scholarly journals Body size, habitat quality, and territory defense in Bachman’s sparrow

Behaviour ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Joseph M. Niederhauser ◽  
Morgan C. Slevin ◽  
Erik G. Noonburg ◽  
Rindy C. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Habitat Characteristics ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Resource Defense ◽  
Territory Defense ◽  
Ideal Despotic Distribution ◽  
Ecological Disturbances ◽  
Ideal Despotic ◽  
The Ideal

Abstract Many wild populations of animals conform to the ideal despotic distribution (IDD) in which more competitive individuals exclude less competitive individuals from high quality resources. Body size and aggressiveness are two important traits for resource defense, and they positively covary so that larger individuals are usually more aggressive. Using Bachman’s sparrows, we tested the hypothesis that larger birds are more aggressive and are thus able to compete for the best quality territories. We found that larger males were more aggressive, and more aggressive birds fledged at least one young. However, we did not find consistent relationships between aggressiveness and habitat characteristics. Our results suggest that Bachman’s sparrows meet most of the predictions of the IDD. Frequent ecological disturbances, such as fires, might disrupt the IDD or make it difficult to detect. Additional studies are needed to test for relationships between ecological disturbances and territorial behaviour.

scholarly journals Testing the assumptions of the ideal despotic distribution with an unpredictable food supply: experiments in juvenile salmon

2005 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
AMANDA MACLEAN ◽  
FELICITY A. HUNTINGFORD ◽  
GRAEME D. RUXTON ◽  
IAN J. MORGAN ◽  
JUDITH HAMILTON ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Supply ◽  
Juvenile Salmon ◽  
Ideal Despotic Distribution ◽  
Ideal Despotic ◽  
The Ideal

scholarly journals Evolutionary conservation advice for despotic populations: habitat heterogeneity favours conflict and reduces productivity in Seychelles magpie robins

2010 ◽  
Vol 277 (1699) ◽  
pp. 3477-3482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrés López-Sepulcre ◽  
Hanna Kokko ◽  
Ken Norris
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Heterogeneity ◽  
Population Regulation ◽  
Evolutionary Conservation ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Territorial Conflict ◽  
Conservation Measure ◽  
Ideal Despotic Distribution ◽  
Demographic Theory ◽  
Effective Conservation ◽  
Ideal Despotic

Individual preferences for good habitat are often thought to have a beneficial stabilizing effect for populations. However, if individuals preferentially compete for better-quality territories, these may become hotspots of conflict. We show that, in an endangered species, this process decreases the productivity of favoured territories to the extent that differences in productivity between territories disappear. Unlike predictions from current demographic theory on site-dependent population regulation (ideal despotic distribution), we show that population productivity is reduced if resources are distributed unevenly in space. Competition for high-quality habitat can thus have detrimental consequences for populations even though it benefits individuals. Manipulating conflict (e.g. by reducing variation in habitat quality) can therefore prove an effective conservation measure in species with strong social or territorial conflict.

Body Dissatisfaction: The Ideal Body and a Summary of Theories of Development and Maintenance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Talbot
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Body Dissatisfaction ◽  
Muscle Tone ◽  
Subjective Evaluation ◽  
Male Body ◽  
Ideal Body ◽  
Physiological Outcomes ◽  
The Ideal

Body dissatisfaction can be defined as a negative subjective evaluation of one’s body as a whole, or relating to specific aspects of one’s body such as body size, shape, muscularity/muscle tone, and weight. Prior research has found that body dissatisfaction is associated with a number of negative psychological and physiological outcomes. This commentary describes the Western ideal male body, as well as providing a summary of theories of the cause and maintenance of male body dissatisfaction.

An ecological explanation for hyperallometric scaling of reproduction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomos Potter ◽  
Anja Felmy
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Reproductive Output ◽  
Resource Competition ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Scaling Exponent ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractIn wild populations, large individuals have disproportionately higher reproductive output than smaller individuals. We suggest an ecological explanation for this observation: asymmetry within populations in rates of resource assimilation, where greater assimilation causes both increased reproduction and body size. We assessed how the relationship between size and reproduction differs between wild and lab-reared Trinidadian guppies. We show that (i) reproduction increased disproportionately with body size in the wild but not in the lab, where effects of resource competition were eliminated; (ii) in the wild, the scaling exponent was greatest during the wet season, when resource competition is strongest; and (iii) detection of hyperallometric scaling of reproduction is inevitable if individual differences in assimilation are ignored. We propose that variation among individuals in assimilation – caused by size-dependent resource competition, niche expansion, and chance – can explain patterns of hyperallometric scaling of reproduction in natural populations.

scholarly journals Sports Training – Optimizing Mode of Improving the Motric Capacity in Preparation Military Students

