Growth of four bark-beetle-associated blue-stain fungi in relation to the induced wound response in Norway spruce

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 618-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paal Krokene ◽  
Halvor Solheim
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Hyphal Growth ◽  
Wound Response ◽  
The Other ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Ophiostoma Piceae ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Phloem Necrosis ◽  
Blue Stain ◽  
Ceratocystis Polonica

Twenty-five-year-old Norway spruce trees (Picea abies) were inoculated with four blue-stain fungi. Each tree was inoculated three times with each fungus and three times with sterile agar as a control, giving a total of 15 inoculations per tree. There was little variation in the extent of phloem necrosis produced in response to the different fungi, but 5 weeks after inoculation necroses induced by Ceratocystis polonica and Ambrosiella sp. were significantly longer than those for the other fungi. At the same time, C. polonica had induced sapwood desiccation twice as deeply into the wood as any other fungus. Hyphal growth of the fungi into phloem and sapwood followed the same pattern as necrosis length and desiccation depth. Five weeks after inoculation, C. polonica had penetrated phloem and sapwood farther than any other fungus. It grew more slowly than the other fungi in both tissues the first week after inoculation, but the four following weeks it grew more quickly than all other fungi. Key words: Ambrosiella, blue-stain fungi, Ceratocystis polonica, low-density inoculation, Ophiostoma piceae, Scolytidae.

scholarly journals Induced wound response of Norway spruce Picea abies P. Karst. after artificial inoculation by imagoes of Ips typographus

2012 ◽  
Vol 49 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 403-411
Author(s):  
L. Jankovský ◽  
D. Novotný ◽  
R. Mrkva
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Ips Typographus ◽  
Wound Response ◽  
The Other ◽  
Artificial Infection ◽  
Vascular Pathogens ◽  
Host Tissues ◽  
Ceratocystis Polonica

Inoculation experiments were carried out on a set of trees with imagoes of Ips typographus L. which origin from the Šumava Mts. and the Křtiny Training Enterprise. The objective of back inoculations was to determine whether species found on the surface of Ips typographus imagoes spread after the inoculation also through host tissues. It the vicinity of inoculation by Ips typographus imagoes, marked necrotic zones are evident including symptoms of the penetration of vascular pathogens through phloem and sapwood. The most marked reactions were observed in case of inoculation by an untreated Ips typographus imago. Treatment of Ips typographus imagoes by Ibefungin and Fundazol preparations did not demonstrate expected effects in full scale. The spores of several ophiostomoid fungi like Ceratocystis polonica (Siem.) C. Moreau were observed on the surface of bark beetles and at the same time were re-isolated from wounds inoculated by Ips typographus imagoes. The other fungi like Ophiostoma bicolor Davidson & Wells, Leptographium cf. lundbergii Lagerberg & Melin., Pezicula eucrita Karst., Phomopsis sp. and other were found in wounds with the imagoes artificial infection.    

scholarly journals Pathogenicity of Four Blue-Stain Fungi Associated with Aggressive and Nonaggressive Bark Beetles

1998 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paal Krokene ◽  
Halvor Solheim
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Wide Band ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sapwood Area ◽  
Ophiostoma Piceae ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain

The pathogenicity of two isolates of each of four bark beetle-associated blue-stain fungi was evaluated after mass inoculation of about 40-year-old Norway spruce trees (Picea abies). Trees were inoculated with a different isolate of each fungus in 1995 and 1996 at a density of 400 inoculations per m2 in a 1.2-m-wide band on the lower bole (about 270 inoculations per tree). Trees were felled 15 weeks after inoculation. In 1995, Ceratocystis polonica was the only fungus that had stained the sapwood (56.3% of cross-sectional sapwood area). It induced five times longer phloem necroses, 21 times more dead cambium, and 11 times more dead phloem than any other fungus. In 1996, C. polonica induced less extensive host symptoms and an unidentified Ambrosiella sp. induced comparable symptoms to C. polonica in the phloem and cambium. No trees showed any foliar symptoms 15 weeks after inoculation, but six out of eight trees inoculated with C. polonica in 1995 had only 0 to 25% functional sapwood and probably would have died if felling had been delayed. This study confirms that C. polonica, an associate of the aggressive bark beetle Ips typographus, is pathogenic to Norway spruce. The pathogenicity of the Ambrosiella sp., which is associated with a nonaggressive bark beetle, seems moderate and varies between isolates. The two remaining fungi included in this study (Ophiostoma piceae and a dark fungus with sterile mycelium), which are associated with nonaggressive bark beetles, were nonpathogenic in both experiments. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that aggressive bark beetle species vector virulent fungi that may help them kill trees, but the results also show that some nonaggressive bark beetles may vector phytopathogenic fungi.

