Gradual conventionalization of pragmatic inferences

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 222-234
Author(s):  
Errapel Mejías-Bikandi
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Semantic Change ◽  
Standard Account ◽  
Gradual Process ◽  
Phonetic Context ◽  
Morphological Variants ◽  
The One

Abstract The alternation in Spanish between y and e on the one hand, and u and o in the other, is examined. It is proposed that the standard account under which the choice of one variant over the other is sensitive only to the phonetic context is incomplete. Specifically, the paper argues that pragmatic inferences that typically appear cross-linguistically associated with these connectors, and that result in asymmetric interpretations, are not favoured in Spanish with the morphological variants e and u, which favour symmetric interpretations. The paper proposes that the relevant pragmatic inferences have been partially conventionalized for y and o, but that this conventionalization has not occurred in the case of e and u for the reason that they are much less frequently used. Thus, discussion and data offer a view of a stage in a gradual process of semantic change via conventionalization of pragmatic inferences.

Polysemy through metonymy

2004 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-386
Author(s):  
Shobhana L. Chelliah
Keyword(s):  
Northeast India ◽  
The Other ◽  
Semantic Change ◽  
Salient Characteristic ◽  
The One

In Meithei, a Tibeto-Burman language of Northeast India, the noun pí ‘grandmother’ has undergone divergent paths of semantic change, developing on the one hand into a productive nominalizer and on the other into suffixes whose meanings are derived through metonymical extensions (SMALLER VERSION, BEST EXEMPLAR, SALIENT CHARACTERISTIC, PROJECTION, INSTRUMENT and AGENT). The Meithei data illustrate the role of culture in metonymic change and the role of metonymic change in creation of productive and lexicalized morphology.

Lexically-based terminology structuring

Terminology ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Grabar ◽  
Pierre Zweigenbaum
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
National Library ◽  
French Version ◽  
Ontological Commitments ◽  
The Us ◽  
Specific Goal ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Morphological Variants ◽  
The One

Terminology structuring has been the subject of much work in the context of terms extracted from corpora: given a set of terms, obtained from an existing resource or extracted from a corpus, it consists in identifying hierarchical (or other types of) relations between these terms. The present work aims at assessing the feasibility of such structuring by studying it on an existing hierarchically structured terminology. Our overall goal is to test various structuring methods proposed in the literature and to check how they fare on this task. The specific goal at the present stage of our work, which we report here, is focussed on lexical methods that match terms on the basis on their content words, taking morphological variants and synonyms into account. We describe experiments performed on the French version of the US National Library of Medicine MeSH thesaurus. We compare the lexically-induced relations with the original MeSH relations and measure recall and precision metrics, taking two different views on the task: relation recovery and term placement. This method proposes correct term placement for up to 26% of the MeSH concepts, and its precision can reach 58%. After this quantitative evaluation, we perform a qualitative, human analysis of the ‘new’ relations not present in the MeSH. This analysis shows, on the one hand, the limits of the lexical structuring method. On the other hand, it reveals some specific structuring choices and naming conventions made by the MeSH designers, and emphasizes ontological commitments that cannot be left to automatic structuring.

Current trends in the secularization of Hebrew

1992 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 603-609 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hadassa Kantor
Keyword(s):  
Life Style ◽  
The Other ◽  
Foreign Languages ◽  
Day Schools ◽  
Semantic Change ◽  
Language Varieties ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Local Media ◽  
Modern Hebrew ◽  
The One

ABSTRACTSecularization has played a significant role in the revival of Hebrew. Use of words and phrases from the religious domain in secular contexts, so natural to the native Israeli, may at times shock students who have studied Hebrew outside Israel, especially those trained in Jewish day schools. The growing secularization of Israeli life-style and the increasing influence of foreign languages, as manifested in the local media, indeed have given rise to new forms of language secularization. These have split modern Hebrew into two varieties: on the one hand, a language clinging to its historical roots, spoken and understood by observant Jews in Israel and studied abroad in religious day schools, and on the other hand, a secularized variety, separated from its ancient culture, adopted by many circles of Israeli Hebrew speakers. (Semantic change, language varieties, Hebrew)

scholarly journals Transitivity, Moral Latitude, and Supererogation

Utilitas ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 286-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
DOUGLAS W. PORTMORE
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Moral Reason ◽  
Alternative Account ◽  
Standard Account ◽  
The One ◽  
One Act

