Characterisation of the Australian Nacophorini using adult morphology, and phylogeny of the Geometridae based on morphological characters

Zootaxa ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 1736 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
CATHERINE J. YOUNG
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Majority Rule ◽  
Morphological Character ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Bootstrap Support ◽  
Consensus Tree ◽  
Molecular Analyses ◽  
Character Set

The Australian Nacophorini and related taxa are described using a matrix of 116 adult morphological characters. Adults of 72 species are illustrated using photographs and electron micrographs. Subsets of the characters are used to conduct a phylogenetic analysis based on cladistic principles. The adult morphological character set was augmented with 17 characters from eggs and 27 from larvae. The resulting phylogeny is poorly resolved but provides support for many of the relationships recovered by previous molecular analyses of the group, including basal derivations for characters of Larentiinae and Sterrhinae relative to those of the rest of Geometridae, and the monophyly of the Geometrinae + Oenochrominae s. str. Combining 28S D2 datawith morphological data produced a matrix of 60 taxa and 590 characters. The majority rule consensus tree produced by the combined morphological and 28S D2 data is almost identical to the majority rule consensus tree produced by the 28S D2 data alone, except that bootstrap support is lower for most nodes. Common clades obtained from the molecular and morphological trees are described in terms of morphological data. On this basis a concept of the Australian Nacophorini includes Lithinini and Australian Archiearinae. Two robust groups within the tribe also are delimited using characters from all data sources. Comparsions are made between the Nearctic and Neotropical Nacophorini on the basis of shared morphological characters. Australian Boarmiini are defined by synapomorphies.

Morphological evidence for paraphyly of Holopothrips Hood (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae), a Neotropical genus of gall-inducing thrips

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Mariana F. Lindner ◽  
Augusto Ferrari ◽  
Adriano Cavalleri
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Bootstrap Support ◽  
Morphological Evidence ◽  
Diverse Group ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Internal Relations ◽  
Evolutionary Story

Abstract Holopothrips is a diverse group of thrips associated to galls in the Neotropics, with a variety of host plants and wide morphological diversity. Relationships to other Neotropical groups have been proposed, but are still untested, and the monophyly of the genus remains doubtful. Here, we perform a phylogenetic analysis of Holopothrips, based on morphological characters. A total of 87 species were included in the matrix and eight analyses were carried out, but all of them failed to recover Holopothrips as a monophyletic grouping. Bremer and Bootstrap support values were low, and the topologies varied among all analyses, with uncertain internal relations for the ingroup. These results indicate that the relationships for Holopothrips species, and the proposed related genera, are more complex than previously reported; and morphological characters may not be enough to recover the evolutionary story within this group. We also discuss the influences of different character coding, continuous characters and weighting schemes in our results.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic Signal and Bias in Paleontology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J Asher ◽  
Martin R Smith
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Phylogenetic Signal ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Tree Of Life ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Phylogenetic Resolution ◽  
Phylogeny Estimation ◽  
Better Than

Abstract An unprecedented amount of evidence now illuminates the phylogeny of living mammals and birds on the Tree of Life. We use this tree to measure phylogenetic value of data typically used in paleontology (bones and teeth) from six datasets derived from five published studies. We ask three interrelated questions: 1) Can these data adequately reconstruct known parts of the Tree of Life? 2) Is accuracy generally similar for studies using morphology, or do some morphological datasets perform better than others? 3) Does the loss of non-fossilizable data cause taxa to occur in misleadingly basal positions? Adding morphology to DNA datasets usually increases congruence of resulting topologies to the well corroborated tree, but this varies among morphological datasets. Extant taxa with a high proportion of missing morphological characters can greatly reduce phylogenetic resolution when analyzed together with fossils. Attempts to ameliorate this by deleting extant taxa missing morphology are prone to decreased accuracy due to long-branch artefacts. We find no evidence that fossilization causes extinct taxa to incorrectly appear at or near topologically basal branches. Morphology comprises the evidence held in common by living taxa and fossils, and phylogenetic analysis of fossils greatly benefits from inclusion of molecular and morphological data sampled for living taxa, whatever methods are used for phylogeny estimation.

scholarly journals First Report of Podosphaera aphanis Causing Powdery Mildew on Wild Blackberry Species (Rubus spp.) in Mexico

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alma Rosa Solano-Báez ◽  
Santos Gerardo Leyva-Mir ◽  
Moises Camacho-Tapia ◽  
Alfonso Arellano Victoria ◽  
Geremias Rodríguez-Bautista ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
First Report ◽  
Voucher Specimens ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
Germ Tubes

