How Civil War Was Avoided in France

2005 ◽  
Vol 4 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 207-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mattei Dogan
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Military Intervention ◽  
Greek Tragedy ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
Silent Majority ◽  
The Masses ◽  
The Voice ◽  
Key Characters

AbstractAt At the end of May 1968 France has found herself on the brink of a civil war. The role of key characters is observed as in a Greek tragedy. The crisis started in a flamable social contexteture – a significant part of the population have been persistently manifesting deep mistrust of the rulers, the same faces again and again without responding to the aspirations of many social categories. A survey conducted immediately after the crisis by the author gives the voice to the silent majority and shows what could have been the behavoir of the masses in the eventuality of a popular uprising or of a military intervention. The recourse to elections has mobilized passive masses and appears retrospectively as the miraculous solution to avoid a civil war by hushing the active minorities.

scholarly journals HEROISM AS AN IDEOLOGICAL CONCEPT OF STALIN’S ERA

2020 ◽  
pp. 93-108
Author(s):  
Андрей Иванович Савин
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Social Construction ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Masses

Автор показывает, как большевики трансформировали в 1910-е - 1930-е гг. положение марксизма, согласно которому единственно важными акторами и героями истории являются народные массы. В период Гражданской войны большевики частично пересмотрели марксистские взгляды на роль героической личности в истории и начали процесс постепенной индивидуализация героев, первой формой которой стало формирование культа павших героев. Курс на индивидуализацию советских героев в годы Гражданской войны нашёл своё развитие в создании первых институциональных героев - кавалеров ордена Красного Знамени. Период нэпа знаменовался релятивацией концепта индивидуального героизма, и на роль героев в полном соответствии с марксистской догмой предлагались целые рабочие коллективы. В середине 1930-х гг. произошёл окончательный переход от догматической марксистской трактовки героизма к новаторскому для большевиков пониманию ключевой роли отдельных героев. По мнению автора, это было обусловлено необходимостью появления героев, персонально олицетворяющих социалистическое строительство и являющихися необходимыми примерами для выработки советской идентичности. The article focuses on the origins of ideological concept of soviet heroism during 1910-1930s. Basing on the variety of literature data and archival sources, the article demonstrates how Bolsheviks have transformed one of the key statements of Marxism - that the only truly important actors and heroes of history are the masses. Pragmatic consequences of Civil War victory forced Bolsheviks to partially reconsider Marxist views on the role of heroic personality in history, and they started to gradually individualize the heroes. The first step was forming the cult, dedicated to Fallen Heroes. Individualization of soviet heroes during the Civil War logically resulted in the creation of first institutionalized heroes: recipients of the Order of the Red Banner. During NEP the concept of individual heroes began to change. During 1920s, egalitarian ideas once again began to triumph heroization of individual people. In full accordance with Marxist dogma, whole labor collectives were nominated as heroes. Transition from dogmatic Marxist understanding of heroism to innovative, for Bolsheviks, understanding of key role of distinct heroes finalized during 1930s, because of the necessity in heroes, who would personally embody social construction, while being absolutely necessary for emulation and the emergence of soviet identity.

Parallels and Analogies

2019 ◽  
pp. 87-106
Author(s):  
Patrick Milton ◽  
Michael Axworthy ◽  
Brendan Simms
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Military Intervention ◽  
State Building ◽  
Great Power ◽  
Communications Technology ◽  
Role Of Religion

This chapter shifts towards the explicitly applicatory part of the book. The parallels and analogies between the Thirty Years War and the contemporary Middle East are systematically expounded. The similarities include structural parallels (such as the complexity and multiple typologies of conflict; contested sovereignty leading to civil war; sequences of escalation with proxy wars escalating to direct military intervention; overarching great power rivalry and realpolitik; state-building wars and the absence of declarations of war), the role of religion and sectarian animosity, the role of monarchy and dynasty, refugees, communications technology, and general atmospheric parallels

Editor's Note

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Kaliel
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Public Memory ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Red River ◽  
Cultural Institutions ◽  
Economic Rights ◽  
The Past ◽  
Relationship Of

