Morphological evidence for paraphyly of Holopothrips Hood (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae), a Neotropical genus of gall-inducing thrips

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Mariana F. Lindner ◽  
Augusto Ferrari ◽  
Adriano Cavalleri
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Bootstrap Support ◽  
Morphological Evidence ◽  
Diverse Group ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Internal Relations ◽  
Evolutionary Story

Abstract Holopothrips is a diverse group of thrips associated to galls in the Neotropics, with a variety of host plants and wide morphological diversity. Relationships to other Neotropical groups have been proposed, but are still untested, and the monophyly of the genus remains doubtful. Here, we perform a phylogenetic analysis of Holopothrips, based on morphological characters. A total of 87 species were included in the matrix and eight analyses were carried out, but all of them failed to recover Holopothrips as a monophyletic grouping. Bremer and Bootstrap support values were low, and the topologies varied among all analyses, with uncertain internal relations for the ingroup. These results indicate that the relationships for Holopothrips species, and the proposed related genera, are more complex than previously reported; and morphological characters may not be enough to recover the evolutionary story within this group. We also discuss the influences of different character coding, continuous characters and weighting schemes in our results.

Characterisation of the Australian Nacophorini using adult morphology, and phylogeny of the Geometridae based on morphological characters

Zootaxa ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 1736 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
CATHERINE J. YOUNG
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Majority Rule ◽  
Morphological Character ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Bootstrap Support ◽  
Consensus Tree ◽  
Molecular Analyses ◽  
Character Set

The Australian Nacophorini and related taxa are described using a matrix of 116 adult morphological characters. Adults of 72 species are illustrated using photographs and electron micrographs. Subsets of the characters are used to conduct a phylogenetic analysis based on cladistic principles. The adult morphological character set was augmented with 17 characters from eggs and 27 from larvae. The resulting phylogeny is poorly resolved but provides support for many of the relationships recovered by previous molecular analyses of the group, including basal derivations for characters of Larentiinae and Sterrhinae relative to those of the rest of Geometridae, and the monophyly of the Geometrinae + Oenochrominae s. str. Combining 28S D2 datawith morphological data produced a matrix of 60 taxa and 590 characters. The majority rule consensus tree produced by the combined morphological and 28S D2 data is almost identical to the majority rule consensus tree produced by the 28S D2 data alone, except that bootstrap support is lower for most nodes. Common clades obtained from the molecular and morphological trees are described in terms of morphological data. On this basis a concept of the Australian Nacophorini includes Lithinini and Australian Archiearinae. Two robust groups within the tribe also are delimited using characters from all data sources. Comparsions are made between the Nearctic and Neotropical Nacophorini on the basis of shared morphological characters. Australian Boarmiini are defined by synapomorphies.

scholarly journals Molecular and Phylogenetic Analysis of Family Aeshnidae of Hazara Region, Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (01) ◽  
pp. 109-116
Author(s):  
Sardar Azhar Mehmood
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Evolutionary Rate ◽  
Evolutionary Relationship ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Mitochondrial Genes ◽  
Bootstrap Support ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Single Genus ◽  
Shared Genetic

Current study was conducted on family Aeshnidae from Hazara region of Pakistan. During the survey a total of 125 members were collected and identified into 2 species under single genus. The present study focuses on molecular characterizations and phylogenetics of family Aeshnidae. Phylogenies of the analyzed taxa were elaborated with maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and Bayesian analysis. We sequenced both mitochondrial genes i.e., COI and 16S rRNA, separate and combined CO1+16S data sets revealed evolutionary relationship within Aeshnidae at the species and genera level. Mean Pairwise Distances (MPD) of each species were ranged from 0.00 to 84.60%. Evolutionary rate differences among two categories Gamma distribution and Invariant were recorded as 0.07 and 1.20 substitutions per site. DNA based identification using CO1, 16S and combined CO1+16S data set, for all Aeshnidae species shared genetic similarities having bootstrap values MLB=70–100%, MPB= 52–100% and BPP=0.75–1% respectively. The analysis of the combined (COI+16S) data set produced trees with complete stronger bootstrap support than analyses of either gene alone. These findings had shown that the taxonomic position of Aeshnidae species based on morphological characters could be verified, further improved and confirmed by the use of modern molecular biological tools which involve the nucleotide sequences of genes used in phylogenetic investigations. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

scholarly journals Phylogenetic analysis of the subfamily Prodidominae (Arachnida: Araneae: Gnaphosidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 190 (2) ◽  
pp. 654-708
Author(s):  
Bruno V B Rodrigues ◽  
Cristina A Rheims
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Junior Synonym ◽  
Outgroup Species ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Parsimony Criterion

