“The Types of Wisdom Are Two in Number”: Judah ibn Tibbon’s Quotation from the Iḥyā’ ‘ulūm al-Dīn

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 137-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.J. Pearce
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Magnum Opus ◽  
Word Translation ◽  
Formed Part ◽  
Direct Quotation

Abstract The present study bears out an early twentieth-century suggestion that the twelfth-century Andalusi physician, translator, merchant and lexicographer Judah ibn Tibbon quoted directly from the Iḥyā’ ‘ulūm al-dīn, the theological magnum opus of Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī, in the ethical will he wrote to his son Samuel. In addition to demonstrating, through a consideration of lexicographical evidence, that a sentence from that summa was indeed quoted, in Hebrew translation, in the text of the ethical will, the present article will set that quotation into its context as a part of the Tibbonid drive toward literal, word-for-word translation from Arabic into Hebrew. It will further consider the significance of the authorial decision by Judah ibn Tibbon, who fled Granada for Provence following the advent of Almohad rule in Iberia to include, alongside Andalusi sources, direct quotation from al-Ghazālī, a text that formed part of the intellectual underpinning of the Almohad movement.

scholarly journals Global and Local: Retail Transformation and the Department Store in Britain and Japan, 1900–1940

2018 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rika Fujioka ◽  
Jon Stobart
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Department Store ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
Department Stores ◽  
Incremental Development ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Formed Part ◽  
Global And Local

Department stores are often seen as transformative of both retail and wider social practices. This article offers a comparative analysis of department stores in early twentieth-century Britain and Japan to assess the extent to which there were universal qualities defining the operation, practices, and experience of department stores and to explore the ways in which they might be seen as transforming retailing in the two countries. Despite similarities in their origin, organization, and service to customers, we highlight the greater diversity of British department stores and their incremental development. Japanese stores were a far more powerful force for change because they formed part of a concerted and conscious program of modernization.

What the GRM brought to music: from musique concrète to acousmatic music

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 189-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Battier
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Strong Influence ◽  
Constant Attention ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Acousmatic Music ◽  
Musical Sounds ◽  
Musique Concrete ◽  
And Diffusion ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractSixty years ago, musique concrète was born of the single-handed efforts of one man, Pierre Schaeffer. How did the first experiments become a School and produce so many rich works? As this issue of Organised Sound addresses various aspects of the GRM activities throughout sixty years of musical adventure, this article discusses the musical thoughts behind the advent and the development of the music created and theoretised at the Paris School formed by the Schaefferian endeavours. Particular attention is given to the early twentieth-century conceptions of musical sounds and how poets, artists and musicians were expressing their quest for, as Apollinaire put it, ‘new sounds new sounds new sounds’. The questions of naming, gesture, sound capture, processing and diffusion are part of the concepts thoroughly revisited by the GRMC, then the GRM in 1958, up to what is known as acousmatic music. Other contributions, such as Teruggi's, give readers insight into the technical environments and innovations that took place at the GRM. This present article focuses on the remarkable unity of the GRM. This unity has existed alongside sixty years of activity and dialogue with researchers of other fields and constant attention to the latter-day scientific, technological and philosophical ideas which have had a strong influence in shaping the development of GRM over the course of its history.

Change and Change Back: the Development of English Parish Church Chancels

1999 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 65-77
Author(s):  
Carol F. Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Local Church ◽  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
Parish Church ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Parish Churches ◽  
The Church

The eleventh-century core of the church at Wittering, Northamptonshire (Fig. 1a), is typical of the type of church which served local communities in the Anglo-Saxon period. It has a rectangular nave and a short, square chancel. Kilpeck, Herefordshire (Fig. 1b), is an equally typical example of a post-Conquest, twelfth-century local church. It also has a rectangular nave, but it has a longer, apsidal chancel. Such early twentieth-century authors on the development of English parish churches as A. Hamilton Thompson and Alfred Clapham suggested that the use of apses for smaller, post-Conquest churches is an example of French/Norman influence overriding the existing English/Anglo-Saxon forms. They cite the widespread use of apses after the Conquest not only for smaller churches, but also for virtually every major church built in the wake of the Conquest, and the use of apses for churches of all sizes in France in the late eleventh and twelfth centuries. The use of square ends for later medieval parish church chancels such as those at Polebrook, Northamptonshire (Fig. 2a), or Linton, Herefordshire (Fig. 2b), Clapham suggested, marked a return to native English forms after the immediate impact of the Conquest had passed. But is this actually the case? Or are the rectangular, square-ended chancels so typical of later medieval English parish churches a response to new demands being placed upon these buildings? This paper will explore this issue, and ask whether the use of square-ended chancels represents a continuity with, or a change from, older forms.

