Constitutional developments after 1830: towards a balance between monarchical and popular sovereignty

2011 ◽  
Vol 79 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 489-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrike Müßig
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Political System ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
Dual System ◽  
Popular Sovereignty ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
July Monarchy ◽  
The 19Th Century

AbstractThe constitutional developments and debates during the first half of the 19th century, in particular following the French and Belgian revolutions of 1830 and the introduction of new written constitutions (the French Charte of 1830 and the Belgian constitution of 1831) show the dynamics between the Executive, still largely controlled by the monarch, and the parliamentary representation. Although the balance of power differed from one political system to another, the dual system established during the July Monarchy, which increasingly called for a government and government policies which were acceptable to both the monarch and a majority in Parliament, affected the developments throughout Europe.

scholarly journals Collections of Japanese Art in Ukraine

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2(6)) ◽  
pp. 109-123
Author(s):  
Alla Ozhoha-Maslovska
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Political System ◽  
Art Museum ◽  
National Museum ◽  
Literature Information ◽  
Professional Literature ◽  
Art Collections ◽  
Japanese Art ◽  
Post War ◽  
The 19Th Century

The stages of the formation of Japanese art collections on the territory of Ukraine from the beginning of the 19th century to the present are highlighted on the basis of archival materials, periodicals and professional literature. Information about Japanese collections of the pre-war and post-war periods are systematized, while their composition and sources of formation are determined. The influence of the socio-political system on the development of the process of collecting Japanese art in Ukraine is also analysed. The sources of the formation of collections of Japanese art in the collections of The Bohdan and Varvara Khanenko National Museum of Arts in Kyiv, Odessa Museum of Western and Oriental Arts, the Chinese Palace of “Zolochiv Castle” Museum-Reserve, as well as Kharkiv Art Museum are explored. Finally, modern tendencies in the collection of Japanese art in Ukraine are determined.

Slavery in Africa

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ty M. Reese
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Political System ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Multiple Roles ◽  
Ability To Work ◽  
Common System ◽  
Transatlantic Slave Trade ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Client System

Slavery is viewed as an ancient and universal institution and thus it can be found in a diversity of forms throughout Africa. During the period of the Atlantic world, slavery served multiple roles within Africa and provided a foundation for the transatlantic slave trade in that Europeans found slaves for sale within Africa. In many parts of Africa, land was held in common and therefore people’s ability to work the land, and their position within their society, related to the number of people whom they controlled. This patron-client system meant that patrons were always looking for more clients, both free and unfree, as a way to increase their power. The nature of this agricultural and political system made slavery and pawnship (debt peonage) a common system in Africa, yet it was a system that is hard to generalize about and one that possessed great differences from the African slavery that developed in the Americas. While the role of African slavery in the Americas has been more thoroughly studied, and is better known, than slavery in Africa, the rise of the transatlantic slave trade, and then its gradual abolition in the 19th century, had important consequences for slavery within Africa.

scholarly journals Is There A Need in a New «Concert of Great Powers»? Discussions in the American Expert Community

2021 ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Korney Kozlov
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Political System ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
Charles I ◽  
The Past ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
The World ◽  
Expert Community ◽  
The 19Th Century

The world political system is recently passing through a period of rapid changes. Decades of Western dominance are coming to an end, while strengthening China and Russia are eroding the weakening western leadership and its liberal values. In order to reduce tensions between the great powers and prevent possible confrontation, Richard N. Haas and Charles I. Kupchan propose to create a modern edition of the "European Concert" of the 19th century. Their opponents claim that the experience of the past is not always relevant in the present, and the "concert" system will not work in the modern circumstances. The article reveals the arguments of both sides.

scholarly journals Citizenship in the United States: A Historical Assessment of a Present-Day Contretemps

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-61
Author(s):  
John Allphin Moore, Jr.
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Immigration Policy ◽  
Early Republic ◽  
The United States ◽  
Popular Sovereignty ◽  
Presidential Candidates ◽  
Current Affairs ◽  
14Th Amendment ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

