Did genetic lineage divergence or spatial environmental variance lead to global subspecies differentiation of northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis)?

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-308
Author(s):  
Un-Hyang Ho ◽  
Sam-Rang Song
Keyword(s):  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Breeding Habitat ◽  
Genetic Lineage ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Environmental Variance ◽  
Northern Goshawk ◽  
Subspecies Differentiation ◽  
Distribution Ranges ◽  
Lineage Divergence

Abstract When a widely distributed species undergoes ecological or geological isolation, it tends to divide into subspecies. In general, subspecies differentiation is affected by environmental variance and genetic divergence. But the extent to which these two factors influence subspecies differentiation in species with different distribution ranges and modes of living, might be different. Despite having high breeding habitat fidelity, northern goshawk is a forest raptor that is widely dispersed. We investigated morphological traits in combination with the genetic background of northern goshawk individuals at a large global scale. We also collected genetic, palynological and climatic data to reveal what caused global subspecies differentiation in northern goshawk. Eurasian and North American subspecies populations are thought to have diverged approximately 660 000 years ago to undergo different evolutionary routes, which remarkably facilitated intercontinental subspecies differentiation through genetic lineage divergence. During the last glacial period (18 000 years ago) the different isolation levels of northern goshawk refugia on the continents caused genetic lineage divergences, which, however, are unlikely to have led to subspecies differentiation directly. Spatial environmental variance due to the wide distribution of northern goshawks made an important contribution to subspecies differentiation throughout continents.

scholarly journals Do Some Northern Goshawk Nest Areas Consistently Fledge More Young Than Others?

The Condor ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-352
Author(s):  
Erica L. McClaren ◽  
Patricia L. Kennedy ◽  
Sarah R. Dewey
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
New Mexico ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Vancouver Island ◽  
Breeding Habitat ◽  
Habitat Characteristics ◽  
Accipiter Gentilis ◽  
Uinta Mountains ◽  
Northern Goshawk ◽  
Jemez Mountains

Abstract In long-lived raptors, research suggests that some nest areas consistently fledge more young than others, with the majority of young in the population being produced by a few females. If this claim were true for Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) populations, it would benefit land managers to identify high-quality goshawk breeding habitat. We examined whether the number of young fledged varied spatially among Northern Goshawk nest areas within three study areas where long-term reproductive data from goshawks were available: (1) Vancouver Island, British Columbia; (2) Jemez Mountains, New Mexico; and (3) Uinta Mountains, Utah. A mixed-model ANOVA indicated there was minimal spatial variation in nest productivity among nest areas within the three study locations. Rather, nest areas exhibited high temporal variability in nest productivity within each study area. These results suggest that temporal patterns such as local weather and fluctuating prey populations influenced Northern Goshawk reproduction more than spatial patterns such as habitat characteristics. Nest productivity may inadequately reflect spatial patterns in goshawk reproduction and so it would be premature to assume that habitat quality for Northern Goshawks was equal among nest areas within these study areas. Future research should examine spatial variability among nest areas in adult and juvenile survival rates to gain a complete picture of population responses to habitat change. ¿Se Producen Consistentemente Más Volantones de Accipiter gentilis en Algunos Sitios de Anidación que en Otros? Resumen. Investigaciones en aves rapaces longevas sugieren que consistentemente más polluelos empluman en algunos sitios de anidación que en otros y que la mayoría de los juveniles en la población son producidos por unas pocas hembras. Si esto fuera cierto para poblaciones de Accipiter gentilis, ayudaría a las autoridades ambientales a identificar hábitat reproductivo de alta calidad para la especie. Evaluamos si el número de polluelos emplumados varió espacialmente entre sitios de anidación de A. gentilis dentro de tres áreas de estudio para las cuales había datos reproductivos de largo plazo disponibles: (1) Vancouver Island, British Columbia; (2) Jemez Mountains, New Mexico; y (3) Uinta Mountains, Utah. Un modelo mixto de análisis de varianza indicó que la variación espacial en la productividad de los nidos entre sitios de anidación dentro de las tres áreas de estudio fue mínima. En cambio, los sitios de anidación presentaron una alta variabilidad temporal en la productividad de los nidos dentro de cada área de estudio. Estos resultados sugieren que los patrones temporales como el clima y las fluctuaciones de las poblaciones de presas influencian la reproducción de A. gentilis más que los patrones espaciales como las características del hábitat. La productividad de los nidos puede reflejar inadecuadamente los patrones espaciales de la reproducción de A. gentilis, de modo que sería prematuro suponer que la calidad de hábitat fue igual entre los sitios de anidación dentro de las áreas de estudio. Para tener una perspectiva completa de la respuesta de las poblaciones a cambios en el ambiente, investigaciones futuras deberían examinar la variabilidad espacial entre sitios de anidación en las tasas de supervivencia de aves adultas y juveniles.