Antioxidative response patterns of Norway spruce bark to low-density Ceratocystis polonica inoculation

Trees ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 1145-1160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreja Urbanek Krajnc ◽  
Metka Novak ◽  
Mateja Felicijan ◽  
Nada Kraševec ◽  
Mario Lešnik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Antioxidative Response ◽  
Spruce Bark ◽  
Ceratocystis Polonica

Pathogenicity of three fungal associates of Hylobiuspales and Pissodesnemorensis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) to eastern white pine

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 1438-1440 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. Nevill ◽  
S.A. Alexander
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Lesion Length ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Perfect State ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain ◽  
Fungal Associates

The pathogenicity of three fungal associates of the pine reproduction weevils, Hylobiuspales (Hbst) and Pissodesnemorensis Germar, to eastern white pine (Pinusstrobus L.) was investigated. Three-year-old eastern white pine seedlings were inoculated with isolates of Leptographiumprocerum (Kendr.) Wingf., Ophiostomapiceae (Munch) Sydow & Sydow, or a Graphium species that produced no perfect state. The inoculations were made by wounding the seedlings and inserting a block of malt extract agar colonized by the respective fungi into the wounds. After 3 months, the wounds of seedlings inoculated with L. procerum were resinous and there were significantly longer lesions in the bark and sapwood than in seedlings inoculated with the other fungi. Based on reisolation from the xylem, both L. procerum and O. piceae colonized the sapwood beyond lesions or any visual discoloration, but the Graphium species did not. These results confirm the pathogenicity of L. procerum and O. piceae and suggests that lesion length alone does not fully characterize colonization by some blue stain fungi.

Inoculation of lodgepole pine with four blue-stain fungi associated with mountain pine beetle, monitored by a heat pulse velocity (HPV) instrument

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Yamaoka ◽  
R. H. Swanson ◽  
Y. Hiratsuka
Keyword(s):  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Heat Pulse ◽  
Pulse Velocity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain

In two separate experiments in the field, healthy 80-year-old lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) were inoculated with four blue-stain fungi that are associated with mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonusponderosae Hopk.) and beetle-attacked trees. Inocula of Ophiostomaclavigerum (Robins.-Jeff. & Davids.) Harrington, O, huntii (Robins.-Jeff.) de Hoog & Scheffer, O. montium (Rumb.) von Arx, and O. minus (Hedge.) H. & P. Sydow were prepared on sawdust media. Inoculum was placed under the bark in two areas (8 × 5 cm each), one above the other, separated by a 15-cm space in which heat pulse velocity (HPV) sensors were installed. HPVs in the inoculated trees were monitored daily for 4 weeks. In sections inoculated with O. clavigerum, HPVs were significantly reduced 10 to 13 days after inoculation in both experiments. Sapwood under the inoculated area was visibly altered and colonized by the fungus. The other three fungi did not significantly reduce HPVs. These results proved the capability of O. clavigerum to colonize functional sapwood and stop sap flow within a short period of time and reconfirmed the importance of this fungus in the mortality of trees attacked by mountain pine beetle.

Low-density Ceratocystis polonica inoculation of Norway spruce (Picea abies) triggers accumulation of monoterpenes with antifungal properties

2013 ◽  
Vol 133 (4) ◽  
pp. 573-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Metka Novak ◽  
Andreja Urbanek Krajnc ◽  
Ljerka Lah ◽  
Neja Zupanec ◽  
Nada Kraševec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Antifungal Properties ◽  
Ceratocystis Polonica

Transmission of Blue-Stain Fungi by Ips typographus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in Norway Spruce

1990 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 712-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malcolm M. Furniss ◽  
Halvor Solheim ◽  
Erik Christiansen
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Ips Typographus ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain

Growth and virulence of Ceratocystis rufipenni and three blue-stain fungi isolated from the Douglas-fir beetle

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (10) ◽  
pp. 1763-1769 ◽  
Author(s):  
Halvor Solheim ◽  
Paal Krokene
Keyword(s):  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
The Other ◽  
Malt Agar ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Dendroctonus Pseudotsugae ◽  
Dendroctonus Rufipennis ◽  
Spruce Beetle ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain

Blue-stain fungi were isolated from the Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins, and from Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, colonized by the beetle. Growth of the three most commonly isolated blue-stain fungi (Leptographium abietinum (Peck) Wingfield, Ophiostoma europhioides (Wright & Cain) Solheim, Ophiostoma pseudotsugae (Rumbold) von Arx), and Ceratocystis rufipenni Wingfield, Harrington, & Solheim, an important associate of the spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby), was studied in sapwood and phloem of live Douglas-fir trees, on malt agar, and on malt agar under oxygen-deficient conditions. The two Ophiostoma species grew better in the phloem and induced longer phloem necroses than the other fungi. Ceratocystis rufipenni and O. europhioides grew better in the sapwood and induced deeper sapwood occlusion. All fungi were relatively fast growing on malt agar, with O. pseudotsugae growing fastest and L. abietinum, slowest. Growth of C. rufipenni and O. europhioides was inhibited less by low oxygen levels than the other fungi, and this may explain why these two fungi were better able to colonize live sapwood.Key words: Ceratocystis rufipenni, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae, Douglas-fir, Leptographium abietinum, Ophiostoma europhioides, Ophiostoma pseudotsugae.

scholarly journals Erratum to: Low-density Ceratocystis polonica inoculation of Norway spruce (Picea abies) triggers accumulation of monoterpenes with antifungal properties

2014 ◽  
Vol 133 (4) ◽  
pp. 585-585
Author(s):  
Metka Novak ◽  
Andreja Urbanek Krajnc ◽  
Ljerka Lah ◽  
Neja Zupanec ◽  
Nada Kraševec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Antifungal Properties ◽  
Ceratocystis Polonica
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