Nematicidal metabolites produced by Photorhabdus luminescens (Enterobacteriaceae), bacterial symbiont of entomopathogenic nematodes

Nematology ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
pp. 457-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaiji Hu ◽  
Jianxiong Li ◽  
John M. Webster
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Meloidogyne Incognita ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Bacterial Symbiont ◽  
Photorhabdus Luminescens ◽  
Egg Hatch ◽  
Heterorhabditis Megidis

Abstract The secondary metabolites, 3,5-dihydroxy-4-isopropylstilbene (ST) and indole, from the culture filtrate of Photorhabdus luminescens MD, were shown to have nematicidal properties. ST caused nearly 100% mortality of J4 and adults of Aphelenchoides rhytium , Bursaphelenchus spp. and Caenorhabditis elegans at 100 mu g/ml, but had no effect on J2 of Meloidogyne incognita or infective juveniles (IJ) of Heterorhabditis megidis at 200 mu g/ml. Indole was lethal to several nematode species at 300 mu g/ml, and caused a high percentage of Bursaphelenchus spp. (J4 and adults), M. incognita (J2) and Heterorhabditis spp. (IJ) to be paralysed at 300, 100 and 400 mu g/ml, respectively. Both ST and indole inhibited egg hatch of M. incognita . ST repelled IJ of some Steinernema spp. but not IJ of Heterorhabditis spp., and indole repelled IJ of some species of both Steinernema and Heterorhabditis . ST, but not indole, was produced in nematode-infected larval Galleria mellonella after 24 h infection. Von Photorhabdus luminescens (Enterobacteriaceae), einem Symbionten entomopathogener Nematoden gebildete nematizide Metaboliten - Es wurde gezeigt, dass die Sekundarmetaboliten 3,5-Dihydroxy-4-isopropylstilben (ST) und Indol aus dem Kulturfiltrat von Photorhabdus luminescens MD nematizide Eigenschaften besassen. In einer Konzentration von 100 mu g/ml verursachte ST eine fast 100%ige Sterblichkeit bei J4 und Adulten von Aphelenchoides rhytium , Bursaphelenchus spp. und Caenorhabditis elegans , hatte aber bei 200 mu g/ml keine Wirkung auf J2 von Meloidogyne incognita oder auf Infektionsjuvenile (IJ) von Heterorhabditis megidis . Bei 300 mu g/ml war Indol fur etliche Nematodenarten todlich und fuhrte dazu, dass Bursaphelenchus spp. (J4 and Adulte) bei 300, M. incognita (J2) bei 100, und Heterorhabditis spp. (IJ) bei 400 mu g/ml zu einem grossen Teil gelahmt wurden. ST und Indol behinderten beide das Schlupfen von M. incognita . ST wirkte abstossend auf IJ einiger Steinernema -Arten aber nicht auf IJ von Heterorhabditis spp., und Indol wirkte abstossend auf IJ einiger Arten der beiden Gattungen Steinernema und Heterorhabditis . ST wurde in nematoden-befallenen Larven von Galleria mellonella 24 h nach der Infektion gebildet, Indol dagegen nicht.

Scavenging or infection? Possible host choosing by entomopathogenic nematodes

Nematology ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernesto San-Blas ◽  
Barbara Pembroke ◽  
Simon Gowen
Keyword(s):  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Foraging Strategy ◽  
Steinernema Feltiae ◽  
Natural Field ◽  
Heterorhabditis Megidis ◽  
The Dead

AbstractEntomopathogenic nematodes are able to survive by scavenging. We tested Steinernema feltiae, S. affine and Heterorhabditis megidis alone or in different combinations to evaluate the responses of these nematodes when dead or live Galleria mellonella larvae were offered. Steinernema feltiae and S. affine scavenged upon dead G. mellonella larvae and about 30% more dead larvae were penetrated than live ones. By contrast, H. megidis penetrated more live larvae than dead ones. When the nematode species were combined, the results varied among the combinations, but the dead larvae were always used as a host. The behaviour of natural field populations of S. feltiae and S. affine was also compared. Steinernema feltiae showed no difference between scavenging and performing 'normal infections', whereas S. affine scavenged to a reduced amount (around 60% less); this difference could be related to the particular foraging strategy of these nematodes.

