Habitat heterogeneity as a local and regional-scale driver of primate assemblage structure in northernmost Brazilian Amazonia

We performed line transect surveys in two fishbone human settlements (defined as clearings cut through forests in a fishbone pattern, extending along secondary roads from a main road) in different vegetation types, as well as in one protected area. A total of 410 sightings of eight primate species were recorded in the three study areas. The mean total primate abundance was 3.28 groups/10 km walked, and there were significant differences between areas with different plant physiognomies. The abundance of the larger primate speciesAlouatta macconnelliandAteles paniscus(Atelidae) was higher in the dense ombrophilous forests of the Entre Rios human settlement, whereas those of all the other species were higher in the forest mosaics of the Novo Paraíso human settlement and Viruá National Park. The habitat generalistSapajus apellapresented the highest abundances in all the areas. No significant differences were detected in relative biomass between study areas. Additionally, no significant differences were detected in the overall abundances or relative biomasses of the hunted species (Sapajus apella,Alouatta macconnelli,Ateles paniscus, andChiropotes chiropotes) between study areas. Human impact has been recognized as shaping primate assemblages. However, in this study, primates were not part of the dietary repertoire of the non-Amazonian immigrants inhabiting the fishbone human settlements. Thus, although the primate assemblages varied considerably at the regional and local level, they were shaped by habitat heterogeneity, which allowed the competing species to coexist through habitat segregation.

Download Full-text

Population structure, density and biomass of large herbivores in the tropical forests of Nagarahole, India

Journal of Tropical Ecology ◽

10.1017/s0266467400006040 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 8 (01) ◽

pp. 21-35 ◽

Cited By ~ 125

Author(s):

K. Ullas Karanth ◽

Melvin E. Sunquist

Keyword(s):

Population Structure ◽

Tropical Forests ◽

Primate Species ◽

Line Transect ◽

Large Herbivore ◽

Large Herbivores ◽

Transect Sampling ◽

Structure Density ◽

Density And Biomass ◽

Turn Over

ABSTRACTWe studied the population structure, density and biomass of seven ungulate and two primate species in the tropical forests of Nagarahole, southern India, using line transect sampling and roadside/platform counts, during 1986–87. The estimated ecological densities of large herbivore species in the study area are: 4.2 muntjac km−2, 50.6 chital km−2, 5.5 sambar km−2, 0.8 four-horned antelope km−2, 9.6 gaur km−2, 4.2 wild pig km−2, 3.3 elephant km−2, 23.8 hanuman langur km−2and 0.6 bonnet macaque km−2. Most ungulates have female-biased adult sex ratios. Among common ungulate species, yearlings and young of the year comprise about a third of the population, suggesting relatively high turn-over rates. Three species (muntjac, sambar and four-horned antelope) are solitary, while others form groups. The study area supports a wild herbivore biomass density of 14,744 kg km−2. Among the three habitat types within the study area, biomass is lower in dry deciduous forests when compared with moist deciduous or teak plantation dominant forests. Using our results, we have examined the factors that may contribute towards maintenance of high ungulate biomass in tropical forests.

Download Full-text

Spatial Expansion of Human Settlement during the Longshan Period (~4.5–~3.9 ka BP) and Its Hydroclimatic Contexts in the Lower Yellow River Floodplain, Eastern China

Land ◽

10.3390/land10070712 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 712

Author(s):

Kaifeng Li ◽

Wenhua Gao ◽

Li Wu ◽

Hainan Hu ◽

Panpan Gong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Yellow River ◽

Asian Summer Monsoon ◽

Spatial Expansion ◽

Human Settlement ◽

Human Settlements ◽

Lower Yellow River ◽

River Floodplain ◽

The Lower Yellow River ◽

Asian Summer ◽

Longshan Period

Obvious spatial expansion of human settlement occurred in the lower Yellow River floodplain during the Longshan period, but the external factors driving this expansion remain unclear. In this study, we first delineated the hydroclimatic changes at both regional and local scales within and around the lower Yellow River floodplain and then examined the relationships of human settlements with hydroclimatic settings between the pre-Longshan and Longshan periods. The results indicate that the site distribution, site density and hydroclimatic conditions exhibited significant shifts during the pre-Longshan and Longshan periods. In the pre-Longshan period, the intense East Asian summer monsoon and abundant monsoon-related precipitation caused widespread development of lakes and marshes in the lower Yellow River floodplain. As a result, the circumjacent highlands of the lower Yellow River floodplain contained concentrated human settlements. However, the persistent weakening of the East Asian summer monsoon and consequent precipitation decline, in conjunction with accelerated soil erosion due to decreasing forest vegetation and strengthening of human activities on the upstream Loess Plateau in the Longshan period, are likely to have jointly caused both shrinking and faster filling of preexisting lakes and marshes. Subsequently, a large area of arable land had been created in the lower Yellow River floodplain and thus was occupied by locally rapid increasing population, resulting in the notable spatial expansion of human settlements during the Longshan period.

