Deity Representation: A Prototype Approach

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 258-286
Author(s):  
Ross W. May ◽  
Frank D. Fincham
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Central Feature ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Prototype Structure ◽  
Choice Latency ◽  
Feature Centrality ◽  
Feature Frequency

This research systematically evaluates via prototype analysis how conceptualizations of Western adult's monotheistic God are structured. Over 4 studies, using U.S. student and community samples of predominantly Christians, features of God are identified, feature centrality is documented, and centrality influence on cognition is evaluated. Studies 1 and 2 produced considerable overlap in feature frequency and centrality ratings across the samples, with “God is love” being the most frequently listed central feature. In Studies 3 (choice latency) and 4 (recall and recognition memory), the centrality of features influenced cognitive processes: central features were more quickly identified as features of God than peripheral features; were correctly recognized more often; and central features were correctly recalled more often than peripheral features. Results indicated that participants meaningfully judged centrality and that centrality affected cognition. Thus, the two criteria necessary for demonstrating deity representations adhere to a prototype structure were met. Implications and future directions are discussed.

Interpolated Flaps

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (01) ◽  
pp. 034-042 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaveh Karimnejad ◽  
Ian Maher ◽  
Paul Gruber ◽  
Scott Walen ◽  
Samkon Gado
Keyword(s):  
Blood Supply ◽  
Psychological Injury ◽  
Nasal Reconstruction ◽  
Central Feature ◽  
Human Face ◽  
Forehead Flap ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Donor Tissue ◽  
Indian Medical ◽  
Iatrogenic Trauma

AbstractNasal reconstruction has been articulated in the literature since 700 B.C. when the earliest iteration of the forehead flap was described in the Indian medical treatise, the Sushruta Samhita. Since then it has evolved into the interpolated flap which has served as a powerful tool for facial reconstruction. The interpolated flap is constructed from nonadjacent donor tissue that has an inherent blood supply. It requires a multistaged approach and is best suited for reconstruction of large or deep defects of the nose. There are three types of interpolated flaps used for nasal reconstruction: the forehead, melolabial, and nasofacial interpolation flaps. The nose is the central feature of the human face and its placement is both aesthetic and functional. Any defects owing to accidental or iatrogenic trauma can cause physiologic and psychological injury to patients. This article aims to review the aforementioned flaps and give indications, contraindications, procedure details, and future directions of these flaps.

scholarly journals The effect of feature frequency on short-term recognition memory

2003 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. E. Johns ◽  
D. J. K. Mewhort
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Feature Frequency

scholarly journals Physiological synaptic activity and recognition memory are fueled by astroglial glutamine

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giselle Cheung ◽  
Danijela Bataveljic ◽  
Naresh Kumar ◽  
Julien Moulard ◽  
Glenn Dallérac ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Synaptic Activity ◽  
Live Cells ◽  
Visual Evidence ◽  
Object Recognition Memory ◽  
Functional Relevance ◽  
Activity Dependent

AbstractPresynaptic glutamate replenishment is fundamental to brain function. In high activity regimes, such as epileptic episodes, this process is thought to rely on the glutamate-glutamine cycle between neurons and astrocytes. However the presence of an astroglial glutamine supply, as well as its functional relevance in vivo in the healthy brain remain controversial, partly due to a lack of tools that can directly examine glutamine transfer. Here, we generated a novel fluorescent probe that tracks glutamine in live cells, which provided direct visual evidence of an activity-dependent glutamine supply from astroglial networks to presynaptic structures under physiological conditions. This mobilization is mediated by connexin43, an astroglial protein with both gap-junction and hemichannel functions, and is essential for synaptic transmission and object recognition memory. Our findings uncover an indispensable recruitment of astroglial glutamine in physiological synaptic activity and memory via an unconventional pathway, thus providing an astrocyte basis for cognitive processes.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Cognition and Cerebrovascular Reactivity: Implications for Task-Based fMRI

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca J. Williams ◽  
M. Ethan MacDonald ◽  
Erin L. Mazerolle ◽  
G. Bruce Pike
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Vascular Function ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Cerebrovascular Reactivity ◽  
Vascular Health ◽  
Vascular Changes ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

