  
Mating Tactics ◽  
The Third ◽  
Minimal Time ◽  
Alternative Mating Strategy ◽  
Urine Marking ◽  
Wild Ass ◽  
Social Behaviours

Male asses usually consist of two classes, social bachelors and solitary, territorial males. However, our observations of the Tibetan wild ass (Equus kiang) suggested a third class may exist. Unexpectedly, unidentified males were often found courting females within another male’s territory. To test our hypothesis that a new social class existed, we compared 12 social behaviours among three putative groups. The third male-type spent less time herding and demonstrating flehmen, while spending more time retreating, trotting and in proximity of females, where they were more likely to engage in courtship and urine-marking. Based on increased time spent among females within other territories, the most courtship events, and minimal time invested in each courtship, they appear to employ ‘sneaky’ mating tactics. We discuss whether these ‘transient’ males are demonstrating an adaptive alternative mating strategy, or whether these behaviours result from a discrete developmental stage of bachelors unready to challenge a rival.

Dental age estimation from the developmental stage of the third molars in western Chinese population

2012 ◽  
Vol 219 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 158-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guo Li ◽  
Jiayin Ren ◽  
Shuping Zhao ◽  
Yuanyuan Liu ◽  
Na Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Age Estimation ◽  
Chinese Population ◽  
Dental Age ◽  
Third Molars ◽  
Dental Age Estimation ◽  
The Third

scholarly journals Social Class and The Unequal Digital Literacies of Youth

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 26-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ron Darvin
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Parental Involvement ◽  
Digital Divide ◽  
Peer Networks ◽  
Digital Literacies ◽  
Class Differences ◽  
The Third ◽  
Educational Implications ◽  
Spatial Configurations

Recognizing the importance of technology to achieve agentive participation in the knowledge economy, this paper examines to what extent social class differences between youth shape their digital literacies. Drawing on a case study of adolescents of contrasting social positions, it discusses how the material and relational differences of home environments, manifested by spatial configurations, parental involvement and peer networks, can help develop diverse practices and dispositions towards technology. By demonstrating how the inequities of digital use can lead to the unequal accumulation of cultural and social capital, this paper concludes with the educational implications of the third digital divide.

Society and the Observer

2020 ◽  
pp. 61-102
Author(s):  
Alex Belsey ◽  
Alex Belsey
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Journal Writing ◽  
British Society ◽  
Social Involvement ◽  
Social Differences ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Social ◽  
Lower Social Class

This chapter analyses how, in his wartime journal-writing, Keith Vaughan articulated the social differences and exclusions that he believed were preventing him from fully participating in British society. In his accounts of failing to connect with those around him, he romanticized his failures and dramatized his distance from others, thereby justifying his exclusion and ultimately ascribing himself the powerful (if lonely) role of observer – a position from which he could assert superiority over his fellow C.O.s and men of lower social class whilst representing them in his sketches, paintings, and bathing pictures. The first section of this chapter considers how Vaughan used the early volumes of his journal to record his difficulties in making contact with his fellow man and reinforce them through self-dramatization. The second section explores the strategies employed by Vaughan to emphasize his difference from other individuals and groups, particularly around his homosexuality and artistic inclinations, and therefore justify and maintain his distance from them. The third section argues that Vaughan constructed an empowering role that made use of his remove from male society: that of the observer, enabling him to laud his own powers of perception whilst evading the problems of social involvement and possible surveillance.

Origins

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Short Distance ◽  
Cervical Vertebra ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Human Interactions ◽  
The Third ◽  
Wild Ass ◽  
History Of ◽  
Kill Site ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right

Over 50,000 years ago a Neanderthal hunter approached a wild ass on the plains of northeastern Syria. Taking aim from the right as the animal nervously assessed the threat, he launched his stone-tipped spear into its neck, penetrating the third cervical vertebra and paralyzing it immediately. Butchered at the kill site, this bone and most of the rest of the animal were taken back to the hunter’s camp at Umm el Tlel, a short distance away. Closely modelled on archaeological observations of that vertebra and the Levallois stone point still embedded within it, this incident helps define the framework for this chapter. At the start of the period it covers, human interactions with the donkey’s ancestors were purely a matter of hunting wild prey, but by its end the donkey had been transformed into a domesticated animal. Chapter 2 thus looks at how this process came about, where it did so, and what the evolutionary history of the donkey’s forebears had been until that point. Donkeys and the wild asses that are their closest relatives form part of the equid family to which zebras and horses also belong. Collectively, equids, like rhinoceroses and tapirs, fall within the Perissodactyla, the odd-toed division of hoofed mammals or ungulates. Though this might suggest a close connection with the much larger order known as the Artiodactyla, the even-toed antelopes (including deer, cattle, sheep, and goats), their superficial resemblances may actually reflect evolutionary convergence; some genetic studies hint that perissodactyls are more closely related to carnivores. Like tapirs and rhinoceroses, the earliest equids had three toes, not the one that has characterized them for the past 40 million years. That single toe, the third, now bears all their weight in the form of a single, enlarged hoof with the adjacent toes reduced to mere splints. This switch, and the associated elongation of the third (or central) metapodial linking the toe to the wrist or ankle, is one of the key evolutionary transformations through which equids have passed. A second involves diet since the earliest perissodactyls were all browsers, not grazers like the equids of today.