Comparison of metabolites produced in vitro and in vivo by Photorhabdus luminescens, a bacterial symbiont of the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis megidis

1998 ◽  
Vol 44 (11) ◽  
pp. 1072-1077 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaiji Hu ◽  
Jianxiong Li ◽  
Wenjie Wang ◽  
Houming Wu ◽  
Hai Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematode ◽  
Culture Broth ◽  
Bacterial Symbiont ◽  
Natural Source ◽  
Photorhabdus Luminescens ◽  
Heterorhabditis Megidis ◽  
Organic Extracts

The types of metabolites produced by Photorhabdus luminescens C9 when it is introduced by Heterorhabditis megidis 90 into Galleria mellonella larvae are different from those produced in tryptic soy broth. Only 3,5-dihydroxy-4-isopropylstilbene 1 was identified from the organic extracts of P. luminescens culture broth, but both 3,5-dihydroxy-4-isopropylstilbene 1 and 3,5-dihydroxy-4-ethylstilbene 3 were isolated from the organic extracts of nematode-bacterium infected G. mellonella larvae. In addition to two pigments, both of which had been previously reported from P. luminescens C9 culture broth, three pigments, 1,8-dihydroxy-3-methoxy-9,10-anthraquinone 2, 1-hydroxy-2,6,8-trimethoxy-9,10-anthraquinone 6, and 1,4-dihydroxy-2,5-dimethoxy-9,10-anthraquinone 7 were isolated from the organic extracts of G. mellonella larvae infected by the nematode-bacterium complex. Among these, compounds 6 and 7 are novel and isolated from a natural source for the first time.Key words: Photorhabdus luminescens, Heterorhabditis megidis, 1-hydroxy-2,6,8-trimethoxy-9,10-anthraquinone, 1,4-dihydroxy-2,5-dimethoxy-9,10-anthraquinone, pigment.

Allelopathy: a possible mechanism of suppression of plant-parasitic nematodes by entomopathogenic nematodes

Nematology ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 1 (7) ◽  
pp. 735-743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parwinder S. Grewal ◽  
Edwin E. Lewis ◽  
Sudha Venkatachari
Keyword(s):  
Meloidogyne Incognita ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Steinernema Feltiae ◽  
Symbiotic Bacteria ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Tomato Roots ◽  
Xenorhabdus Nematophilus ◽  
Plant Parasitic

Abstract A possible mechanism of suppression of a plant-parasitic nematode Meloidogyne incognita by entomopathogenic nematodes is described. Heat-killed entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema feltiae and S. riobrave temporarily suppressed penetration of the root-knot nematode M. incognita into tomato roots, but live nematodes had no effect. Infective juvenile M. incognita were repelled from all entomopathogenic nematode treatments that included their symbiotic bacteria. They were repelled by Galleria mellonella cadavers infected with S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae, and S. riobrave and from cell-free culture filtrates of the symbiotic bacteria Xenorhabdus nematophilus, X. bovienii, and Xenorhabdus sp. "R" from the three nematode species, respectively. Cell-free filtrates from all three Xenorhabdus spp. were toxic to M. incognita infective juveniles causing 98-100% mortality at 15% concentration. Cell-free filtrate of Xenorhabdus sp. "R" also reduced the hatch of M. incognita eggs. Application of formulated bacterial cell-free filtrates temporarily suppressed M. incognita penetration into tomato roots in a greenhouse trial. The short-term effects of cell-free bacterial filtrates, namely toxicity and repellency, were almost entirely due to ammonium. These results demonstrate allelopathic interactions between plant-parasitic nematodes, entomopathogenic nematodes and their symbiotic bacteria. The likely role of allelopathy in the suppression of plant-parasitic nematodes by innundative applications of entomopathogenic nematodes is discussed. Allelopathie: Ein moglicher Mechanismus zur Unterdruckung pflanzenparasitarer Nematoden durch insektenpathogene Nematoden - Es wird ein moglicher Mechanismus zur Unterdruckung des pflanzenparasitaren Nematoden Meloidogyne incognita durch insektenpathogene Nematoden beschrieben. Durch Hitze abgetotete insektenpathogene Nematoden Steinernema feltiae und S. riobrave underdruckten das Eindringen des Wurzelgallenalchens M. incognita in Tomatenwurzeln, lebende Nematoden hatten keine Wirkung. Infektionsjuvenile von M. incognita wurden von allen Behandlungen mit insektenpathogenen Nematoden abgestossen, die auch die symbiontischen Bakterien einschlossen. Sie wurden durch die Kadaver von Galleria mellonella abgestossen, die mit S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae und S. riobrave infiziert waren sowie durch zellfreie Kultursubstrate der symbiontischen Bakterien Xenorhabdus nematophilus, X. bovienii und Xenorhabdus sp. "R" aus den drei genannten Nematodenarten. Zellfreie Kultursubstrate von allen drei Xenorhabdus spp. waren giftig fur die Infektionsjuvenilen von M. incognita und verursachten in einer Konzentration von 15% Abtotungsraten von 98-100%. Zellfreie Kultursubstrate von Xenorhabdus sp. "R" vermiderten ausserdem das Schlupfen von M. incognita-Eiern. In einem Gewachshausversuch unterdruckten formulierte zellfreie Bakterienfiltrate vorubergehend das Eindringen von M. incognita in Tomatenwurzeln. Die Kurzzeitwirkungen von zellfreien Bakterien filtraten, namentlich Giftigkeit und Abstossung, waren nahezu ganz bedingt durch Ammoniak. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen das Vorhandensein von allelopathischen Wechselwirkungen zwischen pflanzenparasitaren Nematoden, insektenpathogenen Nematoden und deren symbiontischen Bakterien. Die wahrscheinliche Rolle von Allelopathie bei der Unterdruckung pflanzenparasitarer Nematoden durch eine Massenanwendung insektenpathogener Nematoden wird diskutiert.

