A Struggle for Identity: The Ismailis in the Afghan War (1979-1989)

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-174
Author(s):  
Victoria Arakelova ◽  
Nelli Khachaturian
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
The Political ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Religious Identities ◽  
Religious Minorities ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

The paper is a part of a wider research on the Ismaili identity, peculiarities of the Ismailis’ self-identification in various parts of the world under different historical circumstances. The ambiguous status of the Ismailis in Afghanistan turned to be particularly problematic by the end of the 19th century when the Pashtuns became dominant in the traditionally Ismaili-inhabited areas. In a hostile milieu, under severe persecutions, the local Ismaili identity acquired a tendency of unification with other ethno-religious identities, the principle of taqiyya having been widely spread. Since then, the Ismailis became especially dependent on the political situation in Afghanistan and the policy of its rulers towards ethnic and religious minorities. The War of 1979-1989 turned to be the most dramatic episode in the history of the Ismaili community in Afghanistan when its very survival appeared to be questioned: Ismaili intellectuals left the region, and lower social layers got involved in drug cultivation and trafficking. Supporting any of the conflict’s sides could have led to a community tragedy, possibly to its complete annihilation. The limited information we obtained, including the memoirs of the Afghan War veterans, demonstrate the identity split in the Ismaili community of Afghanistan whose members were fighting on the opposite sides of the armed conflict.

scholarly journals Piśmiennictwo religijne Tatarów Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego jako oryginalne źródło do badań polszczyzny północnokresowej

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-110
Author(s):  
Joanna Kulwicka-Kamińska
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Slavic Languages ◽  
The North ◽  
Religious Writings ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Linguistic Analyses ◽  
The 19Th Century

The religious writings of the Tatars constitute a valuable source for philological research due to the presence of heretofore unexplored grammatical and lexical layers of the north borderland Polish language of the 16th-20th centuries and due to the interference-related and transfer-related processes in the context of Slavic languages and Slavic-Oriental contacts. Therefore the basis for linguistic analyses is constituted by one of the most valuable monuments of this body of writing – the first translation of the Quran into a Slavic language in the world (probably representing the north borderland Polish language), which assumed the form of a tefsir. The source of linguistic analyses is constituted by the Olita tefsir, which dates back to 1723 (supplemented and corrected in the 19th century). On the basis of the material that was excerpted from this work the author presents both borderland features described in the subject literature and tries to point the new or only sparsely confirmed facts in the history of the Polish language, including the formation of the north borderland Polish language on the Belarusian substrate. Research involves all levels of language – the phonetic-phonological, morphological, syntactic and the lexical-semantic levels.

Secularism and Multiculturalism in India: Some Reflections

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rochana Bajpai
Keyword(s):  
Religious Pluralism ◽  
Religious Diversity ◽  
Cultural Identities ◽  
Hindu Nationalism ◽  
Religious Identities ◽  
Religious Minorities ◽  
Religious Traditions ◽  
Political Debates ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of

What role does secularism have in the governance of religious diversity in an age marked by the assertion of religio-cultural identities across the world? India, with its long history of religious pluralism, a state ideology of secularism, and the ascendancy of Hindu nationalism, is a key site for examining the disposition of secularism towards religious identities and diversity. Secularism and multiculturalism are often seen as opposed in political debates involving religious minorities, notably the well-known French headscarf case. Several scholars have suggested that religious traditions offer better resources for toleration than modern secularism (for India, see, for example, Madan 1998: 316; Nandy 1998:336–7). Others, more sympathetic to secularism, have also suggested that it may be deficient in the normative resources required for the accommodation of religious practices, particularly in the case of minorities (Mahajan, this volume; Modood 2010).

The political and legal views of Mikhail Speranskiy in the Rules on the Siberian Kirghiz

2016 ◽  
Vol 84 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 290-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman Yu. Pochekaev
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
The Political ◽  
Substantial Part ◽  
Government Reform ◽  
Administrative Reforms ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
Regional Authorities ◽  
The 19Th Century

Mikhail Speranskiy, an outstanding Russian statesman and legislator of the first half of the 19th century, was Governor-General of Siberia from 1819 to 1821. The main result of this moment in his career was the government reform in Asiatic Russia as well as the formulation in 1822 of a set of codes – rules and regulations – for Siberia and its peoples. Speranskiy tried to incorporate his theories on state and law into these codifications. One of these codes was the Rules on the Siberian Kirghiz which provided for a reform of the government system of the Kazakhs (‘Kirghiz’ in the Russian pre-revolutionary tradition) of the Middle Horde, who were under the control of Siberian regional authorities. The Middle Horde became a place where Speranskiy could experiment with his ideas. Previous researchers have paid more attention to the consequences of the promulgation of the ‘Rules on the Siberian Kirghiz’ for the later history of Kazakhstan. This paper clarifies which specific ideas of Speranskiy on state and law the Rules on the Siberian Kirghiz reflect, and answers the question of whether they had practical importance. A substantial part of the ‘Rules on the Siberian Kirghiz’ was, in fact, ineffective and would not be used in practice because of Speranskiy’s lack of knowledge of the Kazakhs, and his underrating of their political and legal level. At the same time, the authority of Speranskiy in 19th century Russia as legislator and reformer was so high that his Rules on the Siberian Kirghiz remained in force until the 1860’s, when the next substantial administrative reforms of the Kazakh steppe took place.


