Common and distinct neural mechanisms of visual and tactile extinction: A large scale VBM study in sub-acute stroke

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (0) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Magdalena Chechlacz ◽  
Anna Terry ◽  
Pia Rotshtein ◽  
Wai-Ling Bickerton ◽  
Glyn Humphreys
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Superior Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Middle Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Visual Modality ◽  
Voxel Based Morphometry ◽  
White Matter Damage ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
Middle Occipital Gyrus

Extinction is diagnosed when patients respond to a single contralesional item but fail to detect this item when an ipsilesional item is present concurrently. It is considered to be a disorder of attention characterized by a striking bias for the ipsilesional stimulus at the expense of the contralesional stimulus. Extinction has been studied mainly in the visual modality but it occurs also in other sensory modalities (touch, audition) and hence can be considered a multisensory phenomenon. The functional and neuroanatomical relations between extinction in different modalities are poorly understood. It could be hypothesised that extinction deficits in different modalities emerge after damage to both common (attention specific) and distinct (modality specific) brain regions. Here, we used voxel-based morphometry to examine the neuronal substrates of visual versus tactile extinction in a large group of stroke patients (). We found that extinction deficits in the two modalities were significantly correlated (; ). Lesions to inferior parietal lobule and middle frontal gyrus were linked to visual extinction, while lesions involving the superior temporal gyrus were associated with tactile extinction. Damage within the middle temporal gyrus was linked to both types of deficits but interestingly these lesions extended into the middle occipital gyrus in patients with visual but not tactile extinction. White matter damage within the temporal lobe was associated with both types of deficits, including lesions within long association pathways involved in spatial attention. Our findings indicate both common and distinct neural mechanisms of visual and tactile extinction.

scholarly journals A Voxel-Based Morphometry Study of the Brain of University Students Majoring in Music and Nonmusic Disciplines

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kanako Sato ◽  
Eiji Kirino ◽  
Shoji Tanaka
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Musical Training ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Superior Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Voxel Based Morphometry ◽  
Middle Occipital Gyrus ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

The brain changes flexibly due to various experiences during the developmental stages of life. Previous voxel-based morphometry (VBM) studies have shown volumetric differences between musicians and nonmusicians in several brain regions including the superior temporal gyrus, sensorimotor areas, and superior parietal cortex. However, the reported brain regions depend on the study and are not necessarily consistent. By VBM, we investigated the effect of musical training on the brain structure by comparing university students majoring in music with those majoring in nonmusic disciplines. All participants were right-handed healthy Japanese females. We divided the nonmusic students into two groups and therefore examined three groups: music expert (ME), music hobby (MH), and nonmusic (NM) group. VBM showed that the ME group had the largest gray matter volumes in the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG; BA 44), left middle occipital gyrus (BA 18), and bilateral lingual gyrus. These differences are considered to be caused by neuroplasticity during long and continuous musical training periods because the MH group showed intermediate volumes in these regions.

scholarly journals Decoding across sensory modalities reveals common supramodal signatures of conscious perception

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (13) ◽  
pp. 7437-7446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaëtan Sanchez ◽  
Thomas Hartmann ◽  
Marco Fuscà ◽  
Gianpaolo Demarchi ◽  
Nathan Weisz
Keyword(s):  
Neural Activity ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Button Press ◽  
Visual Modality ◽  
Conscious Perception ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
Near Threshold

An increasing number of studies highlight common brain regions and processes in mediating conscious sensory experience. While most studies have been performed in the visual modality, it is implicitly assumed that similar processes are involved in other sensory modalities. However, the existence of supramodal neural processes related to conscious perception has not been convincingly shown so far. Here, we aim to directly address this issue by investigating whether neural correlates of conscious perception in one modality can predict conscious perception in a different modality. In two separate experiments, we presented participants with successive blocks of near-threshold tasks involving subjective reports of tactile, visual, or auditory stimuli during the same magnetoencephalography (MEG) acquisition. Using decoding analysis in the poststimulus period between sensory modalities, our first experiment uncovered supramodal spatiotemporal neural activity patterns predicting conscious perception of the feeble stimulation. Strikingly, these supramodal patterns included activity in primary sensory regions not directly relevant to the task (e.g., neural activity in visual cortex predicting conscious perception of auditory near-threshold stimulation). We carefully replicate our results in a control experiment that furthermore show that the relevant patterns are independent of the type of report (i.e., whether conscious perception was reported by pressing or withholding a button press). Using standard paradigms for probing neural correlates of conscious perception, our findings reveal a common signature of conscious access across sensory modalities and illustrate the temporally late and widespread broadcasting of neural representations, even into task-unrelated primary sensory processing regions.

scholarly journals Decoding across sensory modalities reveals common supramodal signatures of conscious perception

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaëtan Sanchez ◽  
Thomas Hartmann ◽  
Marco Fuscà ◽  
Gianpaolo Demarchi ◽  
Nathan Weisz
Keyword(s):  
Neural Activity ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Button Press ◽  
Visual Modality ◽  
Conscious Perception ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Near Threshold

