Legal Protection for Indonesian Freelance Workers in Law Number 11 of 2020 Concerning Work Creation: Analysis of Changes in Legal Protection for Freelance Workers in Indonesia after the Omnibus Law

This research aims to review the legal protection for freelancers in Indonesia, stipulated in Law Number 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation. In-Law no. 13 of 2003 concerning Freelance Employment in Indonesia is claimed not to have a clear legal umbrella. The problems examined in this research include the form of freelance legal relations in Indonesia? And the legal protection for freelancers in Indonesia in Law Number 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation? This research uses normative methods with a statute, case, and historical approach. The results showed that freelance legal relationships in Indonesia were divided into two categories: freelancers who entered into work agreements through platforms that acted as intermediaries and freelancers who entered into work agreements directly without intermediaries. Previously, there were only additional regulations in the form of Kepmenakertrans No. 100 of 2004 concerning the Provisions for the Implementation of a Work Agreement for a Specific Time, and no specific regulation has been found in Law no. 13 of 2013 concerning Manpower. After the enactment of Law Number 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation and also Government Regulation No. 35 of 2021 concerning Specific Time Work Agreements, Transfer, Working Time and Rest Time, and Termination of Employment, the legal status of freelance workers in Indonesia has a clear legal umbrella, which is classified as a specific time work agreement (PKWT). This finding also answers the concerns of previous researchers who stated that there is no legal protection for freelancers in Indonesia.

The Effect of Recipient Jaw and Implant Dimensions on Pre- and Post- Loading Dental Implant Stability: A Prospective Clinical Study

Background: Implant stability is a mandatory factor for dental implant (DI) osseointegration and long-term success. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of implant length, diameter, and recipient jaw on the pre- and post-functional loading stability. Materials and methods: This study included 17 healthy patients with an age range of 24-61 years. Twenty-two DI were inserted into healed extraction sockets to replace missing tooth/ teeth in premolar and molar regions in upper and lower jaws. Implant stability was measured for each implant and was recorded as implant stability quotient (ISQ) immediately (ISQ0), and at 8 (ISQ8) and 12 (ISQ12) weeks postoperatively, as well as post-functional loading (ISQPFL). The pattern of implant stability changes throughout the study period and its correlation with the recipient jaw and the DI dimensions were evaluated. Results: There was a significant difference in ISQ values throughout the study. DI stability in the maxilla was significantly higher than that in mandible for the ISQ0, with no significant effect for the rest time points. The effect of implant diameter was significant with DI of 4.1mm diameter being more stable. While for the length, there was no significant difference regarding its effect on ISQ values through-out the study period. Conclusions: DI inserted in the maxilla demonstrated better primary stability with no effect of recipient jaw on secondary stability and after functional loading, also DI with wider diameter had better stability throughout the study whereas DI length showed no significant effect on stability

Development of a Lot-Sizing Model to Prevent Heat Stress and Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders

Management of heat stress and metabolic cost is vital for preventing any work-related disorders. In this paper, we integrated rest time formulations for heat strain and metabolic cost to develop a new lot sizing model for preventing heat exposure and work-related musculoskeletal disorders. The effects of heat strain and rest allowance on the total cost of the production supply process were investigated. The problem studied in this paper was the handling of the raw materials placed in boxes by manual material handling in order to supply the material requirement of a production line placed in a production area. For the realisation of the material handling transactions between the raw material warehouse and the production line, Electric Pallet Jack (EPJ) was used. The study covers the investigation of picking, storing, and carrying motions for the manual handling of these materials. The result of the analysis has shown that 8.5% savings were achieved by using the heat strain and rest time in comparison to the total cost of this part of the production line supply process with the ISO 7243 maximum metabolic work limit. Consequentially, the analysis results showed that the developed method demonstrated the viability of lot sizing model optimisation with multiple objectives and complex constraints with regards to the metabolic cost and heat strain.

Influence of the Calendar Aging on the Cycle Aging of LiNiMnCoO2 Lithium-Ion Batteries

An experimental and theoretical study of lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) cells with a long rest time under different storage temperatures is carried out. We show that the long-term storage of a cell decisively influences its cycle life, and this influence is more pronounced at the late stage of the battery cycle life. Experimental outcomes demonstrate that the cycle life drops as the storage span lengthens, and the storage under relatively low temperature helps to reduce the cycle fading. Based on the experimental data, we identify the point on the fading trajectory to separate the early-medium stage and the late stage for the cycle aging. By extending the previously proposed semi-empirical model to incorporate the two-stage fading into a single formulation, the cycling capacity loss of the stored NMC cells is predicted. An incremental capacity analysis is further performed to assess the cycle fading of the cells under various storage conditions.