scholarly journals Dwa oświeceniowe wykłady geometrii — dyskursywny obraz świata

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 65-82
Author(s):  
Jerzy Biniewicz
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Practical Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Discourse ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Practical Geometry ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Dynamic Profiling

Two Enlightenment lectures on geometry: A discursive worldviewThis article focuses on the history of the Polish educational and scientific discourse. The paper examines Polish texts by Józef Czech — Euklidesa początków jeometryi xsiąg ośmioro, to iest sześć pierwszych, jedenasta i dwunasta z dodanemi przypisami i trygonometrią dla pozytku młodzi akademickiey Euclid’s six books on geometry, that is the first six books, the eleventh book and the twelfth book with notes and geometry for the benefit of university youth, 1807 and by Ignacy Zaborowski — Jeometria praktyczna Practical geometry, 1786.The science of the 19th century is an area for gaining empirical, theoretical, and practical knowledge of the world. The paper discusses this problem in the context of methods which can be employed to analyze the image of the world. The author of the article presents the concept of discursive worldview, which is meant to enable the description of dynamic profiling of meanings in educational and scientific discourse.

scholarly journals Relationships between Czech and Slovak scholars between the years of 1850 and 1882

2020 ◽  
Vol 147 (2) ◽  
pp. 401-416
Author(s):  
Zuzana Kudzbelová
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
The Political ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Close Contacts

Slovak scholars maintained close contacts with the Czech milieu in the 19th century, for which there are several reasons (for example, the historical background, related to the issue of language and religion, the political situation in the Habsburg Monarchy). This paper sheds light on certain types of cooperation which took place between Czech and Slovak scholars between the years 1850 and 1882: cooperation in the field of journalism, publishing and editing the first Czech encyclopaedia.

scholarly journals Some Remarks on the Eurocentricism and Imperialism in the Construction of International Law

2020 ◽  
pp. 95-111
Author(s):  
Punsara AMARASINGHE
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Vantage Point ◽  
European History ◽  
The Political ◽  
Modern History ◽  
Colonial Expansion ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of International Law ◽  
The 19Th Century

The modern international law is considered an offshoot of European intellectual contributions as its basic foundation is deeply imbued with the political and social upheavals took place in European history. As an example, the Westphalian order emerged in the culmination of thirty years war in 1648 was regarded as the most pivotal mile stone in modern history of international law. Yet the European domination and its intellectual contribution to the development of international law systematically excluded non-European nations from international law and its protection, which finally paved the path to use international law in the 19th century as a tool of legitimizing the colonial expansion. This paper seeks to trace the historiography of modern international law and its dubious nature of disdaining non-Europeans and their civilizational thinking. Furthermore, this paper argues how European historical encounters carved the map of international law from a vantage point, which gave an utter prominence upon the European intellectual monopoly. The results emerge from this paper will strongly suggest the need of an alternative scholarship to unveil the history of international law.

History of Nursing

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1948 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 576-577
Author(s):  
BORIE TOTH
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Human History ◽  
Religious Orders ◽  
World War ◽  
Nursing Service ◽  
Human Culture ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

The keynote of the book is found in the preface where it is stated that "the central thesis of the authors is the inextricable interweaving of nursing service with all other branches of human culture." The development of nursing is traced through the record of human history starting with primitive times and ending with the problems facing the world at the conclusion of World War II. Up to the middle of the 19th century, nursing was under the auspices of religious orders. After the Protestant revolt, nursing as a profession for lay people began to take root.

7. The impact of Methodism

2019 ◽  
pp. 80-93
Author(s):  
William J. Abraham
Keyword(s):  
Social Movements ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Successful Schools ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Arena ◽  
Temperance Movement ◽  
The World ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Impact

‘The impact of Methodism’ considers Methodism’s impact on and contribution to social movements, politics, education, and healthcare. Social movements that were deeply influenced by Methodism include the abolition of slavery in the 19th century and the Temperance Movement in the 20th century. The Methodist tradition has always encouraged diversity of judgement in the political arena and Methodists can be found on both the conservative and progressive wings of politics. One of the most important expressions of social holiness in Methodism shows up in its role in education. Methodists founded numerous successful schools and universities around the world. Methodism has also had an impact on popular and high culture.

Michel Tyszkiewicz (1828-1897) et les fouilles archéologiques en Italie

Światowit ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
pp. 237-248
Author(s):  
Mariola Kazimierczak
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
German Scholar ◽  
Southern Russia ◽  
The 19Th Century

According to Stanisław Lorentz, the collections of Michel Tyszkiewicz, enriched by his excavations in Egypt and Italy, undoubtedly “belonged to the more valuable European collections created in the second half of the 19th century”. After his first journey to Egypt, Tyszkiewicz, enlivened with a passion for excavations, first lived in Naples and then settled permanently in Rome in 1865. As the political situation changed there after 1870 and the new government restrained issuing permits, he started applying for excavation permits in his estate of Birże, in Lithuania (1871). Later, in 1894, he also tried to obtain excavation permits at Olbia, in Southern Russia, but this time unsuccessfully. His unpublished letters to the famous German scholar Wilhelm Froehner (1834–1925), now in the Goethe und Schiller Archiv in Weimar, throw a new light on the discoveries that took place in Boscoreale and in Lake Nemi and on his purchases there, as well as on his great enterprise in relation to the Satricum excavations in 1896, from which he was excluded after discovering the trace of “thousands of different votive objects”.

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