Wild blackberry species (Rubus spp. L.; Rosaceae) represents an invaluable source of genes for the generation of new varieties, but also serve as a primary source of disease inoculum. During April of 2020, symptoms of powdery mildew were observed on four populations of wild blackberry species located in the states of Chiapas (16°59'11"N, 92°59'07"W; 16°47'08"N, 92°31'05"W) and Michoacán (19°37'17"N, 100°08'59"W; 19°29'25"N, 101°32'54"W), Mexico. Signs of the pathogen were white powdery masses mainly on the top of new shoots. Symptoms included yellowing, necrosis, and early defoliation of the plants. Hyphae were tin-walled, hyaline, smooth, and 4.0–9.0 mm wide. Appressoria were indistinct -to- nipple-shaped. Conidiophores (n=30, 75–225 × 10.5–13.5 μm) were straight, and unbranched with cylindrical foot cells (n=30, 31.5–158 × 8–13.5 μm), straight, somewhat widening upwards, followed by 1–3 shorter cells. Conidia (n=100; 25.5–38.5 × 9.5–22.5 μm) were catenulate, ellipsoid-ovoid -to- doliiform, containing fibrosin bodies (in 3% KOH). Germ tubes (n=30, 13.5–40.5 × 4.5 μm) emerged laterally, and were unbranched with slightly swollen tips. Chasmothecia were not found. Morphological characters of the fungus in all samples corresponded to the previous descriptions of Podosphaera aphanis by Braun and Cook (2012) and Stevanovi´c et al. (2020). Voucher specimens were deposited in the Department of Agricultural Parasitology Herbarium at the Chapingo Autonomous University under accessions UACH421, UACH423, UACH425, UACH426. To confirm the species identification, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of one sample was amplified using the primers ITS5 (White et al. 1990) and P3 (Kusaba and Tsuge, 1995) and sequenced. The sequence was deposited in GenBank (accession number MW988591). A phylogenetic analysis using Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood was performed (Hernández-Restrepo et al. 2018) and included other Podosphaera species (Takamatsu et al. 2010). The sequence from the isolate UACH426 clustered with the strain MUMH1871 of P. aphanis forming a definite clade and remained as a sister taxon of P. pannosa. Pathogenicity was verified through inoculation by gently dusting conidia from one powdery mildew patch onto leaves of five healthy blackberry plants of each specie. The same number of noninoculated plants served as controls. All plants were maintained in a greenhouse at 25–30°C with 75% relative humidity. All inoculated plants developed powdery mildew symptoms after 12 days, whereas no symptoms were observed on noninoculated plants. The fungus recovered from the inoculated plants was morphologically identical to that originally observed on diseased blackberry plants, demonstrating the pathogenicity of the fungus. Based on morphological data and phylogenetic analysis, the fungus was identified as P. aphanis. This fungus has been reported to cause powdery mildew on blackberry plants in Serbia (Stevanovi´c et al. 2020). This is the first report of P. aphanis causing powdery mildew on wild backberry species in Mexico according to Farr and Rossman (2021). The primary source of inoculum of powdery mildew for commercial plantings is wild blackberry plants from noncultivated areas and may warrant control of wild populations.

scholarly journals Revision of the South American genus Gaujonia Dognin (Noctuidae, Pantheinae) with descriptions of five new genera and twenty-one new species

ZooKeys ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 985 ◽  
pp. 71-126
Author(s):  
Jose I. Martinez
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
New Species ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
The Other ◽  
South American ◽  
New Combinations ◽  
New Genera ◽  
The South ◽  
Molecular Analyses ◽  
One New Species

The endemic Neotropical genus Gaujonia Dognin is revised. Morphological characters and a phylogenetic analysis demonstrate paraphyletic relationships among the species. Four different groups are interpreted to represent four different genera. The G. arbosi group is the only remaining clade in the genus Gaujonia, and the other groups have been arranged into three new genera: Milleranagen. nov., Oculicattusgen. nov., and Cicadoformagen. nov. Additionally, two other genera Cicadomorphusgen. nov., and Gaujopteragen. nov. were found using morphological and molecular analyses based on some specimens that were misidentified as Gaujonia spp. A total of five new genera, three new combinations (Cicadoforma vau-nigrum Hampson, comb. nov., Oculicattus renifera Hampson, comb. nov., and Millerana arbosioides Dognin, comb. nov.) and 21 new species (Cicadoforma ocelotussp. nov., Cicadomorphus chicharrasp. nov., Cicadomorphus chuyasp. nov., Cicadomorphus falkasiskasp. nov., Cicadomorphus lilianaesp. nov., Gaujonia bichusp. nov., Gaujonia chiqyaqsp. nov., Gaujonia kanakusikasp. nov., Gaujonia sourakovisp. nov., Gaujoptera amsasp. nov., Millerana austinisp. nov., Millerana cajassp. nov., Millerana cundinamarquensissp. nov., Millerana matthewsaesp. nov., Millerana tigrinasp. nov., Oculicattus bolivianasp. nov., Oculicattus brehmisp. nov., Oculicattus incasp. nov., Oculicattus raizaesp. nov., Oculicattus schmidtisp. nov., and Oculicattus uturunkusp. nov.) are established.