Abstract Prodidominae was recently re-established as a subfamily of Gnaphosidae, comprising 316 species placed in 33 genera. In this study, we conduct a cladistic analysis including 59 species of Prodidominae and 32 outgroup species. The matrix is composed of 291 morphological characters and the data are analysed under the parsimony criterion, using differing weighting regimes. Prodidominae is not recovered as monophyletic, because Anagrina did not arise within the subfamily. Cryptotoerithus, Molycria, Myandra, Nomindra, Wesmaldra and Wydundra arise to form a clade. Thus, we re-establish Molycriinae as a distinct subfamily in Gnaphosidae, sister to Prodidominae. We redefine the limits of Prodidominae to include the genera Austrodomus, Brasilomma, Caudalia, Chileomma, Chileuma, Chilongius, Eleleis, Indiani, Katumbea, Lygromma, Lygrommatoides, Moreno, Namundra, Neozimiris, Nopyllus, Paracymbiomma, Plutonodomus, Prodidomus, Purcelliana, Theuma, Theumella, Tivodrassus, Tricongius, Zimirina and Zimiris. Species of these genera share the presence of anterior lateral spinnerets with pyriform gland spigots associated with patches of long setae and the presence of a large protrusion between coxae IV with erect setae and unsclerotized margins. In addition, we propose three new synonymies: Oltacloea as a junior synonym of Tricongius, and Prodida as junior synonym of Prodidomus. Lygromma ybyguara is transferred to Tricongius.

scholarly journals Phylogeny of the Anomura (Decapoda, Crustacea): Spermatozoa and spermatophore morphological evidence

1997 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher C. Tudge
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Decapod Crustacean ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
The Other ◽  
Monophyletic Group ◽  
Morphological Evidence ◽  
Monophyletic Clade ◽  
The Family ◽  
Single Clade

A phylogenetic analysis of selected anomuran, thalassinidean, and other decapod crustacean taxa, based on spermatozoal ultrastructural characters and spermatophore morphological characters, was performed and the following relationships of the taxa are elucidated from the trees produced. The Anomura are not a monophyletic assemblage, with the lomoid Lomis being exclusive of the remainder of the anomuran taxa, and the thalassinid Thalassina included in the anomuran clade. The synapomorphy joining the majority of the conventional anomuran taxa (Lomis excluded) is the cytoplasmic origin of the microtubular arms. When the palinurid and thalassinoid representatives are separately designated as outgroups, the Astacidea and Brachyura jointly formed a sister group to the Anomura. The superfamilies Thalassinoidea, Paguroidea, and Galatheoidea are not monophyletic groups. In all analyses the anomuran families Coenobitidae and Porcellanidae each form a monophyletic group. The paguroid family Diogenidae is paraphyletic, with the genera Clibanarius and Cancellus separate from a single clade containing the remaining diogenid genera. The families Paguridae and Parapaguridae form a monophyletic clade with the exception of Porcellanopagurus. The two representatives of the family Chirostylidae (Eumunida and Uroptychus) fail to associate with the other species in the Galatheoidea. The taxa in the family Galatheidae are not a monophyletic assemblage. The only investigated hippoid Hippa is portrayed as the sister group to the remainder of the anomuran taxa (with the exception of Lomis).