On the standard account of supererogation, an act is supererogatory if and only if it is morally optional and there is more moral reason to perform it than to perform some permissible alternative. And, on this account, an agent has more moral reason to perform one act than to perform another if and only if she morally ought to prefer its outcome to that of the other. I argue that this account has two serious problems. The first, the latitude problem, is that it has counterintuitive implications in cases where the duty to be exceeded is one that allows for significant latitude in how to comply with it. The second, the transitivity problem, is that it runs afoul of the plausible idea that the one-reason-morally-justifies-acting-against-another relation is transitive. I argue that both problems can be overcome by an alternative account: the maximalist account.

scholarly journals Między lękiem a fascynacją. Pojęcie powietrza w dziejach polszczyzny .

2021 ◽  
pp. 17-28
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Janowska
Keyword(s):  
Historical Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Semantic Change ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
History Of ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
Ambivalent Attitude ◽  
The One ◽  
Changes Over Time

This paper, which proposes a historical overview, is dedicated to the notion of <powietrze> (air) and its lexical equivalent in the Polish language. This notion has undergone numerous changes over time; it has formed through direct human experience on the one hand and through the Christian and Slavic traditions as well as scientifi c knowledge overlapping on the other hand. This notion has always been important to the human being, it has been commonly referred to in metaphors and similes. In the historical analysis, two basic senses of powietrze (air) were taken into consideration: ‘place’ and ‘substance’. In both cases, there has always been a clearly ambivalent attitude to the human being, who sees threats on the one hand and feels that air guarantees life on the other hand. Keywords: notion – semantic change – history of Polish – historical lexis

Grammaticalization of nouns meaning “head” into reflexive markers: A cross-linguistic study

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Evseeva ◽  
Iker Salaberri
Keyword(s):  
Body Part ◽  
The Other ◽  
Semantic Change ◽  
Linguistic Study ◽  
Language Groups ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Considerable Impact ◽  
The One

Abstract Studies on the grammaticalization of body-part nouns into reflexives have often formulated cross-linguistic generalizations, but have mostly failed to provide detailed analyses of similar developments attested in unrelated languages. As a consequence, valuable insights have sometimes been overlooked. The purpose of this paper is twofold: on the one hand, it identifies a higher number of languages using “head”-reflexives than previous accounts. On the other hand, its purpose is to analyze the diachronic evolution of nouns denoting “head” into reflexive markers in three unrelated language groups (Basque, Berber and Kartvelian) and to show how “head”-reflexives synchronically and diachronically interact with secondary reflexivization strategies, such as detransitivization. The results suggest that the areal factor has a considerable impact on the emergence of “head”-reflexives; they also show that none of the languages analyzed reflects all grammaticalization stages put forward in the literature. Accordingly, it is argued that the grammaticalization stages are optional, and that the correlation between formal and semantic change is not obligatory.

Note on Selection of Coordinate Systems for Geodynamics

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 395-407
Author(s):  
S. Henriksen
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Coordinate Systems ◽  
Mean Sea Level ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The One ◽  
Static Systems ◽  
Selection Of

The first question to be answered, in seeking coordinate systems for geodynamics, is: what is geodynamics? The answer is, of course, that geodynamics is that part of geophysics which is concerned with movements of the Earth, as opposed to geostatics which is the physics of the stationary Earth. But as far as we know, there is no stationary Earth – epur sic monere. So geodynamics is actually coextensive with geophysics, and coordinate systems suitable for the one should be suitable for the other. At the present time, there are not many coordinate systems, if any, that can be identified with a static Earth. Certainly the only coordinate of aeronomic (atmospheric) interest is the height, and this is usually either as geodynamic height or as pressure. In oceanology, the most important coordinate is depth, and this, like heights in the atmosphere, is expressed as metric depth from mean sea level, as geodynamic depth, or as pressure. Only for the earth do we find “static” systems in use, ana even here there is real question as to whether the systems are dynamic or static. So it would seem that our answer to the question, of what kind, of coordinate systems are we seeking, must be that we are looking for the same systems as are used in geophysics, and these systems are dynamic in nature already – that is, their definition involvestime.