Breeding habitat preferences and reproductive success of Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) in exotic Eucalyptus plantations in southwestern Europe

2018 ◽  
Vol 409 ◽  
pp. 817-825 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. García-Salgado ◽  
S. Rebollo ◽  
L. Pérez-Camacho ◽  
S. Martínez-Hesterkamp ◽  
E. De la Montaña ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Habitat Preferences ◽  
Breeding Habitat ◽  
Accipiter Gentilis ◽  
Northern Goshawk ◽  
Eucalyptus Plantations

A simple rearing technique for larvae and observations on the larval biology of Australian ‘splendid ghost moths’, Aenetus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1855) (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae)

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 43-51
Author(s):  
ETHAN PEREGRINE BEAVER ◽  
JOHN GREHAN
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Larval Biology ◽  
New Host ◽  
Distribution Ranges ◽  
Associate Species

It is difficult to associate species of the wood-boring moth in the genus Aenetus with their host plant, because larvae develop inside live trees. A new method is described for rearing larvae of Aenetus eximia, A. lewinii, A. blackburnii, A. ligniveren and A. scotti in cut stems of trees containing larval tunnels by feeding them apple pieces. Larvae that completed development were reared from 49 to 396 days after collection from the field. Aspects of larval feeding webs and adult emergence are described, and new host records are documented. The rearing method is shown to provide an effective means of accurately determining the species of Aenetus developing inside a given host plant.  It was more convenient than obtaining pupae or emerging adults in the field, which is often not possible to do. The method should be useful for conducting surveys, particularly for species with wide distribution ranges. This method may also be effective for the study of other genera of callus feeding, stem boring Hepialidae, such as Archaeoaenetus, Endoclita, Phassus, Schausiana and Zeloptypia.

scholarly journals DISTRIBUTION OF TROPICAL EEL GENUS Anguilla IN INDONESIA WATER BASED ON SEMI-MULTIPLEX PCR

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melta Rini Fahmi ◽  
Laurent Pouyaud ◽  
Patrick Berrebi
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Fish Size ◽  
Distribution Ranges ◽  
Pcr Method ◽  
Glass Eels ◽  
Very High ◽  
Tropical Eel ◽  
Tropical Eels

Tropical eels living in Indonesian waters are known to be composed of several species, but their real listing together with their distribution ranges need to be established. The main difficulties are the very high number of islands with perennial rivers where these species are living during the growth phase of their life cycle. It is difficult, sometimes impossible, to determine the species using morphological characters, moreover on glass eels. In order to establish the geographic distribution of tropical eels of the genus Anguilla in Indonesian waters, a total 1,115 specimens were collected between 2008 and 2012. Sample collection was done in the growth habitats that are rivers and estuaries by commercial nets of different categories according to the fish size. All samples were identified genetically using the recently developed semimultiplex PCR method. We recognized four species and subspecies with wide distribution: Anguilla bicolor bicolor, Anguilla bicolor pacifica, Anguilla marmorata, and Anguilla interioris; two species with limited distribution, close to endemism: Anguilla celebesensis and Anguilla borneensis and one subspecies Anguilla nebulosa nebulosa that is only spread in river flowing into Indian Ocean.

scholarly journals Flora of inland Atlantic riparian forests in southwestern Brazil

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudenice Faxina ◽  
Erich Fischer ◽  
Arnildo Pott
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Riparian Forest ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Riparian Species ◽  
Conyza Bonariensis ◽  
Distribution Ranges ◽  
Seasonally Flooded ◽  
Reproductive Individual ◽  
Mato Grosso Do Sul