Cladistic analysis of the tribes of Dytiscinae and the phylogenetic position of the genus Notaticus Zimmermann (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae)

2000 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly B. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
New Tribe

AbstractA hypothesis of the phylogeny of the tribes of Dytiscinae is presented based on a cladistic analysis of adult morphological characters. All tribes of Dytiscinae were included with larger tribes represented by multiple genera. Outgroups included members of all major lineages (subfamilies) of Dytiscidae. The matrix consists of 22 taxa and 45 characters. A single most parsimonious cladogram was produced by the analysis. It is concluded from the analysis that Dytiscinae is paraphyletic with respect to the genus Notaticus Zimmermann which has been previously recognized as the only member of the subfamily Aubehydrinae. Its position within the subfamily requires that it be placed within its own tribe, Aubehydrini. Additionally, Dytiscini was found to be paraphyletic, and a new tribe, Hyderodini, is proposed to contain the genus Hyderodes Sharp. Dytiscini is restricted to include only the genus Dytiscus Linneaus. Dytiscinae and all other tribes within the subfamily were found to be monophyletic. The proposed relationships of the tribes of Dytiscinae are Cybistrini + (Dytiscini + (Hyderodini + (Aubehydrini + (Hydaticini + (Eretini + Aciliini))))). Characters discovered to be useful for phylogenetic analysis of the subfamily are illustrated and described. The tribes are diagnosed and a key is presented for distinguishing them.

A century in synonymy: molecular and morphological evidence for the revalidation of Glyptosternon osсhanini (Herzenstein, 1889) (Actinopterygii: Sisoridae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4277 (3) ◽  
pp. 435
Author(s):  
RYAN J. THONI ◽  
EVGENIY SIMONOV ◽  
OLEG ARTAEV ◽  
SHAIGUL ASYLBAEVA ◽  
SERGEK UULU AIBEK ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Junior Synonym ◽  
Morphological Evidence ◽  
River Drainage ◽  
Amu Darya ◽  
Morphological Diagnosis ◽  
Syr Darya ◽  
Amu Darya River

Exostoma oschanini, presently treated as a junior synonym of Glyptosternon reticulatum, is revalidated within Glyptosternon based on a phylogenetic analysis of the CO1 gene and morphological characters. Glyptosternon oschanini is known to occur in tributaries of the Syr Darya River in Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan and may also occur in the Amu Darya River drainage. A morphological diagnosis and description are provided for G. oschanini. Exostoma gracile is a junior synonym of G. oschanini rather than of G. reticulatum. 

scholarly journals Phylogenetic analysis and systematic position of two new species of the ant genus Crematogaster (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from Southeast Asia

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shingo Hosoishi ◽  
Kazuo Ogata
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
New Species ◽  
Divergence Time ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Systematic Position ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Morphological Evidence ◽  
Divergence Time Estimates ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic

Two distinct new species of the ant genus Crematogaster, C. khmerensis sp. nov. and C. pfeifferi sp. nov., are described from Cambodia and Malaysia, respectively. The two species are unique among Asian Crematogaster in that they have vertically directed propodeal spines, but their systematic positions have not been determined based on morphological characters alone. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of 89 Crematogaster taxon matrices previously published plus C. khmerensis sp. nov., using nuclear genes, reveals that C. khmerensis sp. nov. is nested within the Australo-Asian Crematogaster clade. Morphological assignment of the developed pronotal shoulders implies a close relationship between C. khmerensis sp. nov. and the C. tetracantha-group. Based on molecular and morphological evidence, we erect a new species group, C. khmerensis-group, to contain C. khmerensis sp. nov. and C. pfeifferi sp. nov. Divergence time estimates using MCMCTree shows that the root node of the C. khmerensis sp. nov. terminal is estimated to be of middle Miocene age at 15 million years old. The position of the C. khmerensis-group well supports the Oriental- to Australian-region dispersal history that has been proposed for the Australo-Asian Crematogaster clade.