scholarly journals Markov models provide many solutions for appropriate modeling of inapplicable morphological characters in phylogenetics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergei Tarasov
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Markov Models ◽  
Main Type ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Bayesian Framework ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
New Models

AbstractThis paper describes new models for coding inapplicable characters for phylogenetic analysis with morphological data. I show that these new solutions fall into two categories that require use of different Markov models. Their implementation in the Bayesian framework using popular software RevBayes (Höhna et al., 2016) is provided. A combination of the new models and previous solutions (Tarasov, 2019) is capable to model all main type of dependencies between morphological characters.

scholarly journals Craniodental morphology and phylogeny of marsupials

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin M. D. Beck ◽  
Robert Voss ◽  
Sharon Jansa
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Data Types ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Morphological And Molecular Data ◽  
Dense Sampling

The current literature on marsupial phylogenetics includes numerous studies based on analyses of morphological data with relatively limited sampling of Recent and fossil taxa, and many studies based on analyses of molecular data that include a dense sampling of Recent taxa, but relatively few that combine both data types. Another dichotomy in the marsupial phylogenetic literature is between studies that focus on New World taxa, others that focus on Sahulian taxa. To date, there has been no attempt to assess the phylogenetic relationships of the global marsupial fauna, based on combined analyses of morphology and molecular sequences, for a dense sampling of Recent and fossil taxa. For this report, we compiled morphological and molecular data from an unprecedented number of Recent and fossil marsupials. Our morphological data consist of 180 craniodental characters that we scored for 97 species representing every currently recognized Recent genus, 42 additional ingroup (crown-clade marsupial) taxa represented by well-preserved fossils, and 5 outgroups (non-marsupial metatherians). Our molecular data comprise 24.5 kb of DNA sequences from whole-mitochondrial genomes and six nuclear loci (APOB, BRCA1, GHR, RAG1, RBP3 and VWF) for 97 marsupial terminals (the same Recent taxa scored for craniodental morphology) and several placental and monotreme outgroups. The results of separate and combined analyses of these data using a wide range of phylogenetic methods support many currently accepted hypotheses of ingroup (marsupial) relationships, but they also underscore the difficulty of placing fossils with key missing data (e.g., †Evolestes), and the unique difficulty of placing others that exhibit mosaics of plesiomorphic and autapomorphic traits (e.g., †Yalkaparidon). Unique contributions of our study are (1) critical discussions and illustrations of marsupial craniodental morphology, including descriptions and illustrations of some features never previously coded for phylogenetic analysis; (2) critical assessments of relative support for many suprageneric clades; (3) estimates of divergence times derived from tip-and-node dating based on uniquely taxon-dense analyses; and (4) a revised, higher-order classification of marsupials accompanied by lists of supporting craniodental synapomorphies. Far from the last word on these topics, this report lays the foundation for future research that may be enabled by the discovery of new fossil taxa, better-preserved material of previously described taxa, novel morphological characters, and improved methods of phylogenetic analysis.

scholarly journals Molecular and Phylogenetic Analysis of Family Aeshnidae of Hazara Region, Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (01) ◽  
pp. 109-116
Author(s):  
Sardar Azhar Mehmood
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Evolutionary Rate ◽  
Evolutionary Relationship ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Mitochondrial Genes ◽  
Bootstrap Support ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Single Genus ◽  
Shared Genetic

Current study was conducted on family Aeshnidae from Hazara region of Pakistan. During the survey a total of 125 members were collected and identified into 2 species under single genus. The present study focuses on molecular characterizations and phylogenetics of family Aeshnidae. Phylogenies of the analyzed taxa were elaborated with maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and Bayesian analysis. We sequenced both mitochondrial genes i.e., COI and 16S rRNA, separate and combined CO1+16S data sets revealed evolutionary relationship within Aeshnidae at the species and genera level. Mean Pairwise Distances (MPD) of each species were ranged from 0.00 to 84.60%. Evolutionary rate differences among two categories Gamma distribution and Invariant were recorded as 0.07 and 1.20 substitutions per site. DNA based identification using CO1, 16S and combined CO1+16S data set, for all Aeshnidae species shared genetic similarities having bootstrap values MLB=70–100%, MPB= 52–100% and BPP=0.75–1% respectively. The analysis of the combined (COI+16S) data set produced trees with complete stronger bootstrap support than analyses of either gene alone. These findings had shown that the taxonomic position of Aeshnidae species based on morphological characters could be verified, further improved and confirmed by the use of modern molecular biological tools which involve the nucleotide sequences of genes used in phylogenetic investigations. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

