Information depends on context: behavioural response to chemical signals depends on sex and size in crayfish contests

Behaviour ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 154 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah J. Wofford ◽  
Phillip M. LaPlante ◽  
Paul A. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Relative Size ◽  
Chemical Signals ◽  
Behavioural Response ◽  
Orconectes Rusticus ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Behavioural Responses ◽  
Behavioural Changes

Securing information about oneself or an opponent can be crucial to update the likelihood of winning a contest and the relative costs of continuing or escalating. This information can subsequently reduce costly errors. However, information encoded in signals exchanged by opponents can differ based on context. We sought to unravel these differences by pairing male and female crayfish (Orconectes rusticus) under varying sex and size conditions. A pre-optimized technique was used to visualize a well-studied contest signal in crayfish (i.e., urine). Behavioural responses were quantified prior to and after the release of that signal. There was a characteristic de-escalation of behavioural intensity after an opponent released urine. However, behavioural changes after the release event were dependent on the sex and the relative size of the opponents. Urine also significantly altered both sender and receiver behaviour, but lack of behavioural differences suggests urine plays a role in both opponent and auto-communication.

scholarly journals At a snail’s pace: the influence of habitat disturbance on terrestrial snail movement using experimentally manipulated mesocosms

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily E. Denief ◽  
Julie W. Turner ◽  
Christina M. Prokopenko ◽  
Alec L. Robitaille ◽  
Eric Vander Wal
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Movement Ecology ◽  
Behavioural Response ◽  
Habitat Alteration ◽  
Movement Behaviour ◽  
Physical Disturbance ◽  
Behavioural Responses ◽  
Cepaea Nemoralis ◽  
Experimental Mesocosms ◽  
Step Selection

AbstractThe Anthropocene marks great changes to environments and the animals that inhabit them. Changes, such as disturbance, can affect the manner in which animals interact with their environments, such as moving and selecting habitats. To test how animals might respond to changing disturbance regimes, we employ an experimental approach to movement ecology. We used integrated step selection analysis (iSSA) to test the behavioural responses of individually-marked grove snails (Cepaea nemoralis) exposed to a gradient of physical disturbance in their habitat. We used a before-after control-impact (BACI) experimental design within semi-controlled mesocosms to manipulate edge and disturbance variables by altering the area of the mesocosm covered by bricks. We showed that grove snails perceive edges of enclosures and edges of bricks as risks, and responded to such risks by altering their movement. Grove snails displayed a bimodal response to risk by taking shelter in place or moving faster to be farther from the disturbance. Furthermore, individuals tended to modulate their behavioural response to the degree of risk. Our study highlights the usefulness of experimental mesocosms in movement ecology and in determining the effects of habitat alteration and human-imposed risk on movement behaviour.

Flower Mites and Phoresy: the Biology of Hattena Panopla Domrow and Hattena Cometis Domrow (Acari:Mesostigmata:Ameroseiidae)

1996 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 193 ◽  
Author(s):  
OD Seeman
Keyword(s):  
Host Specificity ◽  
Dorsal Surface ◽  
Behavioural Response ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Ephemeral Habitat ◽  
Bruguiera Gymnorhiza ◽  
Flower Age ◽  
Castanospermum Australe ◽  
Flower Mites

Two flower-inhabiting ameroseiid mites exhibited different degrees of host specificity; Hattena panopla occurred only in Bruguiera gymnorhiza, but Hattena cometis occurred in Aegiceras corniculatum, Castanospermum australe, Dendrophthoe vitellina, Erythrina variegara, Aloe sp. and Amyema sp. Both species of mite consumed nectar and probably pollen in the laboratory. Flowers of B. gymnorhiza were short lived and senesced after about 5 days. Most H. panopla inhabited the flower for 1-3 days and relied on birds for transport between flowers, but could move from flower to flower via plant stems and were found on ants visiting dying flowers. H. panopla responded to an aging flower by moving out of the petals onto the calyx. All post-larval stages of H. panopla were phoretic; many immature mites of both species dispersed by climbing onto the dorsal surface of dispersing adult mites. The dispersal of immature mites and the behavioural response of H. panopla to flower age were considered to be adaptations to the mite's ephemeral habitat. Adult female H. cometis and adult male and female H. panopla had sucker-like ambulacra that lacked claws, a probable adaptation for phoresy.

