Factors affecting the number of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) carried by several species of beetles

Nematology ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 653-658 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noritoshi Maehara ◽  
Kazuyoshi Futai
Keyword(s):  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Monochamus Alternatus ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Pine Wilt ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Pinewood Nematodes ◽  
Blue Stain

AbstractNumerous pinewood nematodes (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) aggregated around pupal chambers of Monochamus alternatus in pine wilt-killed trees and the beetle carried many nematodes. However, few nematodes aggregated around pupal chambers of the other beetles, i.e., Acanthocinus griseus, Pissodes obscurus and Trogossita japonica, and these beetles carried few or no nematodes. The higher percentage of M. alternatus pupal chambers with intense blue-stain of wood would cause more nematodes to aggregate around such chambers, as blue-stain fungi are suitable for B. xylophilus propagation.

Effect of blue-stain fungi on the number of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) carried by Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

Nematology ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noritoshi Maehara ◽  
Kunihiko Hata ◽  
Kazuyoshi Futai
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Densiflora ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Monochamus Alternatus ◽  
Pine Wilt ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Pinewood Nematodes ◽  
Blue Stain ◽  
Japanese Pine Sawyer ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Pupal Chamber

AbstractBlue-stain fungi were mainly isolated from the wood of pine wilt-killed Pinus densiflora. Intense blue-stain on the pupal chamber walls of the Japanese pine sawyer (Monochamus alternatus) increased the number of pinewood nematodes (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) aggregating around such chambers and the number carried by the beetles that emerged from the chambers. There were differences in the numbers of nematodes carried by beetles among individual trees from which the beetles emerged. The beetles emerging from dry chambers carried relatively few nematodes.

Effect of fungus inoculation on the number of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) carried by Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

Nematology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noritoshi Maehara ◽  
Kaku Tsuda ◽  
Michimasa Yamasaki ◽  
Shinsuke Shirakikawa ◽  
Kazuyoshi Futai
Keyword(s):  
Food Source ◽  
Pinus Densiflora ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Monochamus Alternatus ◽  
Pine Wilt ◽  
Trichoderma Sp ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain ◽  
Japanese Pine Sawyer ◽  
Main Food Source

Abstract To confirm the effects of wood-inhabiting fungi on the number of pine wood nematodes (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) carried by the Japanese pine sawyer (Monochamus alternatus), we attempted to change the mycoflora and also to prevent blue-stain fungi, the main food source fungi of the nematodes, from spreading throughout pine wilt-killed Pinus densiflora wood by inoculating 12 other fungi into the dead logs. Trichoderma sp. 2, Trichoderma sp. 3, and Verticillium sp. inoculation treatments tended to decrease the number of the nematodes carried by the beetles. These fungi were more or less antagonistic to the blue-stain fungus Ophiostoma minus, and Trichoderma sp. 2 and Trichoderma sp. 3 grew faster than O. minus on four kinds of media.

Pathogenicity of three fungal associates of Hylobiuspales and Pissodesnemorensis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) to eastern white pine

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 1438-1440 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. Nevill ◽  
S.A. Alexander
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Lesion Length ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Perfect State ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain ◽  
Fungal Associates

The pathogenicity of three fungal associates of the pine reproduction weevils, Hylobiuspales (Hbst) and Pissodesnemorensis Germar, to eastern white pine (Pinusstrobus L.) was investigated. Three-year-old eastern white pine seedlings were inoculated with isolates of Leptographiumprocerum (Kendr.) Wingf., Ophiostomapiceae (Munch) Sydow & Sydow, or a Graphium species that produced no perfect state. The inoculations were made by wounding the seedlings and inserting a block of malt extract agar colonized by the respective fungi into the wounds. After 3 months, the wounds of seedlings inoculated with L. procerum were resinous and there were significantly longer lesions in the bark and sapwood than in seedlings inoculated with the other fungi. Based on reisolation from the xylem, both L. procerum and O. piceae colonized the sapwood beyond lesions or any visual discoloration, but the Graphium species did not. These results confirm the pathogenicity of L. procerum and O. piceae and suggests that lesion length alone does not fully characterize colonization by some blue stain fungi.

Inoculation of lodgepole pine with four blue-stain fungi associated with mountain pine beetle, monitored by a heat pulse velocity (HPV) instrument

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Yamaoka ◽  
R. H. Swanson ◽  
Y. Hiratsuka
Keyword(s):  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Heat Pulse ◽  
Pulse Velocity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain

In two separate experiments in the field, healthy 80-year-old lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) were inoculated with four blue-stain fungi that are associated with mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonusponderosae Hopk.) and beetle-attacked trees. Inocula of Ophiostomaclavigerum (Robins.-Jeff. & Davids.) Harrington, O, huntii (Robins.-Jeff.) de Hoog & Scheffer, O. montium (Rumb.) von Arx, and O. minus (Hedge.) H. & P. Sydow were prepared on sawdust media. Inoculum was placed under the bark in two areas (8 × 5 cm each), one above the other, separated by a 15-cm space in which heat pulse velocity (HPV) sensors were installed. HPVs in the inoculated trees were monitored daily for 4 weeks. In sections inoculated with O. clavigerum, HPVs were significantly reduced 10 to 13 days after inoculation in both experiments. Sapwood under the inoculated area was visibly altered and colonized by the fungus. The other three fungi did not significantly reduce HPVs. These results proved the capability of O. clavigerum to colonize functional sapwood and stop sap flow within a short period of time and reconfirmed the importance of this fungus in the mortality of trees attacked by mountain pine beetle.