The articles published in our Fall 2016 edition are connected loosely under the themes of public memory and the uses of identity in the past. We are thrilled to present to you three excellent articles in our Fall 2016 edition: The article "Dentro de la Revolución: Mobilizing the Artist in Alfredo Sosa Bravo's Libertad, Cultura, Igualdad (1961)" analyzes Cuban artwork as multi-layered work of propaganda whose conditions of creation, content, and exhibition reinforce a relationship of collaboration between artists and the state-run cultural institutions of post-revolutionary Cuba; moving through fifty years of history “’I Shall Never Forget’: The Civil War in American Historical Memory, 1863-1915" provides a captivating look at the role of reconciliationist and emancipationist intellectuals, politicians, and organizations as they contested and shaped the enduring memory of the Civil War; and finally, the article “Politics as Metis Ethnogenesis in Red River: Instrumental Ethnogenesis in the 1830s and 1840s in Red River” takes the reader through a historical analysis of the development of the Metis identity as a means to further their economic rights. We wholly hope you enjoy our Fall 2016 edition as much as our staff has enjoyed curating it. Editors  Jean Middleton and Emily Kaliel Assistant Editors Magie Aiken and Hannah Rudderham Senior Reviewers Emily Tran Connor Thompson Callum McDonald James Matiko Bronte Wells

The Role of Ideal Theory

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christie Hartley
Keyword(s):  
Ideal Theory ◽  
Racial Minorities ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Liberal Society ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
Ideal Society ◽  
Gender And Race ◽  
Theories Of Justice ◽  
Comprehensive Doctrines

This chapter discusses whether political liberalism’s commitment to ideal theory makes it ill-suited for theorizing about justice for socially subordinated groups such as women and racial minorities. It is shown that political liberalism’s commitment to ideal theory does not entail assuming away race or gender as social categories that give rise to concerns about justice. Even within a politically liberal well-ordered (ideal) society racial or gender inequalities may arise due to the role that beliefs about race or gender play in some persons’ comprehensive doctrines. Furthermore, it is argued that theories of justice developed for a well-ordered politically liberal society provide important guidance for correcting injustices on the basis of gender and race in nonideal societies.

Conclusion

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaroslav Tir ◽  
Johannes Karreth
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Conflict Management ◽  
Political Violence ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Intergovernmental Organizations ◽  
State Fragility ◽  
International Environment

After summarizing the theoretical arguments and findings of this book, we discuss key lessons learned from our study. The international environment has a significant influence on civil war development and prevention. Amplifying their conflict-preventing influence on member-states, highly structured intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) often coordinate their activities, especially in the area of political violence and state fragility. We then identify a number of tangible, economic incentives as the main pathways of this influence. Overall, this book suggests that the economic benefits of peace provide a potent temptation—for both governments and rebels—to settle low-level armed conflict before it can escalate to full-scale civil war. With these lessons learned, we also identify suggestions for both the research into and practice of conflict management. The chapter closes by pointing to opportunities for making use of our findings to further capitalize on the role of highly structured IGOs in civil war prevention.

A Culture in Crisis

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erika Fischer-Lichte
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Body Ideal ◽  
The Masses ◽  
Of Greece ◽  
New Devices

Chapter 4 investigates the role of the new image of Greece in the first decades of the twentieth century. ‘A Culture in Crisis: Max Reinhardt’s Productions of Greek Tragedies (1903–1919)’ addresses two problems: first, the new body ideal and its liberation from the restraints imposed on it until then, and, second, the division within society of those who made a cult of their individuality and the rapidly growing masses of the proletariat. While in Reinhardt’s Electra (1903) Gertrud Eysoldt displayed her body as that of a maenad or a hysteric, a number of new devices were developed in Oedipus the King (1910) and the Oresteia (1911), both performed in a circus, which temporarily transformed the masses of actors and spectators into a—theatrical—community. The chapter also discusses Leopold Jessner’s production of Oedipus (1929) as a quest for a ‘philosophical theatre’ (Brecht).

Working Toward Recognition of the Rights of Migrant and Refugee Children

2020 ◽  
pp. 674-695
Author(s):  
Sarah Paoletti
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Best Interests ◽  
Refugee Children ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Rights Of The Child

This chapter addresses the rights of migrant and refugee children who increasingly are forced into migration, either alone or with members of their family, due to violence, civil war, poverty, economic degradation, and other often-intersecting factors. While addressing the rights and obligations set forth in the Convention on the Rights of the Child and other international and regional human rights instruments, the chapter further seeks to bring attention to the complexity and fluidity of migration and the motives that spurn migration; the role of family in serving the child’s best interests; and the scope of considerations that must be accounted for in seeking to ensure that the next generation of immigrants is positioned to thrive.

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