Reproduction by Captive Unplumed Male Lesser Bird of ParadiseParadisaea minor: Evidence for an Alternative Mating Strategy?

1992 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark S. Laska ◽  
Michael Hutchins ◽  
Christine Sheppard ◽  
Wendy Worth ◽  
Kurt Hundgen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mating Strategy ◽  
Alternative Mating Strategy

scholarly journals Patterns of variation in lipophilic and hydrophilic constituents in flower developmental stages of Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench cultivated in Slovakia

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 70-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Mistríková ◽  
Š. Vaverková
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Caffeic Acid ◽  
Hplc Analysis ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Echinacea Purpurea ◽  
Caffeic Acid Derivatives ◽  
Optimum Yield ◽  
The Third ◽  
Flower Age

The objective of this study was to examine and demonstrate how harvesting age (flower age) contribute to the variations in the quality of <i>Echinacea purpurea</i> (L.) Moench. The effects of different flower developmental stages on caffeic acid derivatives and isobutylamide content are described. These phytochemicals were extracted from fresh plants with 60% ethanol and quantified by the HPLC analysis. The results revealed that the quality of <i>Echinacea</i> is strongly influenced by the flower developmental stages. The highest content of both hydrophilic and lipophilic components in the anthodium of Echinacea plants were found in the third (mature) developmental stage, which is regarded as the optimum one for the harvest to obtain optimum yield levels.

scholarly journals Carbon dioxide as a short-term restraint anaesthetic in rats with subclinical respiratory disease

1989 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 220-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Fenwick ◽  
J. K. Blackshaw
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Heart Beat ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
The Third ◽  
Minimal Time

The use of carbon dioxide (CO2) with, and without, oxygen (O2) as a short-term restraint anaesthetic for Wistar rats in which subclinical respiratory disease was endemic, was assessed in 3 separate experiments. In the first, rats were placed in a CO2 atmosphere generated from solid CO2 chips in a 701 plastic bin, and removed at time intervals ranging from 0 to 120 s after disappearance of the pedal reflex. Eight of 25 rats died, including 2 which were removed immediately the pedal reflex disappeared; it was concluded that CO2 without O2 was not a suitable short-term anaesthetic for rats. In a second study, rats were anaesthetized in atmospheres of 50 : 50 and 80 : 20 (CO2 : O2) provided from commercially available cylinders, in 2 different environments-a 3·41 glass jar and a 171 plastic bin. Rats became excited in the plastic bin but not the glass jar. Rats in the glass jar displayed visible depression and cessation of whiskers movement significantly more quickly in the 80 : 20 (CO2 : O2) than in the 50 : 50 mixture (4·2±0·98 s, n = 6, and 66·0±4·9 s, n = 6 vs 13·8±2·77 s, n = 5 and 1520±20·8 s, n = 5, respectively). Rats in the 171 plastic bin lost their pedal reflexes in a mean 41·5±4·55 s ( n = 11) in the 50 : 50 mixture and in a mean 30·9±6·38 s ( n = 11) in the 80 : 20 (CO2 : O2) group. Those left in the 50 : 50 mixture for 60 sand 180 s after disappearance of their pedal reflexes, recovered these reflexes in 20·2±0·44 s and 21·5±7·23 s respectively after removal from the gas. Respiration and heart beat ceased in one rat remaining in the 50 : 50 mixture after 13 min 10 s. No untoward effects occurred in rats left in the 50 : 50 mixture for 180 s after disappearance of the pedal reflex, but 2 died when left for an equivalent period in the 80 : 20 mixture. In the third study, examples of the practical use of a 50 : 50 mixture as a short term restraint anaesthetic are described. It was concluded that this mixture was a cheap, safe, and effective means of short-term restraint for rats with subclinical respiratory disease, when the minimal time of exposure to the gases was employed.

Intermolt Insemination, an Alternative Mating Strategy for the American Lobster (Homarus americanus)

1990 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 2402-2406 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. Waddy ◽  
D. E. Aiken
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Strategy ◽  
Carapace Length ◽  
Homarus Americanus ◽  
Mating Strategy ◽  
American Lobster ◽  
Male Aggression ◽  
Female Receptivity ◽  
Molt Stage ◽  
Alternative Mating Strategy ◽  
Ovarian Stage

American lobster (Homarus americanus) have a dual mating strategy. Although most females mate when they are newly molted, mating can occur at any molt stage if necessary, in the laboratory, virtually all uninseminated preovigerous females mate prior to spawning. Male aggression is a major factor in the success of intermolt mating and males can discriminate between immature and mature females, and between inseminated and uninseminated females. Female receptivity is affected by both ovarian stage and the presence of stored sperm, but not by molt stage. Most females become unreceptive after insemination, but their receptivity returns once the supply of stored sperm is exhausted. Intermolt mating occurs in smaller lobster that for some reason did not mate at molt, and it is an important part of the reproductive strategy of larger lobster. Lobster s[Formula: see text] carapace length frequently spawn twice without molting and often fail to store sufficient sperm to fertilize consecutive spawnings. Intermolt mating ensures these females will produce fertile second broods.

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