Infectivity of populations of the entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema feltiae and Heterorhabditis megidis in relation to temperature, age and lipid content

Nematology ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 515-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hara Menti ◽  
Denis Wright ◽  
Roland Perry
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Content ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Steinernema Feltiae ◽  
Optimal Temperature ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Heterorhabditis Megidis ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Uk

AbstractThe infectivity of populations of the entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema feltiae and Heterorhabditis megidis from Greece (GR) and the UK was compared using Galleria mellonella larvae as hosts. Dose-response tests showed that the two Steinernema populations did not differ in their establishment rates but they were more infective than H. megidis UK 211. The temperature range for infectivity was greater than that for development. However, the optimal temperature for infection and development for all populations was 23°C. Infectivity of Steinernema populations was not affected by storage for 12 weeks. However, 12 week-old H. megidis UK 211 infective juveniles (IJ) were less infective than fresh IJ. H. megidis GR showed very low establishment rates at all the doses and temperatures tested, before and after storage. The results are discussed in relation to the nematodes' climatic origin and lipid content. Pouvoir infestant de populations des nématodes entomopathogènes Steinernema feltiae et Heterorhabditis megidis suivant la température, l'âge et le contenu lipidique - Le pouvoir infestant de populations des nématodes entomopathogènes Steinernema feltiae et Heterorhabditis megidis provenant de Grèce et du Royaume Uni a été comparée, utilisant comme hôte Galleria mellonella. Les tests de dose/réaction ont montré que les taux d'établissement des deux populations ne diffèrent pas mais que leur pouvoir infestant était plus élevée que celle de H. megidis UK211. La plage des températures permettant l'infestation était plus étendue que celle relative au développement. Cependant, les températures optimales pour l'infestation et pour le développement étaient l'une et l'autre de 23°C pour toutes les populations. L'infestivité des populations de Steinernema n'a pas été affectée par un stockage de 12 semaines. Les juvéniles infestants de H. megidis UK211 âgés de 12 semaines montraient toutefois une infestivité plus faible que celle d'individus frais. Les specimens de H. megidis provenant de Grèce présentaient - que ce soit avant ou après le stockage - des taux d'établissement très faibles pour toutes les doses et les températures testées. Ces résultats sont discutés en relation avec l'origine climatique et le contenu lipidique des nématodes.