Response of western diamondback rattlesnakesCrotalus atroxto airborne sounds

2002 ◽  
Vol 205 (19) ◽  
pp. 3087-3092 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce A. Young ◽  
Amie Aguiar
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Frequency Modulation ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Behavioural Response ◽  
Acoustic Energy ◽  
Body Movements ◽  
Perception Threshold ◽  
Behavioural Responses ◽  
Acoustic Chamber ◽  
Tongue Flicking

SUMMARYIn order to test the hypothesis that snakes can not only perceive airborne sounds, but also respond to them, an acoustic isolation chamber was designed and constructed to perform best within the 150-450 Hz range in which snakes perceive sound. Suspended within this acoustic chamber was a steel mesh basket designed to minimize the potential for groundborne vibrations. A synthesized tone was created out of 20 different 150 ms sounds, each separated by a 50 ms period of silence; the acoustic energy of each of the 20 sounds was concentrated between 200-400 Hz, and each sound included frequency modulation. The trial stimuli were presented to western diamondback rattlesnakes Crotalus atrox at a level 5-10 dB above their perception threshold. Four significant behavioural responses were observed upon stimulus presentation: cessation of body movements, reduction or cessation of tongue flicking, rapid jerks of the head and rattling. At least one significant behavioural response was observed in 92% of the behavioural trials. This study provides the first experimental evidence that snakes can respond behaviourally to airborne sounds.

Specific behavioural responses triggered by identified mechanosensory receptor cells in the apical field of the giant rotifer Asplanchna sieboldi.

1998 ◽  
Vol 201 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-177
Author(s):  
K D Joanidopoulos ◽  
W Marwan
Keyword(s):  
Behavioural Response ◽  
Sensory Receptor ◽  
Receptor Specificity ◽  
Free Swimming ◽  
Behavioural Responses ◽  
Receptor Cells ◽  
Mechanical Interference ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Stimulation Of

The giant rotifer Asplanchna sieboldi swims by the propulsive effect of thousands of cilia arrayed in clusters around the apical field, which has several mechanosensory structures (sensilla) located at defined positions. Males and females differ in both their patterns of behaviour and their sensory receptor equipment. Unstimulated males swim straight with occasional spontaneous changes in direction until they hit an obstacle with their apical field. Depending on the direction and the strength of the mechanical interference, the animals show different behavioural responses. To analyse the effect of excitation of the apical mechanosensitive sensilla on these responses, males were held on microcapillaries, and the sensitivity of individual sensilla was assayed using micromanipulator-mediated mechanical stimulation. Stimulation of each of the four different types of sensillum triggered a specific and well-defined initial behavioural response. Individual animals behaved identically with respect to the receptor specificity of the responses. The behaviour of free-swimming males upon contact with obstacles or females is discussed on the basis of these results.

scholarly journals Field assessment of behavioural responses of southern stingrays ( Hypanus americanus ) to acoustic stimuli

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 191544
Author(s):  
Megan F. Mickle ◽  
Rachel H. Pieniazek ◽  
Dennis M. Higgs
Keyword(s):  
Low Frequency ◽  
Free Swimming ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Behavioural Responses ◽  
Acoustic Stimuli ◽  
Field Assessment ◽  
Rest Time ◽  
Field Setting ◽  
Behavioural Audiogram

The ability of elasmobranchs to detect and use sound cues has been heavily debated in previous research and has only recently received revived attention. To properly understand the importance of sound to elasmobranchs, assessing their responses to acoustic stimuli in a field setting is vital. Here, we establish a behavioural audiogram of free-swimming male and female southern stingrays ( Hypanus americanus ) exposed to low-frequency tones. We demonstrate that female stingrays exposed to tones (50–500 Hz) exhibit significant changes in swimming behaviours (increased time spent swimming, decreased rest time, increased surface breaches and increased side swimming with pectoral flapping) at 140 dB re 1 µPa (−2.08 to −2.40 dB re 1 m s −2 ) while males exposed to the same tones did not exhibit a change in these behaviours until 160 dB re 1 µPa (−1.13 to −1.21 dB re 1 m s −2 ). Our results are the first demonstration of field responses to sound in the Batoidea and show a distinct sensitivity to low-frequency acoustic inputs.