In late 2015, debate among many US Republican presidential candidates focused on immigration policy, with one candidate who was hostile to America’s immigration policy, opining that the 14th Amendment’s definition of citizenship may be unconstitutional. This was the view of the GOP candidate who eventually won the Presidency. The question of citizenship, and the linked issue of rights, was contested in the early republic. Much of the quarrel revolved around the issue of slavery. At least three competing notions of citizenship and rights gained traction by the first half of the 19th century: one argued for citizenship and rights only for whites; another urged that “popular sovereignty” should determine rights and citizenship. A third insisted on an inclusive definition of citizenship. By 1868, the 14th Amendment underscored the latter view. But, as current affairs in America show, the bickering persists, often using arguments similar to those found in the early republic’s squabbles. This essay explores the debate among the viewpoints articulated during the first half of the 19th century and seeks to draw out counsel for our own time.

MEMORY OF THE PLACE AS THE MAIN PRINCIPLE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EXHIBITION COMPLEX «MESSE BERLIN»

2020 ◽  
pp. 79-88
Author(s):  
Екатерина Юрьевна Рыбакова ◽  
Галина Александровна Птичникова ◽  
Игорь Андреевич Бондаренко
Keyword(s):  
Collective Memory ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Political System ◽  
Main Topic ◽  
Main Principle ◽  
History Of Development ◽  
History Of ◽  
Political Conditions ◽  
The 19Th Century

Основная тема статьи - понятие памяти места, которое является важным ассоциативным элементом коллективной памяти. Рассматриваются история развития и архитектура выставочного центра «Messe Berlin» с начала XX века по настоящее время. Прослеживается взаимосвязь основания и дальнейшего расширения комплекса с историческим местом проведения традиционных ярмарок первой четверти XIX века. Выявляются основные этапы модернизации территории ярмарки (1924-1926, 1930-1935, 1969- 1979 годы, 1991 - настоящее время). Анализируются концепции развития выставочного комплекса «Messe Berlin» в связи с меняющимися политическими условиями и требованиями, затрагивается вопрос бережного подхода к сохранению исторических архитектурных объектов вне зависимости от эпохи и политического строя, в период которых состоялось их возведение. The main topic of the article is the concept of «memory of a place», which is an important associative element of collective memory. The history of development and architecture of the Messe Berlin exhibition center from the beginning of the 20th century to the present are considered. The interrelation between the foundation and the further expansion of the complex with the historical venue of traditional fairs of the first quarter of the 19th century is traced. The main stages of modernization of the fair area (1924-1926, 1930-1935, 1969-1979, 1991 - present) are identified. Concepts of the development of the Messe Berlin exhibition complex are analyzed in connection with changing political conditions and requirements, the question of a careful approach to preserving historical architectural objects, regardless of the epoch and political system during which they were erected, is touched upon.

scholarly journals Memory and nostalgia: pre-reform Russia in the minds of the Russian nobility of the second half of the 19th century

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-66
Author(s):  
Natalia Seliverstova
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
Collective Consciousness ◽  
Reform Era ◽  
Reform Period ◽  
Conservative Policy ◽  
The 19Th Century

This article is devoted to the study of the perception of the pre-reform era by the upper class in the second half of the 19th century, after several years thereof, then decades after the abolition of serfdom. Initial assessments of the peasant reform carried out among the nobility were quite contradictory. They ranged from total rejection and denial to approval of government policies. But all in all, the abolition of serfdom was a turning point in history. The post-reform period of "impoverishment" of the Russian nobility is associated with a rethinking of the place and role of the upper class in society and the state. Not all landowners managed to adapt to the conditions of the post-reform village, they left for the capital, abroad. The diminution of privileges and the loss of the exclusive status of the upper class fueled the mood of nostalgia. The article uses the concept of nostalgia, developed by Svetlana Boym, which provides for the identification of two types of nostalgia: restorative and reflective. Restorative nostalgia manifested itself not only in the collective consciousness of the upper class but became one of the motivations of the conservative policy of Alexander III. Reflective nostalgia was expressed in the growing interest in the study of the culture of noble manors, determined the identity of the upper estate. Overall, it can be argued that nostalgia has become not only an important feature of the collective consciousness of the nobility, but influenced state policy, shaped the image of the future based on the lost past.