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-34
Author(s):  
Robert Stănciulescu
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Capacity ◽  
Weather Condition ◽  
Human Potential ◽  
Military Students ◽  
Ideal Model ◽  
High Quality ◽  
The One ◽  
High Level ◽  
And Training ◽  
The Ideal

Abstract Specialized studies show how a fighter should physically be, not just any fighter, but the one who possesses the qualities and features of the ideal model, i.e. those elements that define the near-perfect fighter. The demands of the modern battlefield impose a high quality human potential that provides a good basis for the selection and training of fighters. Resistance to physical, climate, season and weather condition demands, to the prolonged efforts fighting requires is one of the important conditions of success. The paper presents information with particular impact in optimizing exercise capacity for future officers of the land forces, emphasizing once again the idea that a high level of motric ability is an essential objective.

scholarly journals Urine as a high-quality source of host genomic DNA from wild populations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew T. Ozga ◽  
Timothy H. Webster ◽  
Ian C. Gilby ◽  
Melissa A. Wilson ◽  
Rebecca S. Nockerts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Material ◽  
Population History ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Dental Calculus ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Allelic Dropout ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Animal Populations

AbstractThe ability to generate genomic data from wild animal populations has the potential to give unprecedented insight into the population history and dynamics of species in their natural habitats. However, in the case of many species, it is impossible legally, ethically, or logistically to obtain tissues samples of high-quality necessary for genomic analyses. In this study we evaluate the success of multiple sources of genetic material (feces, urine, dentin, and dental calculus) and several capture methods (shotgun, whole-genome, exome) in generating genome-scale data in wild eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) from Gombe National Park, Tanzania. We found that urine harbors significantly more host DNA than other sources, leading to broader and deeper coverage across the genome. Urine also exhibited a lower rate of allelic dropout. We found exome sequencing to be far more successful than both shotgun sequencing and whole-genome capture at generating usable data from low-quality samples such as feces and dental calculus. These results highlight urine as a promising and untapped source of DNA that can be noninvasively collected from wild populations of many species.

Assent for Orthognathic Surgery: Features, Challenges, and Benefits

2020 ◽  
pp. 105566562095106
Author(s):  
Steven Daws
Keyword(s):  
Patient Satisfaction ◽  
Patient Population ◽  
Orthognathic Surgery ◽  
Cognitive Variables ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Increase Patient Satisfaction ◽  
Considerable Portion ◽  
Age Of Majority ◽  
The Ideal

The ideal age to undergo orthognathic surgery approximates the age of majority, and as a result a considerable portion of the patient population undergoing orthognathic surgery are legal minors. When a patient cannot legally provide consent, assent is often sought. Assent for surgical orthodontics is complicated by particular changes in cognitive variables during adolescence, the multiphased and multi-provider treatment course, and the intervention’s elective nature. Ultimately, inclusion of a high-quality assent process can help identify patients most likely to benefit from orthognathic surgery and increase patient satisfaction.

scholarly journals Responses of food web to hypolimnetic aeration in Lake Vesijärvi

Hydrobiologia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 847 (21) ◽  
pp. 4503-4523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jukka Ruuhijärvi ◽  
Tommi Malinen ◽  
Kirsi Kuoppamäki ◽  
Pasi Ala-Opas ◽  
Mika Vinni
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Food Web ◽  
Harmful Algal Blooms ◽  
Algal Blooms ◽  
Perca Fluviatilis ◽  
Fish Predation ◽  
Filamentous Cyanobacteria ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Oxygen Conditions

AbstractWe studied the responses of a food web, especially fish and zooplankton, to summertime aeration, pumping of oxygen-rich epilimnetic water to the hypolimnion in Lake Vesijärvi, southern Finland. The aim of hypolimnetic aeration was to reduce internal loading of phosphorus from sediment. The population of smelt (Osmerus eperlanus L.), the main planktivore of the pelagial area, collapsed during the two 1st years of aeration due to increased temperature and low oxygen concentrations in the hypolimnion. The population recovered after the 4th year of hypolimnetic aeration, when oxygen conditions were improved. Despite elevated hypolimnetic temperature, smelt reached exceptionally high abundance, which led to a significant reduction in cladoceran body size. The density of perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) increased at first, but then decreased when the proportion of smelt and cyprinids increased. Biomasses of Daphnia decreased probably as a result of the disappearance of dark, low-oxygen deep-water refuge against fish predation and low availability of nutritionally high-quality algae. Occasionally filamentous cyanobacteria, such as turbulence tolerant Planktothrix agardhii (Gomont), were abundant, suggesting deteriorated food resources for zooplankton. The responses of food web were controversial with respect to the aim of the management, which was to prevent the occurrence of harmful algal blooms.

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