Response of summerform pear psylla (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) to male- and female-produced odors

2011 ◽  
Vol 143 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christelle Guédot ◽  
David R. Horton ◽  
Peter J. Landolt
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Signals ◽  
Male Attraction ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Volatile Chemicals ◽  
Sex Attraction ◽  
Pear Psylla ◽  
Males And Females

AbstractWe examined the role of chemical signals in sex attraction of pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola (Förster), assessing the response of summerform male and female psyllids to male- and female-produced volatile chemicals. Male psyllids were attracted to odors from live females and pentane extracts of females. Extracts of females were as attractive to males as live females, suggesting that the female-produced volatile chemicals responsible for male attraction might be isolated by extracting females with pentane. Females were not attracted to odorants from live females and tended to avoid odorants from extracts of females. Furthermore, summerform males and females were not attracted or repelled by male-produced odorants from live males or extracts of males. Results of olfactometer assays using male summerform C. pyricola are consistent with results from earlier studies with the winterform morphotype of this species.

Acute behavioural responses to tail docking in piglets – Effects of increasing docking length?

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 185-186
Author(s):  
Mette S. Herskin ◽  
Pierpaolo Di Giminiani ◽  
Birthe M. Damgaard ◽  
Karen Thodberg
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Behavioural Responses ◽  
Behavioural Changes ◽  
Tail Docking ◽  
Neuroma Formation ◽  
Production Conditions ◽  
Pain Responses

AbstractBackground and aimTail docking has been suggested as an animal model of neuropathy and pain based on findings of relations between the degree of neuroma formation and the docking length. We examined effects of docking length on behaviour of piglets during and 6 h after tail docking.MethodsPiglets were tail docked 2–4 d post-partum. We used 53 piglets and four treatments: intact (I), removal of either 25 (Q), 50 (H) or 75% (T) of the tail. The piglets were kept with sow and littermates under production conditions, and docked using a gas-heated instrument. Behaviour was observed during docking and for the following 6 h.ResultsTail docking led to behavioural changes, the magnitude of which to some extend depended on docking length. Increased docking length led to increased intra-procedural vocalization score (0, 0.6 ± 0.2, 1.4 ± 0.2 and 1.4 ± 0.2 for I, Q, H and T, respectively, P<0.001). In the initial 6h, increased docking length led to increased time spent in the heated creep area (2 ± 1%, 15 ± 6%, 18±8% and 30±6% for I, Q, H and T, respectively; P<0.05). Piglet posture was affected as well, showing that increased docking length led to decreased lying (71 ± 2%, 68 ± 2%, 61 ± 2% and 61 ± 2% for I, Q, H and T, respectively, P<0.01) and increased time spent active (24 ± 2%, 23 ± 2%, 32 ± 2% and 30 ± 3% for I, Q, H and T, respectively, P< 0.05). Pain specific behaviours such as trembling or tail flicking were registered and occurred in 5 ± 1% and 9 ± 1% of observations. However, no effects of docking length could be shown.ConclusionsPiglets responded behaviourally to tail docking. Increasing docking length led to increased pain responses such as intra-procedural vocalizations, hiding behaviour and reduced rest, indicative of increased pain. These results confirm earlier reports suggesting that tail docking might be suitable as an animal model for neuropathy and pain.