Influence of temperature on the infectivity of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernema and Heterorhabditis spp.) to larvae and pupae of the vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Nematology ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Long ◽  
John Fenlon ◽  
Paul Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Competing Risks ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Commercial Product ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Heterorhabditis Megidis ◽  
Otiorhynchus Sulcatus ◽  
The Uk

AbstractThe susceptibilities of early and late instar vine weevil larvae and pupae to three species of entomopathogenic nematodes, indigenous to the UK, were tested in a series of bioassays. Steinernema kraussei (isolates L017 and L137), S. feltiae (the commercial product Nemasys®) and Heterorhabditis megidis (the commercial product Nemasys® H, reared both in vivo in Galleria mellonella larvae and in vitro), were tested at 6, 10 and 18°C for 2 weeks (early instars of O. sulcatus) or 3 weeks (late instars and pupae of O. sulcatus). Nematodes were applied to over 3800 larvae or pupae and there were over 400 untreated controls. Each insect was examined subsequently to determine mortality, and parasitised specimens were dissected to establish whether adult nematodes had developed. Differences in pathogenicity between H. megidis reared in vitro and in vivo were demonstrated. S. kraussei (L137) was consistently the most virulent nematode isolate at low temperatures. The results revealed a significant (P < 0.001) effect of temperature on small larvae of O. sulcatus, but also showed differential levels of mortality, not due to nematodes, for both small larvae and pupae. The use of Abbott's correction for control mortality is challenged and the validity of competing risks theory examined.In einer Reihe von Biotests wurde die Anfälligkeit von frühen und späten Larvenstadien sowie Puppen des Rüsselkäfers Otiorhynchus sulcatus gegenüber drei in UK einheimischen entomopathogenen Nematoden untersucht. Steinernema kraussei (isolate L017 und L137), S. feltiae (Handelsprodukt Nemasys®) und Heterorhabditis megidis (Handelsprodukt Nemasys® H, beide in vivo an Larven von Galleria mellonella und in vitro gezüchtet) wurden bei 6, 10 and 18°C für zwei Wochen (frühe Stadien von O. sulcatus) oder drei Wochen (späte Stadien und Puppen von O. sulcatus) geprüft. Über 3800 Larven oder Puppen wurden mit Nematoden behandelt, daneben gab es über 400 unbehandelte Kontrollen. Anschliessend wurde jedes Insekt untersucht, um die Mortalität zu bestimmen. Parasitierte Exemplare wurden aufpräpariert um festzustellen, ob sich adulte Nematoden entwickelt hatten. Zwischen in vitro und in vivo kultivierten H. megidis konnten Unterschiede in der Pathogenität festgestellt werden. S. kraussei (L137) war bei niedrigen Temperaturen durchgehend das virulenteste Isolat. Die Ergebnisse zeigten eine signifikante (P < 0.001) Wirkung der Temperatur auf kleine Larven von O. sulcatus. Sie zeigten für kleine Larven und Puppen aber auch unterschiedliche Mortlitätsgrade an, die nicht auf Nematoden zurückgingen. Die Anwendung von Abbott's Korrektur zur Prüfung der Mortalität wird kritisch hinterfragt, die Gültigkeit der Theorie der “competing risks” wird geprüft.

scholarly journals Chemoreception of Meloidogyne incognita and Caenorhabditis elegans on botanical nematicidals

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Sobkowiak ◽  
Natalia Bojarska ◽  
Emilia Krzyżaniak ◽  
Karolina Wągiel ◽  
Nikoletta Ntalli
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Meloidogyne Incognita ◽  
Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Sublethal Concentration ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Small Molecular Weight ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Aldehydes And Ketones

AbstractPlant–parasitic nematodes cause serious damage to various agricultural crops worldwide, and their control necessitates environmentally safe measures. Plant secondary metabolites of botanical origin are tested here–in to study their effect in Meloidogyne incognita locomotion, being this an important factor affecting host inoculation inside the soil. We compare the effect to the respective behavioral responses of the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans. The tested botanical nematicidals, all reported of activity against Meloidogyne sp. in our previous works, belong to different chemical groups of small molecular weight molecules encompassing acids, alcohols, aldehydes and ketones. Specifically we report on the attractant or repellent properties of trans–anethole, (E,E)–2,4–decadienal, (E)–2–decenal, fostiazate, and 2–undecanone. The treatments for both nematode species were made at sublethal concentration levels, namely 1mM (<EC50), and the chemical control used for the experiment was the commercial nematicide fosthiazate and oxamyl. According to our results, trans–anethole, decenal, and oxamyl act as C. elegans attractants. 2–undecanone strongly attracts M. incognita. These findings can be of use in the development of nematicidal formulates, contributing to the disruption of nematode chemotaxis to root systems.