scholarly journals Politics of a Different Kind: Chinese in Immigration Litigation in the Post White Australia Era

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-120
Author(s):  
Jia Gao
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Political System ◽  
Political Attitudes ◽  
Political Activism ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Family Migration ◽  
Chinese Migrants ◽  
Key Features ◽  
The 19Th Century

The first mass Chinese immigration to Australia occurred in the 19th century, with approximately 100,000 Chinese arriving between the 1840s and 1901 (Fitzgerald 2007; Ho 2007), during which questions were raised both in relation to the Chinese rights of migration and settlement in Australia, and the validity of the government's actions against the Chinese. The latter question was in fact considered in the colonial courts (Cronin 1993; Lake and Reynolds 2008). Since then, the Chinese in Australia have never shied away from taking various legal actions, although they are normally seen as people who keep to themselves. Australia abandoned its 'White Australia' policy in 1974, and lately Australia has placed more emphasis on skilled and business migration. As a result, many believe that Chinese migrants have come to Australia under its normal skilled, business or family migration programs, which ignores the fact that a high proportion of them have obtained their chance to stay in Australia directly or indirectly through a series of legal battles. This paper contributes to the discussion of the Chinese in Australian political life by looking at how the Chinese have fought in the Courts in the post-White Australia era in past decades, and the key features of their unique experiences. This is a different type of political activism, characterising the lives of many Australian Chinese, their engagement with the Australian political system, and becoming part of the background of their identity, transnationality, socio-political attitudes and behaviour and many other traits.

Liberal-Conservative and Liberal Views on the Popular Representation in the Beginning of the 20th Century and Their Reflection in the Legislation of 1905–1906

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 223-231
Author(s):  
Vadim A. Demin
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Political System ◽  
Political Control ◽  
Political Movements ◽  
Liberal Society ◽  
The Government ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Further Development

The article is devoted to the study of the views of Russian liberals and liberal-conservatives on the representative authority in the beginning of the 20th century. It is shown that since the 70-ies of the 19th century all of them supported the transfer to representative authority. By the beginning of the 20th century even moderate liberals could not envisage further development of the country without such reforms. The revolution of 1905 intensified the activity of all social and political movements. Liberal conservatives supported the introduction of advisory representation that was to be elected by the democratized “Zemstva” and that should submit their opinions directly to the Emperor. The liberals pressed for the introduction of the parliament elected by universal, equal, direct and secret voting, that would issue laws, approve the budget and effect political control of the government. The development of political system reforms had bureaucratic and secret character. The demands of liberal society were taken into account only occasionally and only on minor issues. And it became the factor that intensified confrontation of the government and the educated society.

Catalonia and Regional Self-Government in the First Quarter of the 20th Century

Istoriya ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6 (104)) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Georgy Filatov
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Political System ◽  
Political Life ◽  
The Political ◽  
Cultural Elite ◽  
The 19Th Century

The Mancomunitat represents the first experience of self-government in Catalonia in the 20th century. This idea began to form among Catalan intellectuals in the second half of the 19th century, when the interests of the local bourgeoisie and the cultural elite of the region unexpectedly coincided in connection with the need to defend their interests before the central authorities. The Mancomunitat emerged at a time when the political system of the restoration was in crisis as the main monarchist parties were ousted from the political life of the region by Catalanists and Republicans. In these conditions, the Spanish government preferred to satisfy the demands of the nationalists, since they were a more conservative force and did not pretend to change the political system of Spain. As a result, the Catalan provinces were able to create the Mancomunitat, which allowed them to coordinate efforts to deal with administrative issues.

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