scholarly journals Vestibular Stimulation in Neuropsychiatry

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 245-251
Author(s):  
Soza Ried AM
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Insular Cortex ◽  
Vestibular Stimulation ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Voluntary Attention ◽  
Therapeutic Tool ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Functional Images ◽  
The Right ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Conditions

Neuropsychiatric disorders involve brain areas of self-awareness, affect voluntary attention to stimuli, and show cognitive processes’ dysfunctions. Functional images demonstrated that the stimulation of the inner ear’s vestibular receptors enhances the activity of the insular cortex, prefrontal cortex, hypothalamus and hippocampus, improving self-perception, attention, reasoning, and memory. Vestibular stimulation techniques (e.g., caloric, galvanic, and rotary) modulates those neuronal centers at the right or the left hemisphere depending on the kind of the stimuli and the side of stimulation, being a potentially useful therapeutic tool for mental disorders. Neuropsychiatric conditions are currently the leading cause of global disability. The present article reviews vestibular stimulation techniques in neuropsychiatry and discusses future directions.

Cardiac interoception in neurological conditions and its relevance for dimensional approaches

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrián Yoris ◽  
Adolfo M. García ◽  
Paula Celeste Salamone ◽  
Lucas Sedeño ◽  
Indira García-Cordero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Neurocognitive Deficits ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Neurological Conditions ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
General Source ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Conditions

Dimensional and transdiagnostic approaches have revealed multiple cognitive/emotional alterations shared by several neuropsychiatric conditions. While this has been shown for externally triggered neurocognitive processes, the disruption of interoception across neurological disorders remains poorly understood. This chapter aims to fill this gap while proposing cardiac interoception as a potential common biomarker across disorders. It focuses on key aspects of interoception, such as the mechanisms underlying different interoceptive dimensions; the relationship among interoception, emotion, and social cognition; and the roles of different interoceptive pathways. It considers behavioral and brain evidence in the context of an experimental and clinical agenda to evaluate the potential role of interoception as a predictor of clinical outcomes, a marker of neurocognitive deficits across diseases, and a general source of insights for breakthroughs in the treatment and prevention of multiple disorders. Finally, future directions to improve the dimensional and transdiagnostic assessment of interoception are outlined.

Introducing Victim Impact Statement in India: Reconceptualizing Victim Status

2021 ◽  
pp. 251660692199175
Author(s):  
Devansh Dubey ◽  
Payas Jain
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Due Process ◽  
Not Given ◽  
Therapeutic Tool ◽  
Victim Status ◽  
Victim Impact Statement ◽  
The World ◽  
Due Process Of Law ◽  
The Right

The right to fair trial is inherent in the concept of due process of law, which now forms part of Article 21 of Indian Constitution after the Maneka Gandhi judgement. Pertinently attached with the same comes the responsibility of the criminal system to treat victims with increased awareness and sensitivity. However, the established convention shows that in planning and developing administration of criminal justice, proper attention is not given to the victims of crime in achieving goals of criminal justice; the major cause of it being that a victim is heard only as a witness not as a victim. A credible response to the said issue has emerged in the form of victim impact statement (VIS) in the modern legal system across the world. With that being said, the researchers through this article try to deduce the need for incorporating a VIS in India through the various jurisprudential understandings of what it means to be a victim, including the gap between the subjective experience of the sufferer and the interpretation of the same by others, and what restorative justice would mean to heal a victim. Establishing upon the same premise of victim status, the researchers try to suggest that the introduction of VIS, with the primary purpose of it being a therapeutic tool and not an instrument of changing the course of justice, will serve to make us reconsider our contours of a ‘victim’.

scholarly journals Dissociated Crossed Speech Areas in a Tumour Patient

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörg Mauler ◽  
Irene Neuner ◽  
Georg Neuloh ◽  
Bruno Fimm ◽  
Frank Boers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Insular Cortex ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Wada Test ◽  
Brain Hemispheres ◽  
Eloquent Areas ◽  
Tumour Removal ◽  
Frontal Operculum ◽  
The Right ◽  
Impaired Speech