Spaced training enhances equine learning performance

This field experiment examined whether the well-documented benefit of spaced over massed training for humans and other animals generalizes to horses. Twenty-nine randomly selected horses (Equus ferus caballus) repeatedly encountered a novel obstacle-crossing task while under saddle. Horses were randomly assigned to the spaced-training condition (2 min work, 2 min rest, 2 min work, 2 min rest) or the massed-training condition (4 min work, 4 min rest). Total training time per session and total rest per session were held constant. Days between sessions (M = 3) were held as consistent as possible given the constraints of conducting research on a working ranch and safety–threatening weather conditions. During each training session, the same hypothesis-naïve rider shaped horses to cross a novel obstacle. Fifteen of 16 horses in the spaced-training condition reached performance criterion (94% success) while only 5 of 13 horses in the massed-training condition reached performance criterion (39% success). Horses in the spaced-training condition also initiated their first obstacle-crossing faster than horses in the massed-training condition and were faster at completing eight crossings than horses in the massed-training condition. Overall, task acquisition was higher for horses undergoing spaced training despite both groups experiencing the same total work and rest time per session. These findings generalize the learning-performance benefit observed in human spaced practice to horses and offer applied benefit to equine training.

Euler method can outperform more complex ODE solvers in the numerical implementation of the Izhikevich artificial Spiking Neuron Model given the allocated FLOPS

The Izhikevich artificial spiking neuron model is among the most employed models in neuromorphic engineering and computational neuroscience, due to the affordable computational effort to discretize it and its biological plausibility. It has been adopted also for applications with limited computational resources in embedded systems. It is important therefore to realize a compromise between error and computational expense to solve numerically the model's equations. Here we investigate the effects of discretization and we study the solver that realizes the best compromise between accuracy and computational cost, given an available amount of Floating Point Operations per Second (FLOPS). We considered three frequently used fixed step Ordinary Differential Equations (ODE) solvers in computational neuroscience: Euler method, the Runge-Kutta 2 method and the Runge-Kutta 4 method. To quantify the error produced by the solvers, we used the Victor Purpura spike train Distance from an ideal solution of the ODE. Counterintuitively, we found that simple methods such as Euler and Runge Kutta 2 can outperform more complex ones (i.e. Runge Kutta 4) in the numerical solution of the Izhikevich model if the same FLOPS are allocated in the comparison. Moreover, we quantified the neuron rest time (with input under threshold resulting in no output spikes) necessary for the numerical solution to converge to the ideal solution and therefore to cancel the error accumulated during the spike train; in this analysis we found that the required rest time is independent from the firing rate and the spike train duration. Our results can generalize in a straightforward manner to other spiking neuron models and provide a systematic analysis of fixed step neural ODE solvers towards a trade-off between accuracy in the discretization and computational cost.

Contribution of Total Screen/Online-Course Time to Asthenopia in Children During COVID-19 Pandemic via Influencing Psychological Stress

Objectives: During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) self-quarantine period, the transition to online-course has profoundly changed the learning modes of millions of school-aged children and put them at an increased risk of asthenopia. Therefore, we aimed to determine associations of the total screen/online-course time with asthenopia prevalence among that children during the COVID-19 pandemic, and whether the associations were mediated by psychological stress.Methods: Asthenopia was defined according to a validated computer vision syndrome questionnaire (CVS-Q). We used CVS-Q to collect the frequency and intensity of 16 asthenopia-related eye symptoms of 25,781 children. Demographic features, eye care habits, visual disorders, lifestyle, psychological and environmental factors, were also collected.Results: The overall asthenopia prevalence was 12.1%, varying from 5.4 to 18.2% across grade/gender-classified subgroups. A 100-h increment of total screen/online-course time were associated with an increased risk of asthenopia by 9% [odds ratio (OR) = 1.09] and 11% (OR = 1.11), respectively. Mediation analysis showed that the proportions of total effects mediated by psychological stress were 23.5 and 38.1%, respectively. Age, female gender, having myopia or astigmatism, bad habits when watching screens were also risk factors. Conversely, keeping 34–65 cm between eyes and screen, increased rest time between classes, and increased eye exercise were all associated with a decreased risk.Conclusion: Our study indicated that the influence of long total screen or online-course time on psychological stress increases asthenopia risk. The findings of this study have provided a new avenue for intervening screen-related asthenopia in addition to incorporating a reasonable schedule of online courses into educational policy.