Combating “Mohammedan Indecency”: The Baptism of Muslim Slaves in Spanish Naples, 1563-1667

2009 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Mazur
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Religious Identity ◽  
Christian Ethics ◽  
The State ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Council Of Trent ◽  
Civil Status ◽  
The Church

AbstractIn the century following the Council of Trent, ecclesiastical authorities in Naples embarked on a campaign, the largest of its kind in Italy, to convert the city's Muslim slaves to Christianity. For the Church, the conversions were not only important for the conquest of individual believers, but symbolic occasions that demonstrated on a small scale important themes of Christian ethics and anti-Islamic polemic. At the same time, the number and frequency of the conversions forced secular authorities to confront the problem of the civil status of newly baptized slaves. During the seventeenth century, one of the highest tribunals of the state heard a series of cases that pitted baptized slaves who demanded their freedom against slave owners who saw their religious identity as unimportant.

Images of the Priesthood: An Analysis of Catholic Sermons from the Late Seventeenth Century

2000 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renate Dürr
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Pastoral Care ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Martin Luther ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Council Of Trent ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Catholic Church

“All, therefore, who consider themselves Christians may be absolutely certain that we are all equally priests.”1 With this declaration Martin Luther categorically repudiated the Catholic understanding of priesthood as a holy estate with indelible marks bestowed at consecration. According to the reformers all Christians, in principle, have the same authority in word and sacrament, but only those authorized by the respective community of believers may wield it. This assessment not only reflected certain irregularities within the clergy but also signified a completely new definition of the priesthood. It cannot be understood outside the context of existing contemporary criticism—not only from reformatory circles—of the state of numerous parishes who suffered under poorly educated, morally unacceptable (from a contemporary point of view) or indeed absent clergymen. The Catholic Church's answer to this challenge, therefore, had two aims: plans for far-reaching reforms were intended to renew the image of priests and, primarily, to provide effective pastoral care. Polemical theological debates against Protestants and discussions within the Catholic Church were intended not only to strengthen the certainty of the fundamental essence of priestly identity but also to facilitate a differentiation of Catholic from Protestant understanding. The decisions of the Council of Trent also touched both areas. At the 23rd session both the theological basis of the sacrament of consecration and the plans to reform the rules concerning the bishops' obligatory residence in their parishes were debated.2

scholarly journals Bishop Nicholas French and the second Ormond peace, 1648-9

1948 ◽  
Vol 6 (22) ◽  
pp. 83-100
Author(s):  
Patrick J. Corish
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Political Theory ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
The State ◽  
Roman Catholic Church ◽  
Moral Order ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Catholic Church

Europe in the seventeenth century was a land of mar and confusion because the great political problems raised by the religious disruption of the preceding century had not yet been solved. Chief among these was the problem of the relations between the Roman catholic church and a protestant state. The teaching of the pope's indirect power in temporal matters in any problem involving a breach of the moral order (ratione peccati) had been strongly re-stated by Bellarmine, and was the official attitude of the church. A protestant prince had committed a grave sin, that of heresy, and so it was the pope's right and duty to depose him and absolve his Catholic subjects from their allegiance. But this political theory was becoming impractical as the seventeenth century progressively demonstrated that Europe was permanently divided. As might be expected, juridical forms lagged behind the development of events; but by the middle of the century the Roman curia, while not prepared to give antecedent approval to a peace with protestants, might be said to be ready to acquiesce once it had been concluded, if the position and rights of the Catholic church could be assured. Yet this assurance was, in the circumstances, almost impossible. The Catholic church could not rest satisfied with toleration as a sect, but demanded recognition as an organised society with a source of jurisdiction illdependent of the state.

scholarly journals Bøger om jødisk historie i Danmark de sidste 15 år

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-70
Author(s):  
Morten Thing
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Jewish History ◽  
Church History ◽  
The State ◽  
Great Precision ◽  
Jewish Culture ◽  
Lutheran Church ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Church

I Danmark er der de sidste femten år udkommet en hel del bøger om jødernes historie, ikke mindst om deres trængsler. Morten Thing gennemgår i denne oversigtsartikel de vigtigste indenfor forskning og formidling. * * *Books on Jewish history in Denmark the last 15 years • The most spectacular work about Jewish culture is without doubt Martin Schwarz Lausten’s six-volume work about the attitude of the Danish Lutheran church towards the Jews and Judaism. It is a work of great precision and with the use of many new sources. Although it is a work on church-history it has a lot to say on Jewish reactions to the church and the state. The volumes are: Kirke og synagoge,De fromme og jøderne, Oplysning i kirke og synagoge, Frie jøder?, Folkekirken og jøderne og Jødesympati og jødehad i folkekirken. Antisemitism has also been in focus and Sofie Lene Baks work on the history of antisemitism in Denmark is probably the most central: Dansk antisemitisme 1930–45. The rescue of the Danish Jews in WWII is without doubt the most researched topic in Danish Jewish history. Many new works have been published. Sofie Lene Baks book on what happened to the Jews when they came back from Sweden I 1945, Da krigen var forbi. It turned out that the municipality of Copenhagen had taken care of many flats and possessions. The history of the Jewish minority has been more in focus than ever. Many new books have been published. Arthur Arnheim’s Truet minoritet søger beskyttelse is the biggest book on the history from seventeenth century until today.  