Download Full-text

Primate populations in continuous forest and forest fragments in Central Amazonia

Acta Amazonica ◽

10.1590/1809-43921988183307 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 18 (3-4) ◽

pp. 291-307 ◽

Cited By ~ 59

Author(s):

Anthony B. Rylands ◽

Alexine Keuroghlian

Keyword(s):

Food Sources ◽

Primate Species ◽

Forest Fragments ◽

The Past ◽

Pithecia Pithecia ◽

Ateles Paniscus ◽

Continuous Forest ◽

Second Growth ◽

Central Amazonia ◽

One Year

Population densities of six primate species (Saguinus midas, Pithecia pithecia, Cebus apella, Chiropotes satanas, Alouatta seniculus and Ateles paniscus) were estimated in continuous forest and in isolated reserves (one of 100 ha and four of 10 ha). Saguinusdensities in the continuous forest were found to be low, probably due to the lack of edge habitat and second growth favoured by them; Pithecia, Cebus and Ateles populations are also low, possibly because of more widely distributed and/or less abundant food sources than is true for other Amazonian regions, although hunting in the past, particularly of Ateles may also be a contributing factor; and Chiropotes and Alouatta densities were found to be similar to those observed in other areas of Amazonas forests. Ateles and Chiropotes, which occupy ranges on the order of three km2 were excluded from the 100-ka reserve at the time of its isolation. Unfortunately populations were not known prior to isolation of this reserve but during isolation there remained four groups of Saguinus, two Pitheciagroups, one Cebus groups and five Alouatta groups. One Saguinus group disappeared two months later, and one year post-isolation the Cebus group also left the reserve. Single Alouatta groups survive in the isolated 10-ha reserves. Saguinus, present in the four 10-ha reserves following isolation, have disappeared from two of them. One 10-ha reserve retains a group of Pithecia.

Download Full-text

Human Settlement Assessment in Jinan From a Facility Resource Perspective

SAGE Open ◽

10.1177/2158244020924056 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 215824402092405

Author(s):

Xue-ming Li ◽

Zhi-zhen Bai ◽

Shen-zhen Tian ◽

Jun Yang ◽

Yu-jie Guo

Keyword(s):

Public Space ◽

Spatial Density ◽

Human Settlement ◽

Human Settlements ◽

Circular Structure ◽

Key Factor ◽

Total Settlement ◽

Density Analysis ◽

Residential Space ◽

Settlement Distribution

Multisource data, spatial density analysis, and a gravity model were used to evaluate and analyze differentiation and controls of human settlement locations in Jinan, China. The results indicate the following. (a) The spatial distribution of human settlements follows a block-style, is axially extended, and has a multicenter development pattern with a significant circular structure. (b) The distributions of many settlement types are similar to the total settlement distribution. Residential space exhibits the highest correlation with public space, whereas financial space has the smallest correlation with business space. A high matching value for human settlement is found at the junction of the five districts in Jinan, whereas the Pingyin and Shanghe counties exhibit the lowest value. (c) Areas with human settlement exhibit typical hierarchies. Performance is dominated by the five districts, Zhangqiu is subdominant, and other districts represent an edge-dependent hierarchical system. Radial spatial settlement structures are centered on the five districts, with a centripetal and multicentric “western dense, eastern sparse” regional pattern. (d) Topography is the main factor that generates differentiation. Road network density affects the distribution and grade of human settlement areas, gross domestic factor is a key factor that affects the formation of human settlement structures, and population aggregation is a prerequisite for human settlement distribution, as well as a catalytic factor for differentiation of human settlements.