Diversity of entomopathogenic nematodes and their symbiotic bacteria in south African plantations and indigenous forests

Nematology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 355-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Birhan A. Abate ◽  
Bernard Slippers ◽  
Michael J. Wingfield ◽  
Antoinette P. Malan ◽  
Brett P. Hurley
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Symbiotic Bacteria ◽  
Photorhabdus Luminescens ◽  
Time Analysis ◽  
Forestry Plantations ◽  
First Time

Summary The occurrence and diversity of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) and their symbiotic bacteria was evaluated in commercial forestry plantations (Eucalyptus spp., Pinus spp. and Acacia mearnsii) and indigenous forests in South Africa. EPN were most prevalent in A. mearnsii plantations, accounting for 60.7% of the isolates, while indigenous forests, plantations of Pinus spp. and Eucalyptus spp. accounted for 35.7, 3.6 and 0% of the isolates, respectively. DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and D2-D3 28S rDNA regions were used to identify the nematode species. Four Steinernema spp. were identified, including S. citrae, S. sacchari, two undescribed species, as well as Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and H. baujardi. Heterorhabditis baujardi is reported from South Africa for the first time. Analysis of 16S rRNA of the bacteria confirmed the presence of at least three Xenorhabdus species from Steinernema isolates and two subspecies of Photorhabdus luminescens from Heterorhabditis species.

scholarly journals Virulence comparisons of high-temperature-adapted Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Steinernema feltiae and S. carpocapsae

2015 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. A. Susurluk ◽  
T. C. Ulu
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Heterorhabditis Bacteriophora ◽  
Steinernema Feltiae ◽  
Safe Alternative ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Environmentally Safe

Summary Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are environmentally safe alternative control agents. Nematodes in the Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae families are widely used in biological control frameworks, especially for soil-inhabiting insect pests. In this experiment, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Poinar, 1976), Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev, 1934) and S. carpocapsae (Weiser, 1955) adapted at high temperature were assessed in order to detect differences in virulence between adapted and non-adapted populations. All species were exposed to 38 °C for 2 h. After this treatment, live infective juveniles (IJs) were used to infect to last instar Galleria mellonella (Linnaeus, 1758). larvae at the following doses: 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 IJs/larva. The LD50 and LD90 were obtained for these species. Non-adapted populations of the nematode species were used as controls for this experiment. The results indicated that differences in S. feltiae and S. carpocapsae virulence between the adapted and non-adapted populations were significant; no significant difference was observed between the adapted and non-adapted H. bacteriophora populations.

scholarly journals THE CONTINUAL FORMING AND CONTRIBUTION OF INFECTIVE JUVENILES PRODUCED VIA ENDOTOKIA MATRICIDA OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODES IN THE FAMILY OF STEINERNEMATIDAE AND HETERORHABDITIDAE

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuliantoro Baliadi ◽  
E. Kondo ◽  
T. Yoshiga
Keyword(s):  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Insect Host ◽  
Steinernema Glaseri ◽  
Greater Wax Moth ◽  
The Family ◽  
Insect Cadaver ◽  
Wax Moth

The non-feeding developmentally arrested infective juveniles (IJs) of entomopathogenic nematodes in the family of Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae seek out a susceptible insect host and initiate infections. The aim of the research was to examine the continual<br />forming and contribution of IJs produced via endotokia matricida (IJs-EM) of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Steinernema glaseri, and S. carpocapsae. The research was conducted at the Laboratory of Nematology of the Saga University, Japan (April 2001-April<br />2002) and the Laboratory of Nematology of the Indonesian Legume and Tuber Crops Research Institute (June 2003-October 2004). The nematode progenies were investigated using the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella, pre-inoculated with 50 IJs at 25°C.<br />Results showed that three reproductive adult generations were observed at day 18th. There were 135,000, 128,000 and 133,000 IJs per insect cadaver produced in H. bacteriophora, S. glaseri and S. carpocapsae, respectively. Endotokia matricida contributed a higher number of IJs than that of a normal mode of IJs production. The ratios are 81%, 28% and 64% for H. bacteriophora, S. glaseri, and S. carpocapsae of the IJs total production, respectively. Among the generations, the highest contribution of IJs was come from the<br />third adult generation bearing endotokia matricida, i.e., 63%, 24% and 51% for the three nematode species. Although the IJs-EM were more transparent compared to the normal IJs, they were morphologically similar. The results show that endotokia matricida has a pivotal role in a species maintenance and survival strategy of entomopathogenic nematodes in extreme environmental conditions.

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