scholarly journals “A Preacher from the Artisans with the Bible Prevailed”: Mennonite Religious Identity in Omsk Region in the 50–60s of the 20th Century

2020 ◽  
pp. 49-58
Author(s):  
Natalia V. Vorobeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Religious Identity ◽  
The State ◽  
Religious Communities ◽  
Constitutional Rights ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Religious Worldview ◽  
Regional Committee ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Council Of Ministers ◽  
The Church

The article discusses the state-confessional policy in Omsk region in the 1950–60s on the example of reports of the plenipotentiary of the Council for Religious Affairs under the Council of Ministers of the USSR in Omsk Region. The source base was the funds of the State Archive of the Russian Federation – the P-6991 fund, inventory 3 “The Council for Religious Cults under the Council of Ministers of the USSR. 1944–1960”, which examined the reports of the plenipotentiary of the Council for Religious Cults under the Regional Committee of the CPSU for Omsk Region, as well as documents from the funds of the State Historical Archive of Omsk Region, which provide comparative data on actual religious communities and groups in Omsk Region for the 1950–1960s. Attention is paid to religious identity, methods for its identification by the Soviet official and local authorities. The problems of ethnocultural identity of the Mennonite Germans of Omsk Region are examined: the issues of creating autonomy and mass relocations to the Kazakh SSR in the late 1960s. It raises questions of Soviet identity and religiosity, as well as the problem of violations of the constitutional rights of believing Soviet citizens, in particular Article 124 of the Constitution. Particular attention is paid to issues of religious and anti-religious propaganda during the “Khrushchev persecution” of the church and marking the religious worldview as marginal

scholarly journals About Christian Ethics at School

2005 ◽  
pp. 226-229
Author(s):  
Ye. Sverstyuk
Keyword(s):  
French Revolution ◽  
Christian Ethics ◽  
The State ◽  
The Church ◽  
The French Revolution

The constitutional provision for the separation of the Church and the State has been in existence for over 200 years. They are now referring to it, no longer remembering how it came about. The fact is that the French Revolution of 1789 was anti-feudal and anticlerical. It separated the affairs of the state from the ecclesiastical so that bishops and cardinals would govern the Church, not the state. The 1917 revolution in Russia also tore the triumvirate of "statehood, orthodoxy, nationality." The state and the Church should have existed separately. The Bolsheviks rejected the old state and the Church, but in their legislation in 1919 the Decree recorded the separation of the Church from the state and the school from the Church. Because they disregarded law, morality and religion and absolutized the state, the state, and especially its punitive organs, trampled on morality, ethics, religion, clergy and their defenders ...

Cairo

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samir Simaika ◽  
Nevine Henein
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Maternal Grandfather ◽  
The Church

This chapter describes Marcus Simaika's early years. Marcus was born in the reign of Ismaʻil Pasha on February 28, 1864, to one of the oldest Coptic families in Cairo. The Simaikas were wealthy notables from Old Cairo whose ancestry can be traced to the middle of the seventeenth century through records and manuscripts in the Muʻallaqa Church and the Coptic Museum. They were mostly magistrates who prospered in the service of the state and the Church. Marcus was born in the house of his maternal grandfather, Hajj Boutros al-Birmawy, a Coptic notable who had accompanied Ibrahim Pasha on his Syrian campaign in the aftermath of Muhammad Ali Pasha, viceroy of Egypt's ill-fated Greek campaign. The house consisted of three stories surrounded by a big courtyard. Upon his grandfather's death, Marcus recounted how the house fell into deep mourning according to Coptic tradition.

Deposition of Ministers in the Church of Scotland Under the Covenanters, 1638–1651

1975 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Church Of Scotland ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Great Purges ◽  
The Right ◽  
Right Order ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Revolution

The period 1638–1651 saw the first major purges of the ministry of the reformed kirk in Scotland since the Reformation. These were the forerunners of the later great purges associated with the Restoration (of monarchy and episcopacy) in the 1660s and with the Revolution and re-establishment of presbyterianism in 1688–1690. Before 1638, for all the conflicts within the kirk and in its relations with the state, deposition of ministers had been rare. J. K. Hewison's estimate of 49 deprivations or depositions in 1560–1638 is probably too low, but is of the right order. No detailed study of depositions under the covenanters has ever been made. Hewison calculated that 138 ministers were deprived in the whole of the period 1638–1660. but this figure is far too low. More recentestimates (again covering 1638–1660) of about 200, and of about 210 depositions come much nearer the truth, but they also are too low; there were more depositions than this even in 1638–1651. Considering the importance attached to the depositions after 1660 and after 1688 as indicating the acceptability to ministers of the religious changes then introduced and the extent of persecution, it is rather surprising that so little attention has been paid to the predecessors of these purges— though James Bulloch's two useful local studies of depositions do cover the whole of the seventeenth century.