Download Full-text

Upscaling Action Research and implications for community organizing practice

Action Research ◽

10.1177/1476750317704892 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 469-489 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Melissa A Currie ◽

Janni Sorensen

Keyword(s):

North Carolina ◽

Action Research ◽

Community Organizing ◽

Local Level ◽

Regional Scale ◽

Neighborhood Change ◽

Policy Implications ◽

Built Form ◽

Starting Point ◽

Research Findings

Case studies are an effective vehicle for telling important stories that may have broader implications, but how is the research study made relevant, or generalizable, to other places or events? This paper discusses the upscaling of Action Research where Action Research was the starting point at the local level that led to additional layers with larger, regional scale implications. The story behind the development process and resulting built form of Windy Ridge, a relatively new subdivision in Charlotte, North Carolina dubbed a “Neighborhood Built to Fail,” presents a compelling story. We trace the development of knowledge around three topics originating in Action Research and how we scaled those topics up to have policy implications: (1) owner occupancy and absentee landlords; (2) stability, instability, and neighborhood resiliency; and (3) zoning changes and environmental justice issues. We reflect on implications for practitioners and academics based on several years of neighborhood partnership and how Action Research can reveal structural issues at work within communities. Action Research findings provided a research- and evidence-based platform from which to advocate for neighborhood change and the motivation for the extended research. This approach produced an expanding research model emanating from Action Research data and questions originating with residents.

Download Full-text

Human settlement managers training programme: the integrated management of human settlements

Habitat International ◽

10.1016/0197-3975(79)90021-3 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 4 (1-2) ◽

pp. 155-167

Author(s):

Division of Human Settlements and Socio-cultural Environment, UNESCO-UNEP

Keyword(s):

Integrated Management ◽

Training Programme ◽

Human Settlement ◽

Human Settlements

Download Full-text

A comparison of small mammal communities in two High-Andean Polylepis woodlands in Ecuador

Avances en Ciencias e Ingeniería ◽

10.18272/aci.v11i2.516 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Reed Ojala-Barbour ◽

Jorge Brito ◽

William R. Teska

Keyword(s):

Habitat Quality ◽

Small Mammals ◽

Habitat Heterogeneity ◽

Habitat Degradation ◽

Anthropogenic Pressures ◽

Small Mammal Communities ◽

Specialist Species ◽

Habitat Generalist ◽

High Elevations ◽

Mammal Communities

Polylepis forest, historically widespread throughout high elevations of the central and northern Andes, now remain only in discontinuous small patches. An expanding agricultural frontier, along with other anthropogenic pressures, imperils these remnants through further isolation and loss of habitat quality. Using two grids of live traps we compared the populations of small nonvolant mammals in an intact Polylepis woodland with one nearby that had been logged 50 years before. Our study is the first to examine the effects of habitat degradation and associated changes to vertical complexity and habitat heterogeneity on mammalian communities in Polylepis woodlands above 3500 m. The intact woodland had significantly more vertical complexity than the mid-successional woodland. A total of 315 captures of 147 individuals of 9 species were sampled during an intensive trapping effort in 2010. Trap success was especially high averaging 35.4 % and 28.1 % in the intact and mid-successional woodland, respectively. Diversity and abundance of small mammals were greater in the intact woodland than the mid-successional site. Forest specialist species were more abundant in the intact habitat; while Thomasomys paramorum, a habitat generalist, was dominant in both. Habitat quality affected movement patterns of T. paramorum. The results affirm a high diversity and density of small mammals in intact Polylepis woodland and indicate that the effects of habitat disturbance are species dependent. We suggest that habitat specialists are more susceptible to loss of habitat heterogeneity and vertical complexity than habitat generalists.

Download Full-text

Integrating passive acoustic and visual data to model spatial patterns of occurrence in coastal dolphins

ICES Journal of Marine Science ◽

10.1093/icesjms/fsu110 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 72 (2) ◽

pp. 651-660 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Paul M. Thompson ◽

Kate L. Brookes ◽

Line S. Cordes

Keyword(s):

Spatial Variation ◽

Spatial Patterns ◽

Classification Tree ◽

Bottlenose Dolphins ◽

Regional Scale ◽

Habitats Directive ◽

Line Transect ◽

Species Identity ◽

Passive Acoustic ◽

Survey Effort

Abstract Fine-scale information on the occurrence of coastal cetaceans is required to support regulation of offshore energy developments and marine spatial planning. In particular, the EU Habitats Directive requires an understanding of the extent to which animals from Special Areas of Conservation (SAC) use adjacent waters, where survey effort is often sparse. Designing survey regimes that can be used to support these assessments is especially challenging because visual sightings are expected to be rare in peripheral parts of a population's range. Consequently, even intensive visual line-transect surveys can result in few encounters. Static passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) provides new opportunities to extend survey effort by using echolocation click detections to quantify levels of occurrence of coastal dolphins, but this does not provide information on species identity. In NE Scotland, assessments of proposed offshore energy developments required information on spatial patterns of occurrence of bottlenose dolphins in waters in and next to the Moray Firth SAC. Here, we illustrate how this can be achieved by integrating data from broad-scale PAM arrays with presence-only data from visual surveys. Generalized estimating equations were used with PAM data to model the occurrence of dolphins in relation to depth, distance to coast, slope, and sediment, and to predict the spatial variation in the cumulative occurrence of all dolphin species across a 4 × 4 km grid of the study area. Classification tree analysis was then applied to available visual sightings data to estimate the likely species identity of dolphins sighted in each grid cell in relation to local habitat. By multiplying these probabilities, it was possible to provide advice on spatial variation in the probability of encountering bottlenose dolphins from this protected population at a regional scale, complementing data from surveys that estimate average density or overall abundance within a region.