Elucidating the brain regions and networks associated with cognitive processes has been the mainstay of task-based fMRI, under the assumption that BOLD signals are uncompromised by vascular function. This is despite the plethora of research highlighting BOLD modulations due to vascular changes induced by disease, drugs, and aging. On the other hand, BOLD fMRI-based assessment of cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) is often used as an indicator of the brain's vascular health and has been shown to be strongly associated with cognitive function. This review paper considers the relationship between BOLD-based assessments of CVR, cognition and task-based fMRI. How the BOLD response reflects both CVR and neural activity, and how findings of altered CVR in disease and in normal physiology are associated with cognition and BOLD signal changes are discussed. These are pertinent considerations for fMRI applications aiming to understand the biological basis of cognition. Therefore, a discussion of how the acquisition of BOLD-based CVR can enhance our ability to map human brain function, with limitations and potential future directions, is presented.

scholarly journals Vestibular Stimulation in Neuropsychiatry

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 245-251
Author(s):  
Soza Ried AM
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Insular Cortex ◽  
Vestibular Stimulation ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Voluntary Attention ◽  
Therapeutic Tool ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Functional Images ◽  
The Right ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Conditions

Neuropsychiatric disorders involve brain areas of self-awareness, affect voluntary attention to stimuli, and show cognitive processes’ dysfunctions. Functional images demonstrated that the stimulation of the inner ear’s vestibular receptors enhances the activity of the insular cortex, prefrontal cortex, hypothalamus and hippocampus, improving self-perception, attention, reasoning, and memory. Vestibular stimulation techniques (e.g., caloric, galvanic, and rotary) modulates those neuronal centers at the right or the left hemisphere depending on the kind of the stimuli and the side of stimulation, being a potentially useful therapeutic tool for mental disorders. Neuropsychiatric conditions are currently the leading cause of global disability. The present article reviews vestibular stimulation techniques in neuropsychiatry and discusses future directions.

scholarly journals Enhancing attention in neurodegenerative diseases: current therapies and future directions

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kanchan Sharma ◽  
Thomas Davis ◽  
Elizabeth Coulthard
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Attentional Processing ◽  
Current Therapies ◽  
Neurological Conditions ◽  
Experimental Treatments ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Deep Brain

AbstractWe all experience at least occasional lapses in attention but in some neurological conditions, loss of attention is pervasive and debilitating. Treating deficits in attention first requires an understanding of the neurobiology of attention, which we now understand to be a set of different cognitive processes. Cholinesterase inhibitors are already established as effective attentional enhancers used in the treatment of certain dementias. Other stimulant agents such as modafanil, amphetamine and methylphenidate have demonstrated limited success in healthy individuals where attention is already optimal and clinical trials in patients with neurological disease are sparse. Dietary and lifestyle changes are gaining increasing prominence, as are experimental treatments such as deep brain stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation. As the therapeutic arsenal widens, clinicians will be able to match specific treatments to selective deficits in attention, giving patients a tailored management plan. Here we review common diseases that impair attention and emphasise how an understanding of attentional processing within the brain might lead to improved therapeutic strategies.

scholarly journals Repetition Attenuates the Influence of Recency on Recognition Memory: Behavioral and Electrophysiological Evidence

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Scofield ◽  
Mason H. Price ◽  
Angélica Flores ◽  
Edgar C. Merkle ◽  
Jeffrey D. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Neural Signals ◽  
Serial Search ◽  
The Past ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACTStudies of recognition memory often demonstrate a recency effect on behavioral performance, whereby response times (RTs) are faster for stimuli that were previously presented recently as opposed to more remotely in the past. This relationship between performance and presentation lag has been taken to reflect that memories are accessed by serially searching backwards in time, such that RT indicates the self-terminating moment of such a process. Here, we investigated the conditions under which this serial search gives way to more efficient means of retrieving memories. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded during a continuous recognition task in which subjects made binary old/new judgments to stimuli that were each presented up to four times across a range of lags. Stimulus repetition and shorter presentation lag both gave rise to speeded RTs, consistent with previous findings, and we novelly extend these effects to a robust latency measure of the left parietal ERP effect associated with retrieval success. Importantly, the relationship between repetition and recency was further elucidated, such that repetition attenuated lag-related differences that were initially present in both the behavioral and neural latency data. These findings are consistent with the idea that a serial search through recent memory can quickly be abandoned in favor of relying on more efficient ‘time-independent’ cognitive processes or neural signals.

Components of recognition memory: Dissociable cognitive processes or just differences in representational complexity?

Hippocampus ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 1245-1262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosemary A. Cowell ◽  
Timothy J. Bussey ◽  
Lisa M. Saksida
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Cognitive Processes
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