The flora of the Atlantic Rainforest of Mato Grosso do Sul, southwestern Brazil, has not been inventoried in spite of being the westernmost inland region of this domain. We present an inventory of the riparian flora of inland Atlantic Forest in Mato Grosso do Sul. We describe the species distribution along three habitats with contrasting flood conditions: non-flooded, seasonally flooded, and swampy forests. The inventory consisted of sampling every reproductive individual, during 12 months on 1.12 ha of plots inside a 24 ha study area. We recorded 1967 individuals of 253 species and 72 families. The most representative families in number of species were Asteraceae (27), Fabaceae (19), Myrtaceae (17), Cyperaceae (12), Rubiaceae, Solanaceae and Orchidaceae (10 each). The most abundant reproductive species were Guarea macrophylla (169 individuals), Miconia chamissois (85) and Conyza bonariensis (80). Eleven species of six families were recorded for the first time in Mato Grosso do Sul, two of them endemic to the Atlantic Forest - Passiflora jilekii and Capanema micromera. We found 119 species exclusively in non-flooded habitat, 19 in seasonally flooded habitat, and 31 in swampy forest. Guarea macrophylla was the most frequent species in swampy forest, and Gochnatia polymorpha in non-flooded. The riparian forest flora at the study site resembles the Atlantic Forest and includes wide distribution riparian species; the variation of flood conditions among habitats favors its richness. Our records add new occurrences for Mato Grosso do Sul and new distribution ranges for some plant species, what arises concern upon the local biodiversity conservation.

Biogeographic and latitudinal patterns of demersal fishes in the Mexican Pacific

2014 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 411-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deivis S. Palacios-Salgado ◽  
V.H. Cruz-Escalona ◽  
M.J. Zetina-Rejón ◽  
F. Arreguín-Sánchez ◽  
J.T. Nieto-Navarro
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Gulf Of California ◽  
Taxonomic Diversity ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Taxonomic Composition ◽  
Mexican Pacific ◽  
Distribution Ranges ◽  
Tropical Conditions ◽  
Gulf Of Tehuantepec ◽  
Latitudinal Patterns

Latitudinal patterns of composition, biogeographic affinity and indicators of taxonomic diversity are described for the by-catch fish community in five typical shrimping areas in the Mexican Pacific (Upper Gulf of California, Sinaloa-Nayarit, Jalisco-Colima, Michoacán-Guerrero and Gulf of Tehuantepec). The taxonomic composition included two classes, 20 orders, 65 families, 147 genera and 292 species. The family Sciaenidae was the best represented with 33 species, whereas at the genus level, Anchoa was represented with eight species. A high percentage of the species showed wide distribution ranges (30.2% for Cortez Province ~ Panamic Province; 21.3% for San Diego Province ~ Panamic Province); nevertheless, each ecosystem included a characteristic combination of species, apparently related to the physiographic conditions of the ecosystems. Species richness showed a pronounced decrease from the Upper Gulf of California, which has warm-temperate features, to the Gulf of Tehuantepec, which has tropical conditions; this is an opposite trend to that observed in the taxonomic diversity indicators, suggesting that a taxonomic redundancy was present in tropical areas and higher taxonomic diversity was present in the Upper Gulf of California, despite the lower species richness. This is explained by the prevailing environmental conditions and isolation processes generated during the formation of the Gulf of California.

scholarly journals Late Holocene land vertebrate fauna from Cueva de los Nesofontes, Western Cuba: stratigraphy, last appearance dates, diversity and paleoecology

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanset Orihuela ◽  
Leonel Pérez Orozco ◽  
Jorge L. Álvarez Licourt ◽  
Ricardo A. Viera Muñoz ◽  
Candido Santana Barani
Keyword(s):  
Late Holocene ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Extinct Species ◽  
Vertebrate Fauna ◽  
Distribution Ranges ◽  
Radiocarbon Chronology ◽  
Land Vertebrate ◽  
Isotope Analyses ◽  
Age Estimates

