A method for attaching the funnel to the flask for use in the Seinhorst two-Erlenmeyer-flask soil extraction technique

Abstract A polyhouse study was conducted to evaluate the relative effectiveness of different micronutrient fertilizer formulation and application methods on wheat, pea and canola, as indicated by yield response and fate of micronutrients in contrasting mineral soils. The underlying factors controlling micronutrient bioavailability in a soil–plant system were examined using chemical and spectroscopic speciation techniques. Application of Cu significantly improved grain and straw biomass yields of wheat on two of the five soils (Ukalta and Sceptre), of which the Ukalta soil was critically Cu deficient according to soil extraction with DTPA. The deficiency problem was corrected by either soil or foliar application of Cu fertilizers. There were no significant yield responses of pea to Zn fertilization on any of the five soils. For canola, soil placement of boric acid was effective in correcting the deficiency problem in Whitefox soil, while foliar application was not. Soil extractable Cu, Zn, and B concentration in post-harvest soils were increased with soil placement of fertilizers, indicating that following crops in rotation could benefit from this application method. The chemical and XANES spectroscopic speciation indicates that carbonate associated is the dominant form of Cu and Zn in prairie soils, where chemisorption to carbonates is likely the major process that determines the fate of added Cu and Zn fertilizer.

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Development of a Tellurium Speciation Study Using IC-ICP-MS on Soil Samples Taken from an Area Associated with the Storage, Processing, and Recovery of Electrowaste

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26092651 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (9) ◽

pp. 2651

Author(s):

Magdalena Jabłońska-Czapla ◽

Katarzyna Grygoyć

Keyword(s):

Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽

Total Concentration ◽

Soil Samples ◽

Chemical Extraction ◽

Soil Extraction ◽

Inductively Coupled ◽

Sequential Chemical Extraction ◽

Icp Ms ◽

Speciation Study ◽

Plasma Mass Spectrometry

The optimization and validation of a methodology for determining and extracting inorganic ionic Te(VI) and Te(IV) forms in easily-leached fractions of soil by Ion Chromatography-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (IC-ICP-MS) were studied. In this paper, the total concentration of Te, pH, and red-ox potential were determined. Ions were successfully separated in 4 min on a Hamilton PRPX100 column with 0.002 mg/kg and 0.004 mg/kg limits of detection for Te(VI) and Te(IV), respectively. Soil samples were collected from areas subjected to the influence of an electrowaste processing and sorting plant. Sequential chemical extraction of soils showed that tellurium was bound mainly with sulphides, organic matter, and silicates. Optimization of soil extraction allowed 20% average extraction efficiency to be obtained, using 100 mM citric acid as the extractant. In the tested soil samples, both tellurium species were present. In most cases, the soils contained a reduced Te form, or the concentrations of both species were similar.

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Extraction Methods and Their Influence on Yield When Extracting Thermo-Vacuum-Modified Chestnut Wood

Forests ◽

10.3390/f12010073 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 73

Author(s):

Maurizio D’Auria ◽

Marisabel Mecca ◽

Maria Roberta Bruno ◽

Luigi Todaro

Keyword(s):

Catalyst Support ◽

Castanea Sativa ◽

Extraction Methods ◽

Extraction Technique ◽

Extraction Techniques ◽

Surface Color ◽

Ms Analysis ◽

Castanea Sativa Mill ◽

Molybdenum Catalysts ◽

Chestnut Wood

Improvements in the yield and solubility of chestnut wood extractives, by using different extraction methods and molybdenum catalysts as support, have rarely been reported in literature. Many studies focus on the different parts of trees, except for the chemical characteristics of the remaining extractives achieved from thermally modified (THM) chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill) wood. This research seeks to better understand the effects of extraction techniques and catalysts on the yield and solubility of extractives. GC-MS analysis of the chloroform soluble and insoluble fractions was also used. Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE) 110 °C, Soxhlet, and autoclave extraction techniques were used to obtain extractives from untreated and thermally modified (THM) chestnut wood (170 °C for 3 h). Ethanol/H2O, ethanol/toluene, and water were the solvents used for each technique. A polyoxometalate compound (H3PMo12O40) and MoO3 supported on silica were used as catalysts. The THM induced a change in the wood’s surface color (ΔE = 21.5) and an increase in mass loss (5.9%), while the equilibrium moisture content (EMC) was reduced by 17.4% compared to the control wood. The yields of the extractives and their solubility were always higher in THM and mainly used ASE as the technique. GC-MS analysis of the extractives, without catalyst support, showed different results for each extraction technique and type of wood (untreated and THM). Ultimately, the amount of extractive compound dissolved in each solvent will differ, and the choice of extraction technique will depend on the intended final application of the extracted chemical product.

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Optimizing the ultrasonic-assisted extraction of antioxidants from Ulva lactuca algal biomass using factorial design

Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery ◽

10.1007/s13399-021-01516-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sayed Rashad ◽

Ghadir El-Chaghaby ◽

Eder C. Lima ◽

Glaydson Simoes dos reis

Keyword(s):

Factorial Design ◽

Algal Biomass ◽

Ulva Lactuca ◽

Extraction Technique ◽

Extraction Solvent ◽

Assisted Extraction ◽

Study Results ◽

Ultrasonic Assisted ◽

Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction ◽

Optimum Extraction

AbstractUltrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) is increasingly emerging as a highly effective extraction technique. This extraction technique is affected by several experimental factors. The present work aimed to optimize the ultrasonic-assisted extraction of antioxidants from Ulva lactuca (sea lettuce), widespread macroalgae growing along the Mediterranean coast. In this respect, a full-factorial design (23) was employed to assess the effect of three different factors at two levels and their interactions on the extraction of antioxidants from sea lettuce algal biomass. The studied factors were extraction solvent, time of extraction, and temperature. The two levels chosen for extraction solvent were 100% ethanol and 50% ethanol, for the sonication time (1 h and 3 h) and temperature (25 °C and 40 °C). All experiments were done using an ultrasonic bath, and the biomass to solvent ratio was kept at 1:5. Total antioxidant capacity and quercetin concentration were set as the two responses for optimum output. The results showed that the temperature and solvent were the dominating factors that significantly affect the extraction process. The optimum extraction parameters were extraction time of 1 h, 50% ethanol, and temperature of 25 °C. Under these conditions, the maximum value for TAA was calculated as 2166.51 mg of ascorbic acid equivalent per gram (mg/g of AAE), and quercetin showed a maximum calculated value of 42.5 mg/g with combined desirability of 0.91 for the two responses. The present study results indicate that U. lactuca can be used as a source of antioxidants and phenolic compounds that can be applied in food and medicine at optimum extraction conditions. Graphical abstract

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