Stories and the Self

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Krause ◽  
Markus Appel
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lower Degree ◽  
Contrast Effects ◽  
Self Perception ◽  
Self Perceptions ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

Abstract. Two experiments examined the influence of stories on recipients’ self-perceptions. Extending prior theory and research, our focus was on assimilation effects (i.e., changes in self-perception in line with a protagonist’s traits) as well as on contrast effects (i.e., changes in self-perception in contrast to a protagonist’s traits). In Experiment 1 ( N = 113), implicit and explicit conscientiousness were assessed after participants read a story about either a diligent or a negligent student. Moderation analyses showed that highly transported participants and participants with lower counterarguing scores assimilate the depicted traits of a story protagonist, as indicated by explicit, self-reported conscientiousness ratings. Participants, who were more critical toward a story (i.e., higher counterarguing) and with a lower degree of transportation, showed contrast effects. In Experiment 2 ( N = 103), we manipulated transportation and counterarguing, but we could not identify an effect on participants’ self-ascribed level of conscientiousness. A mini meta-analysis across both experiments revealed significant positive overall associations between transportation and counterarguing on the one hand and story-consistent self-reported conscientiousness on the other hand.

Radioimmunotherapy for treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia and myelodysplastic syndrome

2005 ◽  
Vol 44 (03) ◽  
pp. 107-117
Author(s):  
R. G. Meyer ◽  
W. Herr ◽  
A. Helisch ◽  
P. Bartenstein ◽  
I. Buchmann
Keyword(s):  
Acute Myeloid Leukaemia ◽  
Myeloid Leukaemia ◽  
Primary Tumour ◽  
The Other ◽  
Haematopoietic Stem Cell ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Primary Reduction ◽  
The One ◽  
Acute Myeloid

SummaryThe prognosis of patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) has improved considerably by introduction of aggressive consolidation chemotherapy and haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT). Nevertheless, only 20-30% of patients with AML achieve long-term diseasefree survival after SCT. The most common cause of treatment failure is relapse. Additionally, mortality rates are significantly increased by therapy-related causes such as toxicity of chemotherapy and complications of SCT. Including radioimmunotherapies in the treatment of AML and myelodyplastic syndrome (MDS) allows for the achievement of a pronounced antileukaemic effect for the reduction of relapse rates on the one hand. On the other hand, no increase of acute toxicity and later complications should be induced. These effects are important for the primary reduction of tumour cells as well as for the myeloablative conditioning before SCT.This paper provides a systematic and critical review of the currently used radionuclides and immunoconjugates for the treatment of AML and MDS and summarizes the literature on primary tumour cell reductive radioimmunotherapies on the one hand and conditioning radioimmunotherapies before SCT on the other hand.

Das Ende der Postdemokratie, den Pessimismus überwinden.

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (188) ◽  
pp. 487-494
Author(s):  
Daniel Mullis
Keyword(s):  
Political Thought ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Economic Decline ◽  
Far Right ◽  
Windows Of Opportunity ◽  
Political Events ◽  
Political Struggles ◽  
The One

In recent years, political and social conditions have changed dramatically. Many analyses help to capture these dynamics. However, they produce political pessimism: on the one hand there is the image of regression and on the other, a direct link is made between socio-economic decline and the rise of the far-right. To counter these aspects, this article argues that current political events are to be understood less as ‘regression’ but rather as a moment of movement and the return of deep political struggles. Referring to Jacques Ranciere’s political thought, the current conditions can be captured as the ‘end of post-democracy’. This approach changes the perspective on current social dynamics in a productive way. It allows for an emphasis on movement and the recognition of the windows of opportunity for emancipatory struggles.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document