Download Full-text

Socio-spatial Disparities in Brussels and its Hinterland

The Urban Book Series - Urban Socio-Economic Segregation and Income Inequality ◽

10.1007/978-3-030-64569-4_14 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 271-291

Author(s):

Rafael Costa ◽

Helga A. G. de Valk

Keyword(s):

Spatial Data ◽

Local Level ◽

Regional Scale ◽

National Income ◽

Socioeconomic Groups ◽

Fine Grained ◽

Spatial Disparities ◽

Socioeconomic Segregation ◽

Migration Flows ◽

The City

AbstractBrussels’ urban and suburban landscape has changed considerably since the 1980s. The consolidation of socioeconomic fractures inside the city, a reinforcement of long-lasting disparities between the city and its prosperous hinterland, as well as the increasing diversification of migration flows—both high- and low-skilled—contributed to these disparities. Recent evolutions of these patterns, however, have not been investigated yet and therefore remain unknown. Besides, the extent to which segregation is primarily related to economic inequalities and to migration flows—or a combination/interaction between the two—so far has not been studied. This chapter offers a detailed overview of the socio-spatial disparities in the Brussels Functional Urban Area. Our analyses relied on fine-grained spatial data, at the level of statistical sections and of individualised neighbourhoods built around 100 m x 100 m grids. We analysed socioeconomic segregation measures and patterns, as well as their evolution between 2001 and 2011. Socioeconomic groups were defined based on individuals’ position with respect to national income deciles. In line with previous research, our results show very marked patterns of socioeconomic segregation in and around Brussels operating both at a larger regional scale and at the local level.

Download Full-text

Adaptability Evaluation of Human Settlements in Chengdu Based on 3S Technology

10.21203/rs.3.rs-207391/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Wende Chen ◽

kun zhu ◽

QUN WU ◽

Yankun CAI ◽

Yutian LU ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Spatial Distribution ◽

Development Planning ◽

Residential Environment ◽

Vegetation Coverage ◽

High Grade ◽

Human Settlement ◽

Human Settlements ◽

Suitability Index ◽

Correlation Degree

Abstract Taking Chengdu as the research object, the natural eco-environmental factors such as topography, climate, vegetation, land use and vegetation cover were selected, together with human disturbance factors such as traffic and GDP, and the index weights were calculated by AHP. Based on 3S technology, projection transformation, remote sensing interpretation, information extraction and analysis are carried out, and evaluation model of Chengdu's residential environment adaptability is constructed, which reflects the zoning and spatial distribution characteristics of Chengdu's residential environment adaptability. The results show that: 1) The adaptability index of Chengdu's human settlement environment is between 15.98 and 76.75, and the suitability of human settlement environment is gradually decreasing from the middle to the east and west of Chengdu, and most areas are restricted by human production activities and natural conditions. 2) According to the actual situation, the suitability index can be divided into High-grade suitable areas (284.36 km2, 2.01%), relatively High-grade suitable areas (1802.13 km2, 12.71%), moderately suitable areas (3721.49 km2, 26.24%) and low suitable areas (3731.49 km2, 26.31%). 3) The correlation degree between the spatial distribution of Chengdu population and each index factor is as follows: per capita GDP> topographic relief > temperature and humidity > vegetation coverage > traffic network density > land use > hydrological factors. 4) There is a good correlation between Chengdu human settlements suitability index and the current population density grid layer, and its correlation coefficient is 0.7326. 5) The leading impact indicators of human settlements in different regions are different. The results show that the natural environment conditions in Chengdu are superior and the ecological environment quality is relatively stable, but the human settlement suitability index in the southeast and Longmenshan areas of Chengdu is relatively low. Therefore, in the future development planning of Chengdu, it is necessary to combine the actual environmental conditions and resource carrying capacity, and rationally carry out urban optimization and beautiful countryside construction.

Download Full-text