Growth and virulence of Ceratocystis rufipenni and three blue-stain fungi isolated from the Douglas-fir beetle

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (10) ◽  
pp. 1763-1769 ◽  
Author(s):  
Halvor Solheim ◽  
Paal Krokene
Keyword(s):  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
The Other ◽  
Malt Agar ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Dendroctonus Pseudotsugae ◽  
Dendroctonus Rufipennis ◽  
Spruce Beetle ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain

Blue-stain fungi were isolated from the Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins, and from Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, colonized by the beetle. Growth of the three most commonly isolated blue-stain fungi (Leptographium abietinum (Peck) Wingfield, Ophiostoma europhioides (Wright & Cain) Solheim, Ophiostoma pseudotsugae (Rumbold) von Arx), and Ceratocystis rufipenni Wingfield, Harrington, & Solheim, an important associate of the spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby), was studied in sapwood and phloem of live Douglas-fir trees, on malt agar, and on malt agar under oxygen-deficient conditions. The two Ophiostoma species grew better in the phloem and induced longer phloem necroses than the other fungi. Ceratocystis rufipenni and O. europhioides grew better in the sapwood and induced deeper sapwood occlusion. All fungi were relatively fast growing on malt agar, with O. pseudotsugae growing fastest and L. abietinum, slowest. Growth of C. rufipenni and O. europhioides was inhibited less by low oxygen levels than the other fungi, and this may explain why these two fungi were better able to colonize live sapwood.Key words: Ceratocystis rufipenni, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae, Douglas-fir, Leptographium abietinum, Ophiostoma europhioides, Ophiostoma pseudotsugae.

Morphological characters of dauer juveniles of three species of Bursaphelenchus Fuchs, 1937

Nematology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natsumi Kanzaki ◽  
Noritoshi Maehara ◽  
Mitsuteru Akiba ◽  
Suguru E. Tanaka ◽  
Tatsuya Ide
Keyword(s):  
Excretory Pore ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Monochamus Alternatus ◽  
Body Shapes ◽  
Tail Tip

The morphological characteristics of dauer juveniles were examined forBursaphelenchusxylophilus,B. firmaeandB. mucronatus kolymensis. Dauer juveniles ofB. xylophilusandB. firmaewere collected directly from their carrier insects,Monochamus alternatusandM. grandis, respectively.Bursaphelenchs m. kolymensisdauer juveniles were induced experimentally usingM. alternatuspupae. The dauer juveniles of these three species were distinguished according to their respective body shapes.Bursaphelenchus xylophiluswas relatively slender compared to the other species. The position of the excretory pore was anterior to the median bulb inB. firmae, overlapping with the median bulb inB. xylophilus, and posterior to, or overlapping with, the posterior part of the median bulb inB. m. kolymensis. The tail tip ofB. firmaewas conical, that ofB. xylophiluscontained a short projection, while inB. m. kolymensisthe tail tip was blunt with a thick mucron.

Growth of four bark-beetle-associated blue-stain fungi in relation to the induced wound response in Norway spruce

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 618-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paal Krokene ◽  
Halvor Solheim
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Hyphal Growth ◽  
Wound Response ◽  
The Other ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Ophiostoma Piceae ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Phloem Necrosis ◽  
Blue Stain ◽  
Ceratocystis Polonica

Twenty-five-year-old Norway spruce trees (Picea abies) were inoculated with four blue-stain fungi. Each tree was inoculated three times with each fungus and three times with sterile agar as a control, giving a total of 15 inoculations per tree. There was little variation in the extent of phloem necrosis produced in response to the different fungi, but 5 weeks after inoculation necroses induced by Ceratocystis polonica and Ambrosiella sp. were significantly longer than those for the other fungi. At the same time, C. polonica had induced sapwood desiccation twice as deeply into the wood as any other fungus. Hyphal growth of the fungi into phloem and sapwood followed the same pattern as necrosis length and desiccation depth. Five weeks after inoculation, C. polonica had penetrated phloem and sapwood farther than any other fungus. It grew more slowly than the other fungi in both tissues the first week after inoculation, but the four following weeks it grew more quickly than all other fungi. Key words: Ambrosiella, blue-stain fungi, Ceratocystis polonica, low-density inoculation, Ophiostoma piceae, Scolytidae.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting the Ratio of Female to Male of Pinewood Nematodes Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner & Buhrer) Nickle

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 763
Author(s):  
Pengfei Wei ◽  
Yongxia Li ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Mengge Gao ◽  
Zhenkai Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Population Change ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Pinewood Nematode ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Primary Sex Ratio ◽  
Pinewood Nematodes ◽  
In The Wild

The pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (B. xylophilus) is responsible for a devastating disease of pine forests. Its pathogenicity is closely related to the numbers of individual B. xylophilus. The ratio of female to male (sex ratio) is key to understanding population change in this species. The sex ratio of B. xylophilus varies widely, but it is unclear how it is affected by environmental changes. The sex ratios of nematodes, isolated from different samples in the wild, varied between 0.93 and 2.20. Under laboratory conditions, maternal age and the population did not affect the sex ratio of progeny. A change from good to poor nutritional status was associated with a reduction of the sex ratio of progeny from 1.85 to 1.41, which was speculated to result from a change in the primary sex ratio. Thus, B. xylophilus effectively maintains the sex ratio with maternal age and population changes but adjusts the sex ratio of progeny on the basis of the changes in nutrition.

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