Phylogenetic analysis of the subgenus Kerteszia of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae: Anophelinae) based on morphological characters

2003 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. iii-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
ELIANA COLLUCCI
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Adult Female ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
Bootstrap Support ◽  
Fourth Instar Larva ◽  
Male Adult ◽  
Outgroup Species ◽  
Parsimony Criterion

AbstractCollucci, E. & Sallum, M. A. M.: Phylogenetic analysis of the subgenus Kerteszia of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae: Anophelinae) based on morphological characters. Insect Syst. Evol. 34: 361-372. Copenhagen, December 2003. ISSN 1399-560X. A phylogenetic analysis was carried out for 12 species of Anopheles (Kerteszia) Theobald with Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) oswaldoi (Peryassü), An. (Stethomyia) kompi Edwards and An. (Lophopodomyia) squamifemur Antunes as outgroup species. Sixty-six characters were coded from the external morphology of the adult male, adult female, fourth-instar larva and pupa, and analyzed under the parsimony criterion using PAUP. The results confirm that Kerteszia, and the clade Kerteszia + Nyssorhynchus, are both monophyletic. Bootstrap support was ≥ 50% for all internal nodes, except for the (An. bellator + An. homunculus) clade which was < 50%. The results of this study allow a confident estimate of the relationships of species within Kerteszia.

Polyphyly of the spring-parsleys (Cymopterus): molecular and morphological evidence suggests complex relationships among the perennial endemic genera of western North American Apiaceae

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (12) ◽  
pp. 1295-1324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen R Downie ◽  
Ronald L Hartman ◽  
Feng-Jie Sun ◽  
Deborah S Katz-Downie
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
North American ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Bootstrap Support ◽  
Morphological Evidence ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
Rps16 Intron ◽  
Fruit Characters

Cladistic analyses of DNA sequences from the nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer region and cpDNA rps16 intron and, for a subset of taxa, the cpDNA trnF-trnL-trnT locus were carried out to evaluate the monophyly of Cymopterus and to ascertain its phylogenetic placement among the other perennial genera of Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) subfamily Apioideae endemic to western North America. To elucidate patterns in the evolution of specific fruit characters and to evaluate their utility in circumscribing genera unambiguously, additional evidence was procured from cross-sections of mature fruits and the results of cladistic analysis of 25 morphological characters. Analyses of the partitioned data sets resulted in weakly supported and largely unresolved phylogenetic hypotheses, possibly due to the rapid radiation of the group, whereas the combined analysis of all molecular evidence resulted in a well-resolved phylogeny with higher bootstrap support. The traditionally used fruit characters of wing shape and composition and orientation of mericarp compression are highly variable. The results of these analyses reveal that Cymopterus and Lomatium, the two largest genera of western North American Apiaceae, are polyphyletic, and that their species are inextricably linked with those of other endemic perennial genera of the region (such as, Aletes, Musineon, Oreoxis, Pseudocymopterus, Pteryxia, and Tauschia), many of which are also not monophyletic. Prior emphasis on characters of the fruit in all systems of classification of the group has led to highly artificial assemblages of species. A complete reassessment of generic limits of all western endemic Apiaceae is required, as is further systematic study of this intractable group.Key words: Apiaceae, Cymopterus, phylogeny, ITS, rps16 intron, morphology.

scholarly journals REVISION OF MALESIAN ENDOSPERMUM (EUPHORBIACEAE) WITH NOTES ON PHYLOGENY AND HISTORICAL BIOGEOGRAPHY

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-482
Author(s):  
S. Arias Guerrero ◽  
P. C. van Welzen
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Historical Biogeography ◽  
Bootstrap Support ◽  
Diagnostic Characters ◽  
Malay Archipelago ◽  
Biogeographic Analysis

The genus Endospermum (Euphorbiaceae) in the Malay Archipelago (Malesia) comprises eight rather than the 10 species recognised in the latest revision by Schaeffer in 1971. Endospermum banghamii and E. ronaldii are synonymised with E. quadriloculare. The diagnostic characters for the genus are briefly discussed with special emphasis given to the myrmecophytic characters. The phylogenetic analysis, based on morphological characters (11 vegetative and 12 reproductive), resulted in a single, most parsimonious cladogram with bootstrap support only for the genus. The historical biogeographic analysis, used to evaluate the cladogram, showed that two species are placed in an unexpected position in the phylogeny, which means that the morphology-based cladogram may be reliable to a large extent.

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