In the past, the eloquent areas could be deliberately localised by the invasive Wada test. The very rare cases of dissociated crossed speech areas were accidentally found based on the clinical symptomatology. Today functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)-based imaging can be employed to non-invasively localise the eloquent areas in brain tumour patients for therapy planning. A 41-year-old, left-handed man with a low-grade glioma in the left frontal operculum extending to the insular cortex, tension headaches, and anomic aphasia over 5 months underwent a pre-operative speech area localisation fMRI measurement, which revealed the evidence of the transhemispheric disposition, where the dominant Wernicke speech area is located on the left and the Broca’s area is strongly lateralised to the right hemisphere. The outcome of the Wada test and the intraoperative cortico-subcortical stimulation mapping were congruent with this finding. After tumour removal, language area function was fully preserved. Upon the occurrence of brain tumours with a risk of impaired speech function, the rare dissociate crossed speech areas disposition may gain a clinically relevant meaning by allowing for more extended tumour removal. Hence, for its identification, diagnostics which take into account both brain hemispheres, such as fMRI, are recommended.

Autonomic response after hemorrhagic stroke in the right insular cortex: What is the common pathophysiology in rat and human?; Reply

2021 ◽  
Vol 231 ◽  
pp. 102772
Author(s):  
Fernanda Ribeiro Marins ◽  
Marcelo Limborço-Filho ◽  
Carlos Henrique Xavier ◽  
Silvia Guatimosim ◽  
Marco Antônio Peliky Fontes
Keyword(s):  
Hemorrhagic Stroke ◽  
Insular Cortex ◽  
Autonomic Response ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Right

scholarly journals Eye-Fixation-Related Potentials: Insight into Parafoveal Processing

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 204-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thierry Baccino ◽  
Yves Manunta
Keyword(s):  
Target Word ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Semantic Relatedness ◽  
Word Type ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Eye Fixation ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
The Right ◽  
Nonword Processing

Abstract. This paper presents a new methodology for studying cognition, which combines eye movements (EM) and event-related potentials (ERP) to track the cognitive processes that occur during a single eye fixation. This technique, called eye-fixation-related potentials (EFRP), has the advantage of coupling accurate time measures from ERPs and the location of the eye on the stimulus, so it can be used to disentangle perceptual/attentional/cognitive factors affecting reading. We tested this new technique to describe the controversial parafoveal-on-foveal effects on reading, which concern the question of whether two consecutive words are processed in parallel or sequentially. The experiment directly addressed this question by looking at whether semantic relatedness on a target word in a reading-like situation might affect the processing of a prime word. Three pair-word conditions were tested: A semantically associated target word (horse-mare), a semantically nonassociated target word (horse-table) and a nonword (horse-twsui); EFRPs were compared for all conditions. The results revealed that early ERP components differentiated word and nonword processing within 119 ms postfixation (N1 component). Moreover, the amplitude of the right centrofrontal P140 varied as a function of word type, being larger in response to nonassociated words than to nonwords. This component might index a spatial attention shift to the target word and its visual categorization, being highly sensitive to orthographic regularity and “ill-formedness” of words. The P2 consecutive component (peaking at 215 ms) differentiated associated words and nonassociated words, which can account for the semantic parafoveal effect. The EFRP technique, therefore, appears to be fruitful for establishing a time-line of early cognitive processes during reading.

scholarly journals The Interaction Between Caudate Nucleus and Regions Within the Theory of Mind Network as a Neural Basis for Social Intelligence

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail Votinov ◽  
Artem Myznikov ◽  
Maya Zheltyakova ◽  
Ruslan Masharipov ◽  
Alexander Korotkov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Caudate Nucleus ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Social Intelligence ◽  
Functional Integration ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Caudate Nuclei ◽  
Structural Peculiarity ◽  
The Right

The organization of socio-cognitive processes is a multifaceted problem for which many sophisticated concepts have been proposed. One of these concepts is social intelligence (SI), i.e., the set of abilities that allow successful interaction with other people. The theory of mind (ToM) human brain network is a good candidate for the neural substrate underlying SI since it is involved in inferring the mental states of others and ourselves and predicting or explaining others’ actions. However, the relationship of ToM to SI remains poorly explored. Our recent research revealed an association between the gray matter volume of the caudate nucleus and the degree of SI as measured by the Guilford-Sullivan test. It led us to question whether this structural peculiarity is reflected in changes to the integration of the caudate with other areas of the brain associated with socio-cognitive processes, including the ToM system. We conducted seed-based functional connectivity (FC) analysis of resting-state fMRI data for 42 subjects with the caudate as a region of interest. We found that the scores of the Guilford-Sullivan test were positively correlated with the FC between seeds in the right caudate head and two clusters located within the right superior temporal gyrus and bilateral precuneus. Both regions are known to be nodes of the ToM network. Thus, the current study demonstrates that the SI level is associated with the degree of functional integration between the ToM network and the caudate nuclei.