The Kiev State and Its Relations with Western Europe

1947 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 27-46
Author(s):  
F. Dvornik
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Early History ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Political Events ◽  
History Of ◽  
Soviet Russia ◽  
The Many

The early history of Russia is still in many respects an unexplored field, and the place which the first Russian political organisation occupied in Europe from the tenth to the twelfth century is not yet appreciated as it deserves to be, even by Russian scholars themselves. The research carried out in this field in Russia at the end of the nineteenth and in the early twentieth century was cut short for almost three decades by political events. It is only recently that the history of Kievan Russia has aroused a keener interest among the historians of Soviet Russia, as witness the many studies published in Vestnik Drevnei Istorii and especially the work of B. D. Grekov.

scholarly journals Tibetan Bonpo Mendrup: The Precious Formula’s Transmission

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-180
Author(s):  
Anna Sehnalova
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Present Form ◽  
Ritual Practice ◽  
Historical Material ◽  
Strong Emphasis ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Medical Tradition ◽  
History Of

The article presents the traceable history of the Tibetan Bonpo mendrup ritual practice in textual sources, as it has been recorded by the Bonpos themselves. These records are put into context with the current performance of the practice by the Bonpo exile community. The study aims to embrace all the relevant Bonpo historical material accessible, and thus deals with documents of a wide time spam, from the eleventh or twelfth century onwards until the early twentieth century. The Bonpo mendrup is a healing, longevity, rejuvenation and enlightenment-seeking contemplative meditational practice of the Tibetan tantric tradition with a strong emphasis on its medicinal component. It embodies various spheres of knowledge and their principles, as the Indian tantrism, a strong Buddhist cosmological organisational and soteriological framework, the Tibetan medical tradition, with embedded elements of alchemy and Tibetan indigenous religious notions. As the studied sources reveal, its origin can be traced to the intellectually vibrant times in Tibet of around the twelfth century, where all these fields of expertise came together. Thus the case provides an example of such a complex composed of tantra, medicine and alchemic influences specific for Tibet. Since then, the Bonpo mendrup can be followed by varied records in a number of Bonpo literary sources of different genres. These are compared with the present form of the ritual. The sources support the ritual’s anticipated transmission and practice throughout the history. They show that different ideas apply to its origin, and particularly its revelation as a treasure text, and that the ritual existed in varied forms, and was shared and imparted among different lineages of Bon. The most important finding is that the practice is actually traceable throughout the history, and likely have never ceased to be active over the centuries from the very early times until today. 

Between Instinct and Intelligence: Harnessing Police Dog Agency in Early Twentieth-Century Paris

2016 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 463-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Pearson
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War I ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
World War ◽  
Police Powers ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Animal Psychology ◽  
Formed Part ◽  
Nonhuman Agency ◽  
Police Dogs

AbstractThis article analyzes the introduction of police dogs in early twentieth-century Paris, which formed part of the transnational extension of police powers and their specialization. Within a context of widespread fears of crime and new and contested understandings of animal psychology, police officers, journalists, and canophiles promoted the dogs as inexpensive yet effective agents who could help the police contain the threat posed by criminals. This article responds to a growing number of studies on nonhuman agency by examining how humans in a particular place and time conceptualized and harnessed animal abilities. I argue that while nonhuman agency is an illuminating and important analytical tool, there is a danger that it might become monolithic and static. With these concerns in mind, I show how examining historical actors' conceptualizations of animal abilities takes us closer to the historical stakes and complexities of mobilizing purposeful and capable animals, and provides a better understanding of the constraints within which animals act. Attitudes toward police dogs were entwined with broader discussions of human and animal intelligence. Concerns that dogs' abilities and intelligence were contingent and potentially reversible qualities resembled contemporary biomedical fears that base instincts, desires, and impulses could overwhelm human intelligence and morality, resulting in individual and collective degeneration. To many, it seemed that police dogs' intelligence had not tamed their aggressive instincts, and these worries partly explain the demise of the first wave of police dogs in Paris after World War I.

scholarly journals “On the System of Stravinsky’s Harmony” by Yuri Kholopov

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip A. Ewell
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Central Element ◽  
Structural Element ◽  
Entire Life ◽  
Important Concept ◽  
Russian Music ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Music Theorist ◽  
Serial Works

Yuri Kholopov is generally regarded as the foremost Russian music theorist in the latter half of the twentieth century. Though he published articles in a wide array of topics, he was happiest when discussing twentieth-century concepts; it was to this end that he devoted a large part of his life’s work. The essay by Kholopov translated in the present article is from 1997, six years before he died. There are several significant points that he makes with respect to Stravinsky’s music. First, Kholopov links a quotation from Stravinsky on harmony to Sergei Taneev’s Invertible Counterpoint in the Strict Style, thus suggesting that by borrowing ideas from Taneev, the Petersburg-based Stravinsky was influenced by the Moscow-based Taneev. This speaks to a possible Russian influence on Stravinsky aside from Rimsky-Korsakov, whose influence on Stravinsky is not in doubt. Second, Kholopov posits a new fundamental “neotonality” in Stravinsky’s music, which exhibits a “central element” (CE) to which all other tones gravitate. Third, Kholopov’s work situates octatonicism into a broader framework of Stravinsky’s compositional practices. Ultimately, it is but one aspect of this music and is not emphasized as a fundamental structural element in Stravinsky’s music, as it is in writings by Arthur Berger, Pieter van den Toorn, and Richard Taruskin, for example. Fourth, in the section on polarity, Kholopov posits that when Stravinsky uses this term in relation to his music, he may have meant to say “stability,” which was a term from the writings of Boleslav Yavorsky that most Russian musicians knew in the early twentieth century. This reinterpretation of polarity sheds new light on this most important concept in Stravinsky studies. Lastly, there is the idea that Stravinsky was, in fact, a serial composer for his entire life. Of course, Stravinsky famously claimed so himself late in life; Kholopov solidifies this claim, traces the evolution of Stravinsky’s serial works, and finds an intriguing four-note series in Firebird.