Confraternities and the Church in Late Medieval Florence

1986 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 69-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Southern Europe ◽  
Religious Service ◽  
Council Of Trent ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Medieval Europe ◽  
The Alps ◽  
The Church ◽  
Beer Drinking

The confraternities of late-medieval Europe have been seen as associations which were in some ways almost independent of the Church, and drew their special dynamism from the fact that the parish was supposedly in decline and had ceased to provide an adequate religious service to the lay community. However true this may have been north of the Alps, the problem when this proposition is applied to southern Europe, and particularly Italy, is that very little is known about the late-medieval parish to ascertain whether confraternities were really syphoning off the adherence of the local inhabitants. So often our impressions about the state of the Italian church derive from the sporadic visitations of local bishops or the ribald stories of a Boccaccio or Franco Sacchetti, later repeated and taken almost at face value by such influential writers as Burkhardt. But we may also be in danger of seeing late-medieval religion filtered through sixteenth-century eyes and taking for granted the correctness of the criticisms of the Council of Trent or for that matter following Luther’s gripes that confraternities had become no more than beer-drinking clubs.

III. The Cardinal of Lorraine and the Colloquy of Poissy

1927 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. O. Evennett
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Church Reform ◽  
Council Of Trent ◽  
Principal Objective ◽  
Political Expediency ◽  
Political Problem ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Church

Of the many sixteenth-century conferences which sought to bridge the gulf between Catholicism and those who had broken away from the Church, the Colloquy of Poissy was perhaps the most spectacularly staged. It was, however, remarkable more as a spectacle than as a serious theological discussion, and its true importance lies rather in the movement which brought it into being, and the particular aspirations, both political and religious, which were bound up in it, than in the actual tenor of the debates. Its real significance lay in this, that it represented a local attempt made by those Catholics who were opposed to the continuation of the suspended Council of Trent, to deal on their own initiative with the religious situation and to put into action their own eirenic ideas of church reform. They counselled concessions in ceremonial and discipline and the largest possible doctrinal lenience, in the hope, if not actually of effecting reunion with the Protestants, at least of removing some of the most powerful incentives to schism. The realization that the Council of Trent, if resumed, would neither favour this policy nor commend itself to Protestant support impelled them to resist the papal wishes and to call for a new council of Catholics and Protestants at which reunion should be the principal objective. These views spread wherever the growth of large bodies of heretics, organized and defying persecution, had caused serious embarrassment to the state by weakening the country's unity, imperilling the general administration, and presenting altogether a political problem that demanded urgent solution. But although to a large extent inspired by the exigencies of government the programme of the moderates was not based entirely on considerations of political expediency. The party did not lack theologians: Zasius, Gienger, Staphylus, in the Emperor's entourage, and liberal Catholics like George Cassander, were all men on whom some shreds of the mantle of Contarini and his followers may not unjustly be said to have fallen.

A ‘disorderly tumultuous way of serving God’: prayer and order in Ireland’s church and state, 1660–89

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (162) ◽  
pp. 207-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn Rose Sawyer
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Church And State ◽  
Church Leaders ◽  
The State ◽  
Complex Relationship ◽  
Social Disorder ◽  
Church Hierarchy ◽  
Protestant Denominations ◽  
Wrath Of God ◽  
The Church

AbstractThis article examines the Church of Ireland’s relationship with Scots Presbyterians after the Restoration, focusing on the churchmen’s regular complaints against the ‘disorderly’ practices of the Presbyterian communities in Ireland. The established church leaders spoke of the threat of political and social disorder from the Presbyterians, and they repeatedly targeted the spontaneous ex tempore prayer and preaching practised by Scottish ministers in order to illustrate their concerns. This article uncovers the theological roots of these apparently civic complaints to explain their ubiquity and vehemence. It argues that the churchmen feared that such uncontrolled, unscripted prayer could lead to blasphemy and provoke the wrath of God on the nation, thereby triggering war and unrest such as they had experienced in the preceding decades. In their view, there was little difference between holding to an improperly ordered church hierarchy and worship practice, and forcing this disorder on the state. By illustrating the links between theology, ecclesiology and the potential for political sedition as they were understood by Restoration churchmen, this article demonstrates the importance of theological nuance for clarifying the complex relationship between Ireland’s two largest Protestant denominations in the seventeenth century.

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