Znaczenie intuicji językowej w procesie antycypacji – na przykładzie komunikacji obcojęzycznej

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (24 A) ◽  
pp. 137-149
Author(s):  
Wioletta A. Piegzik
Keyword(s):  
Speech Perception ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Speech Comprehension ◽  
Cognitive Schema ◽  
Language Communication ◽  
Language User ◽  
The Right ◽  
Selection Of

This paper presents the phenomenon of anticipation which is one of the manifestations of linguistic maturity and language user rationality. Anticipation, taking place essentially in implicit structures and based on evolutionary old intuition, improves speech comprehension and increases the efficiency of cognitive processes. The phenomenon in question is presented on the example of foreign language communication, because it is there that the mechanisms governing the formulation of accurate hypotheses about form and content are particularly evident. The first part of the article discusses speech perception, and with it the categorization and selection of an appropriate cognitive schema conditioning accurate anticipation. The second part presents factors that facilitate and hinder the right hypothesis. Finally, conclusions and directions for future research on anticipation are formulated.

P14.23 Relation between neurological deficits and location of postsurgical ischemia in glioma resection

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. ii42-ii42
Author(s):  
A T J van der Boog ◽  
S David ◽  
A M M Steennis ◽  
J W Dankbaar ◽  
T J Snijders ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Corticospinal Tract ◽  
Insular Cortex ◽  
Spatial Relation ◽  
Neurological Deficits ◽  
Who Grade ◽  
Basal Nuclei ◽  
Supratentorial Glioma ◽  
The Right ◽  
Glioma Resection ◽  
Patients Experience

Abstract BACKGROUND Postoperative ischemia is a known complications of glioma resection and can lead to neurological deficits. New or worsened postoperative deficits are often transient, but some patients experience persisting effects after surgery. Neuroanatomical location of ischemia is suspected to play an important role in the development as well as persistence of neurological deficits. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the spatial relation between postoperative ischemia and short-term and long-term neurological deficits. MATERIAL AND METHODS Postoperative ischemia was defined as new confluent areas of diffusion restriction on DWI in a retrospective database of 144 adult WHO grade II-IV supratentorial glioma patients, who received MRI within 3 days after resection in 2012–2014. New or worsened neurological deficits of any grade at discharge and after 3 months was assessed in relation to postoperative ischemia by an experienced neuro-oncologist. We manually delineated ischemic lesions and spatially normalized these to stereotaxic MNI space. Next, we performed voxel-based analysis (VBA) to identify locations of ischemia associated with new or worsened neurological deficits and corrected for multiple comparisons using family-wise error correction to eliminate false positive results. Delineations were labeled using the Harvard-Oxford cortical and subcortical atlases and a white matter atlas (XTRACT). RESULTS Any new or worsened neurological deficits were present in 44 (30.5%) cases at discharge and in 27 (20.9%) cases after 3 months, of which respectively 26 (18%) and 21 (16.3%) were related to ischemia. Volume of ischemia was significantly associated with deficits at discharge (P = 0.003) and after 3 months (P = 0.039). No areas of ischemia were associated with a lack of new or worsened deficits. A statistically significant cluster of 42.96cc was associated with deficits at discharge and encompassed the right frontal, insular and tempo-occipital regions. Voxels associated only with deficits at discharge included lateral occipital cortices and supramarginal gyri. A cluster of 17.68cc in the right frontal and insular lobes was significantly associated with deficits after 3 months. Overlapping areas included the right thalamus, caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidum, insular cortex, middle and inferior temporal gyri, corticospinal tract and superior thalamic radiation. CONCLUSION Transient and persisting new or worsened deficits after glioma resection were significantly associated with volume of postoperative ischemia. Ischemic lesions in right frontal and insular regions, including the basal nuclei, corticospinal tract and superior thalamic radiation were significantly associated with persisting neurological deficits after 3 months, while temporo-occipital lesions were associated with transient deficits only found at discharge.