General linear model analysis of behavioural responses of Boerand Tswana goats to successive handling

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Molale ◽  
M. A. Antwi ◽  
J. N. Lekunze ◽  
U. Luvhengo
Keyword(s):  
Linear Model ◽  
General Linear Model ◽  
Model Analysis ◽  
Flight Time ◽  
Behavioural Response ◽  
Flight Speed ◽  
General Linear ◽  
Behavioural Responses ◽  
General Linear Model Analysis ◽  
Boer Goats

The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the behavioural response of Boer goats and Tswana goats to successive handling. Boer goats and Tswana goats were subjected to aging and tail restrain during handling. Behavioural response was recorded through the vocalisation score (VS), crush score (CS), flight speed (FS), and flight time (FT) scores twice a week for eight weeks. A total of thirty six Boer goats and Tswana goats were used in this experiment. The results indicated that the Tswana goats were the most temperament (p < 0.05) and Boer goats were the calmest. Behavioural scores significantly increased throughout the experiment.

Variation in behavioural responses of sub-tropical marine fishes to experimental longline capture

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brendan S Talwar ◽  
Ian A Bouyoucos ◽  
Edward J Brooks ◽  
Jacob W Brownscombe ◽  
Cory D Suski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Behavioural Response ◽  
Shark Species ◽  
The Bahamas ◽  
Behavioural Responses ◽  
Capture Event ◽  
Physiological Stress Response ◽  
Elasmobranch Species ◽  
Quadratic Response ◽  
Nurse Sharks

Abstract Fishes are often caught as bycatch on longlines and subsequently discarded. The behavioural response of fishes to longline capture is poorly understood, although it may be linked to the magnitude of the physiological stress response, and, ultimately, contribute to stress-induced mortality. We used accelerometers, video cameras, and hook timers to analyse the behavioural response of 13 subtropical teleost and elasmobranch species to experimental longline capture in The Bahamas. We found that, across all species and species groups, fight intensity during a capture event was best described by a negative linear and positive quadratic response. Nurse sharks and tiger sharks had lower fight intensity values and exhibited less steepness in their quadratic response during the first 10 min of capture than other species, particularly blacktip and Caribbean reef sharks. Nurse sharks also exhibited the most consistent fight intensity during the entire capture event compared to other shark species, particularly the blacknose shark. Generally, obligate ram ventilators and mixed ventilators exhibited higher steepness in fight intensity trajectories than buccal/spiracular pumpers, which had more consistent, lower fight intensity values. Behavioural responses to longline capture are species specific but may be linked to distinct evolutionary traits such as respiratory mode.

Behavioural response patterns: an investigation of the early stages of major incidents

foresight ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 337-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ihab Hanna Sawalha
Keyword(s):  
Behavioural Response ◽  
Human Behaviour ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Behavioural Responses ◽  
Behavioural Patterns ◽  
Major Incidents ◽  
Original Classification

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the different patterns of organizational behavioural responses to major incidents and develop an original classification of these patterns. Design/methodology/approach An extensive literature review was made to investigate the different patterns of behavioural responses to major incidents and then to develop an original classification of these patterns. Several sources of information, such as case studies, technical reports, academic journal articles and organizational internal reports were used. Findings Organizations respond differently to major incidents. This was clear from the different behavioural patterns investigated and identified. Behavioural patterns determine levels of resilience and ability of organizations to overcome and ultimately survive major incidents. Practical implications To promote effective and organized behavioural response patterns to major incidents and improve consistency of responses across the organization, relevant authorities should demonstrate to all private and public enterprises the significance of effective behavioural responses, thus enabling them to better respond to various potential emergencies. Originality/value A number of models of human behaviour have been introduced in the literature to understand how people respond to emergency situations. They each take a different perspective on human behaviour but no single theory has emerged as the leading paradigm. This highlights the complexity of understanding human behaviour in such situations and the need for a better classification of behavioural patterns. To the author’s knowledge, this is one of very few studies to investigate, identify and categorize behavioural response patterns to major incidents. This research is expected to be of a substantial value for those interested in improving organizational behaviour during major incidents, as well as those interested in improving organizational resilience.

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