Allozyme Evidence for the Phylogeny of Giant New Caledonian Geckos (Squamata: Diplodactylidae: Rhacodactylus), with Comments on the Status of R. leachianus henkeli

1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 317 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Good ◽  
A. M. Bauer ◽  
R. A. Sadlier
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Total Evidence ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Branching Pattern ◽  
Phenetic Analysis ◽  
Allozyme Data ◽  
The Status ◽  
Distance Data ◽  
Nei's Genetic Distance

The phylogenetic analysis of allozyme characters within the New Caledonian giant geckos, genus Rhacodactylus, yields a pattern of relationships that is largely congruent with that derived from morphological data. A ‘total evidence’ approach, incorporating 13 allozyme and 29 morphological characters, yields a single most-parsimonious tree with the pattern: R. auriculatus ((R. leachainus (R. ciliatus, R. chahoua)) (R. sarasinorum, R. trachyrhynchus)). A phenetic analysis based on Nei’s genetic distance data results in a similar branching pattern. The genus Pseudothecadactylus is tentatively regarded as valid because allozyme data conflict strongly with morphological data that suggest that these geckos evolved from within Rhacodactylus. Allozymes and available morphological data do not support the recognition of the recently described subspecies R. leachianus henkeli.

Lactarius cucurbitoides (Russulales, Basidiomycota), a new species from South Korea supported by molecular and morphological data

Phytotaxa ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 205 (3) ◽  
pp. 168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyun Lee ◽  
Myung Soo Park ◽  
Paul Eunil Jung ◽  
Jonathan J. Fong ◽  
Seung-Yoon Oh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
New Species ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
The Status ◽  
A New Species

A new species belonging to Lactarius subg. Plinthogalus was discovered during a long-term project on the diversity of Korean Lactarius. This species is proposed here as Lactarius cucurbitoides. The status of L. cucurbitoides as a new species is supported by molecular data and morphological features. Phylogenetic analysis based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences shows that L. cucurbitoides is closely related to L. subplinthogalus, L. friabilis, and L. oomsisiensis, with pairwise distances of 2.8–4.3%. Morphological characters of L. cucurbitoides that distinguish it from these closely related species are a pale yellow to pale orange colored pileus and non-discoloration of white latex. The new species is described and illustrated in the present paper.

Systematics, biogeography and host-plant relationships of the Neotropical jumping plant-louse genus Russelliana (Hemiptera: Psylloidea)

Zootaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4266 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
LILIYA SERBINA ◽  
DANIEL BURCKHARDT
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
South America ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Consensus Tree ◽  
Host Shifts ◽  
The World ◽  
Potential Pest ◽  
Plant Families

The Neotropical genus Russelliana (Psyllidae: Aphalaroidinae) is revised and its phylogenetic, host-plant and biogeographical relationships are discussed. Twenty-four species are described as new, bringing the number of known species to 43. An identification key is provided for the adults. A phylogenetic analysis of 26 morphological characters resulted in 54 most parsimonious trees. The consensus tree is well resolved at the base but poorly at the crown. Most Russelliana species are monophagous or oligophagous with the exception of R. solanicola which is polyphagous. With eight plant families, the host range of Russelliana is broader than that of other aphalaroidine genera. The hosts for 29 species are confirmed, those for 12 species are suggested based on phylogenetic relationships. The species associated with Asteraceae (4 spp.) and most of the Fabaceae-feeders (12 spp.) form each a monophyletic group, those associated with Verbenaceae (5 spp.) are paraphyletic and those with Solanaceae are polyphyletic (16 spp.). The two species associated with Rosaceae are not closely related. These patterns suggest repeated host shifts. Whether there is cospeciation in some groups cannot be judged as neither psyllid nor host phylogenies are sufficiently resolved. The world psylloid fauna comprises relatively few species associated with Solanaceae. The number of 16 Russelliana species with confirmed or likely solanaceous hosts is, therefore, surprising and important in view of the potential pest status of some Russelliana spp. The genus is restricted to temperate and subtropical South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Southern Brazil, Chile, Peru and Uruguay). Most species are known from the Western Andean part of the continent. Only four species are currently known from Eastern South America. The cladogram suggests that geographical vicariance may account for at least part of the observed species richness, as five vicariant events were detected for Russelliana. A better resolution of the cladogram may reveal more cases of geographical vicariance.

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