Abstract 14192: Stroke Recurrence and Atrial Fibrillation Occurrence in the Patients With Right Insular Stroke

Circulation ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 132 (suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hee-Kwon Park ◽  
Sang-Bae Ko ◽  
Joung-Ho Rha
Keyword(s):  
Recurrence Rate ◽  
Stroke Risk ◽  
Insular Cortex ◽  
Wave Dispersion ◽  
P Wave ◽  
Stroke Recurrence ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
P Wave Dispersion ◽  
Arrhythmogenic Potential ◽  
The Right

Introduction: The right insular cortical lesion is believed to have the arrhythmogenic potential such as secondary atrial fibrillation(AF). The P wave-triggered signal-averaged electrocardiogram(SA-ECG) can detect the P wave dispersion which is related to the risk of AF. The stroke risk of secondary AF after right insular stroke remained unclear. Hypothesis: We investigated the arrhythmogenic potential of right insular stroke, using SA-ECG and the stroke recurrence rate related to stroke location. Methods: We recruited acute stroke patients who admitted from February 2012 to October 2013 and took routine work-up, including SA-ECG. Patients who had the previous history of AF before admission, were excluded. We checked the stroke recurrence and AF occurrence over two years after index stroke. We analyzed the difference of SA-ECG, AF occurrence and stroke recurrence rate between the right insular cortex lesion and other stroke. Results: A total of 252 subjects were enrolled and 49 among them had right insular involvement. The patients with right insular lesion had longer P wave duration than the other stroke patients (154.0+29.6 vs. 133.5+26.5 ms, p<0.001). During observation period, stroke recurred in 28 patients and AF occurred in 50 persons. The patients with right insular lesion suffered from the AF occurrence and the stroke recurrence more frequently than those with other stroke lesions(AF occurrence, 33% vs 17%, P=0.01; Stroke Recurrence 25% vs 6%, P<0.01). Among the patients with AF occurrence, the patients with right insular lesion had the tendency of the higher stroke recurrence rate than those with the other stroke lesion(43.8% vs 20.6%, P=0.089). Conclusions: Our result suggests that the right insular lesion is related to increased P wave dispersion and this might explain the development of secondary AF after right insular cortex stroke. Secondary AF after right insular lesion might have the higher stroke risk than that after other stroke lesion.

Reflection and Self-awareness

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Fox
Keyword(s):  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Helping Professions ◽  
Reflective Process ◽  
Know How ◽  
Service Outcomes ◽  
Conscious Level ◽  
The Right ◽  
Critical Competencies

‘‘Know thyself,’’ advises Socrates. ‘‘To thine own self be true,’’ recommends Shakespeare. Being cognizant of your attributes, limitations, and style heightens your ability to draw selectively upon your own resources and fuels students’ strengths. It kindles expanding levels of awareness, competence, and confidence in all of you. Awareness of self as person, practitioner, and as teacher is critical. Competencies distinguishing the best from the worst in the helping professions have little to do with theory and technical acumen. They have everything to do with emotional and social know-how. Such know-how is cultivated though an intensive reflective process, the cornerstone of which exceeds abstract theoretical or technical knowledge. Experience and tacit knowledge upon which you rely everyday, almost automatically, when raised to the conscious level, is even more important. As a teacher, reflection goes well beyond improving performance in one particular course. It concentrates as well on consideration about your teaching in general and awareness of your own reflective processes. Practitioners, as well as teachers, include understanding, as contrasted with explanation, as essential to their work. Understanding entails the discipline of attending, noticing, and appreciating others as human subjects. It is very different from explaining and can emerge only gradually when it is tended and nurtured by reflection. Understanding transcends translating or reducing experience to interpretation. As you teach, engage the left hemisphere, chiefly responsible for explanation of data, in tandem with the right hemisphere, chiefly responsible for overall representation, to engender context-rich understanding. All this is not to say that practitioners and teachers are not scientists and do not think critically, but rather that their unique stance concentrates on their heart as well as their head. Talented practitioners think critically and systematically about client needs, practice tasks, and service outcomes. They possess the ability to incorporate knowledge and skills into their work. That is, they understand client behaviors and concerns, the forces and factors that affect clients’ lives, and are able to select strategies and techniques appropriate to their clients’ conditions.

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