scholarly journals Marching and Memory in Early Twentieth-Century Quebec: La Fête-Dieu, la Saint-Jean-Baptiste, and le Monument Laval

2006 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 209-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald Rudin
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Lay Leaders ◽  
Quebec City ◽  
French Canadian ◽  
Corpus Christi ◽  
Collective Effort ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Formed Part

Abstract During a three-day period in June 1908, 250,000 people attended a series of elaborate celebrations in Quebec City in honour of Mgr François de Laval, the first bishop of Quebec, upon the bicentenary of his death. A monument to Laval was unveiled on the middle day, in between the two most important summer festivals of the French-Canadian calendar. The Fête-Dieu (Corpus Christi) celebrations preceded the unveiling, while the Fête de la Saint-Jean-Baptiste followed. In planning the festivities, particular care was devoted to organising processions through the streets of Quebec City. These two processions, the former organised by clerics and the latter by laymen, sent somewhat contradictory messages to both spectators and participants. Nevertheless, they formed part of a collective effort by clerical and lay leaders to claim the streets of Quebec, in the process asserting their power at a time when French-Catholic society was being challenged from various quarters.

“Mande Kaba,” the Capital of Mali: A Recent Invention?

1991 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 127-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn L. Green
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
West African ◽  
Oral Traditions ◽  
Political Control ◽  
French Translation ◽  
French Studies ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Magnum Opus ◽  
The Town

Historians who work in certain diaspora areas of the Mande people are frequently told by Mandekan speakers that their ancestors came from “Mande Kaba” (Kaaba). When reporting this, they usually then proceed to explain that Kaba is the Mande term for the French-named town of Kangaba, capital of the Mali empire. However, in my work on the precolonial state of Kong in northeastern Côte d'Ivoire, it became important to question exactly what this phrase means in the context of oral traditions and chronology.The hypothesis equating Kaba, Kangaba, and the capital of the Mali empire dates back in print to the early French studies of ancient Mali, and particularly to Maurice Delafosse, that prolific writer on West African oral traditions, religion, and languages. In his 1912 magnum opus, Haut-Sénégal-Niger, Delafosse cited Kangaba, “sans doute” as the capital of the pre-Sunjata “royaume” of Mali. In his annotation of the French translation of the mid-seventeenth century compilation, Ta'rikh al-Fattash, Delafosse again presented this idea. The Ta'rikh stated that “[t]he town which served previously as the capital of the emperor of Mali was named Diêriba [jāriba]; following, there was another named Niani [Yan.”In a note Delafosse explained that Diêriba “is also the name of the town called Kangaba on our [French] maps, which after having been the first capital of the manding empire, is still today the chief town of the province of Manding or Malli.” He was most likely relaying information from his interpretation of traditions as well as his own personal observations of early twentieth-century Kangaba. The Keita family, claiming descent from Sunjata Keita, the founder of the Mali empire, enjoyed political control of Kangaba, and were recognized as having held this position for some time.

scholarly journals Hayduk novels in the nineteenth-century Romanian fiction: notes on a sub-genre

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roxana Patraș
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Short Story ◽  
Short Fiction ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Material Objects ◽  
Luxury Goods ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Romanian Literature

In the context of nineteenth and early twentieth-century Romanian literature, hajduk novels and hajduk short fiction (novella, short-story, tale) are called to bring back  a lost “epicness,” to give back the hajduks their lost aura. But why did the Romanian readers need this remix? Was it for ideological reasons? Did the growing female readership influence the  affluence of hajduk fiction? Could the hajduk novels have supplied the default of other important fiction sub-genres such as children or teenage literature? The present article supports the idea that, as a distinct fiction sub-genre, the hajduk novels convey a modern lifestyle, attached to new values such as the disengagement from material objects, the democratization of access to luxury goods and commodities, and the mobility of social classes. Clothing, leisure, eating/ drinking/ sleeping/ hygiene, work, military and forest/ nomad life, and ritual items that are mentioned in these novels can help us correlate the technical tendencies reflected in the making of objects to a particular ethnicity (Romanian).

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