ABSTRACTHere we report a Late Holocene fossil-rich cave deposit from Cueva de los Nesofontes, Mayabeque Province, Cuba. The deposit’s formation and its fauna were studied through a multidisciplinary approach that included stable isotope analyses, radiocarbon chronology, stratigraphy, sedimentology, and taphonomy. Thousands of microvertebrate skeletal remains were recovered, representing a diverse land vertebrate fauna that included threatened and extinct species. The deposit is characterized by profuse Nesophontes remains due to raptor predation. Previously unreported last appearance dates are provided for the extinct island-shrew Nesophontes major, the bats Artibeus anthonyi and Phyllops vetus. Radiocarbon (14C AMS) age estimates between ∼1960 rcyr BP and the present were recovered. The presence of locally extinct species, including the endemic parakeet Psittacara eups, the flicker Colaptes cf. auratus/fernandinae, and the lipotyphlan Solenodon cubanus suggests that these species had broader distributions in the near past. Isotope analyses and faunal composition indicate the previous presence of diverse habitats, including palm grove savannas and mixed woodlands. Isotopes also provide insight into the habitat and coexistence of the extinct bat Artibeus anthonyi and extant A. jamaicensis, the diet of Nesophontes major, and local paleoenvironmental conditions. Oxygen isotopes reveal an excursion suggestive of drier/colder local conditions between 660 and 770 AD. Our research further expands the understanding of Cuban Quaternary extinction episodes and provides data on the distribution and paleoecology of extinct taxa. It supports the conclusion that many Cuban extinct species survived well into the pre-Columbian late Holocene and retained wide distribution ranges until human colonization.

scholarly journals From tree tops to the ground: reversals to terrestrial habit in Galeandra orchids (Epidendroideae: Catasetinae)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline C. Martins ◽  
Thuane Bochorny ◽  
Oscar A. Pérez-Escobar ◽  
Guillaume Chomicki ◽  
Silvana H. N. Monteiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Dna Markers ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Geographic Range ◽  
Guiana Shield ◽  
Terrestrial Habitat ◽  
Forest Canopies ◽  
Geographic Range Size ◽  
Distribution Ranges ◽  
Pollination Mode

AbstractThe colonization of the epiphytic niche of tropical forest canopies played an important role in orchid’s extraordinary diversification in the Neotropics. However, reversals to the terrestrial habit occurred sparsely in species of Epidendroideae. To better understand which factors might have been involved in reversals to terrestrial habits in the predominantly epiphytic Epidendroideae, we investigate Galeandra diversification in time and space. We hypothesized that the reversal to the terrestrial habitat is linked to the origin of open vegetation habitats in South America. We generated a time-calibrated phylogeny based on a matrix of 17 out of 20 species of Galeandra plus outgroups and seven DNA markers. We found that Galeandra originated towards end of the Miocene, about 10 Ma in Amazonia (including the Guiana Shield). The terrestrial clade originated synchronously with the rise of dry vegetation biomes, suggesting that aridification during the last 5 million years dramatically impacted the diversification of epiphytic lineages in the Neotropics. Habit is correlated with floral spur lengths and geographic range size. The longer spurs and narrower ranges are found in epiphytic species: probably adapted to a specialized pollination mode, associated to the long-tongued Euglossini bees, which also prefer forested habits. The terrestrial species presents variable floral spurs and wide distribution ranges, with evidence of self-pollination, suggesting the loss of specialized pollination system and concomitant range expansion.

Precambrian thermal régimes

1978 ◽  
Vol 288 (1355) ◽  
pp. 431-440 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flow ◽  
High Heat ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
High Heat Flow ◽  
Crustal Rocks ◽  
Thermal Regimes ◽  
Metamorphic Facies ◽  
Lateral Variations ◽  
Present Pattern

Regional studies of Archaean and Proterozoic complexes provide the basis for one approach to the problem of reconstructing the thermal regimes of Precambrian eras. Such studies have a bearing both on the PT conditions under which metamorphism and deformation of continental crustal rocks took place and on the conditions of magma-generation at depth. Although several lines of evidence, including the wide distribution of low-pressure metamorphic facies series, are consistent with the inference that Archaean geothermal gradients tended to be steep, the characters of many complexes formed before 2700 Ma suggest PT ranges not far from those indicated by rocks which suffered deformation and metamorphism in Phanerozoic zones of high heat flow. Tectonic patterns developed on a global scale in early Proterozoic times suggest that lateral variations of heat flow in continental crust did not conform to the present pattern, zones of high heat flow being developed within as well as at the borders of continental rafts. There are, nevertheless, indications that the lithosphere had locally attained thicknesses comparable with those found today in many cratonic regions soon after the end of the Archaean era.

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