AbstractAn increasing number of studies highlight common brain regions and processes in mediating conscious sensory experience. While most studies have been performed in the visual modality, it is implicitly assumed that similar processes are involved in other sensory modalities. However, the existence of supramodal neural processes related to conscious perception has not been convincingly shown so far. Here, we aim to directly address this issue by investigating whether neural correlates of conscious perception in one modality can predict conscious perception in a different modality. In two separate experiments, we presented participants with successive blocks of near-threshold tasks involving tactile, visual or auditory stimuli during the same magnetoencephalography (MEG) acquisition. Using decoding analysis in the post-stimulus period between sensory modalities, our first experiment uncovered supramodal spatio-temporal neural activity patterns predicting conscious perception of the feeble stimulation. Strikingly, these supramodal patterns included activity in primary sensory regions not directly relevant to the task (e.g. neural activity in visual cortex predicting conscious perception of auditory near-threshold stimulation). We carefully replicate our results in a control experiment that furthermore show that the relevant patterns are independent of the type of report (i.e. whether conscious perception was reported by pressing or withholding a button-press). Using standard paradigms for probing neural correlates of conscious perception, our findings reveal a common signature of conscious access across sensory modalities and illustrate the temporally late and widespread broadcasting of neural representations, even into task-unrelated primary sensory processing regions.

scholarly journals Convergent and divergent brain structural and functional abnormalities associated with developmental dyslexia

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaohui Yan ◽  
Ke Jiang ◽  
Hui Li ◽  
Ziyi Wang ◽  
Kyle Perkins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Dyslexia ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Brain Activation ◽  
Superior Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Middle Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Grey Matter Volume ◽  
Matter Volume

Brain abnormalities in the reading network have been repeatedly reported in individuals with developmental dyslexia (DD); however, it is still not totally understood where the structural and functional abnormalities are consistent/inconsistent across languages. In the current multimodal meta-analysis, we found convergent structural and functional alterations in the left superior temporal gyrus across languages, suggesting a neural signature of DD. We found greater reduction in grey matter volume and brain activation in the left inferior frontal gyrus in morpho-syllabic languages (e.g. Chinese) than in alphabetic languages, and greater reduction in brain activation in the left middle temporal gyrus and fusiform gyrus in alphabetic languages than in morpho-syllabic languages. These language differences are explained as consequences of being DD while learning a specific language. In addition, we also found brain regions that showed increased grey matter volume and brain activation, presumably suggesting compensations and brain regions that showed inconsistent alterations in brain structure and function. Our study provides important insights about the etiology of DD from a cross-linguistic perspective with considerations of consistency/inconsistency between structural and functional alterations.

scholarly journals The Effect of Meditation on Visual and Auditory Sustained Attention

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Paige Badart
Keyword(s):  
Sustained Attention ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Response Speed ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Auditory Target ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Visual Modality ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
Response Task

<p>Failures of attention can be hazardous, especially within the workplace where sustaining attention has become an increasingly important skill. This has produced a necessity for the development of methods to improve attention. One such method is the practice of meditation. Previous research has shown that meditation can produce beneficial changes to attention and associated brain regions. In particular, sustained attention has shown to be significantly improved by meditation. While this effect has shown to occur in the visual modality, there is less research on the effects of meditation and auditory sustained attention. Furthermore, there is currently no research which examines meditation on crossmodal sustained attention. This is relevant not only because visual and auditory are perceived simultaneously in reality, but also as it may assist in the debate as to whether sustained attention is managed by modality-specific systems or a single overarching supramodal system.  The current research was conducted to examine the effects of meditation on visual, auditory and audiovisual crossmodal sustained attention by using variants of the Sustained Attention to Response Task. In these tasks subjects were presented with either visual, auditory, or a combination of visual and auditory stimuli, and were required to respond to infrequent targets over an extended period of time. It was found that for all of the tasks, meditators significantly differed in accuracy compared to non-meditating control groups. The meditators made less errors without sacrificing response speed, with the exception of the Auditory-target crossmodal task. This demonstrates the benefit of meditation for improving sustained attention across sensory modalities and also lends support to the argument that sustained attention is governed by a supramodal system rather than modality-specific systems.</p>

scholarly journals The Effect of Meditation on Visual and Auditory Sustained Attention

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Paige Badart
Keyword(s):  
Sustained Attention ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Response Speed ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Auditory Target ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Visual Modality ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
Response Task

<p>Failures of attention can be hazardous, especially within the workplace where sustaining attention has become an increasingly important skill. This has produced a necessity for the development of methods to improve attention. One such method is the practice of meditation. Previous research has shown that meditation can produce beneficial changes to attention and associated brain regions. In particular, sustained attention has shown to be significantly improved by meditation. While this effect has shown to occur in the visual modality, there is less research on the effects of meditation and auditory sustained attention. Furthermore, there is currently no research which examines meditation on crossmodal sustained attention. This is relevant not only because visual and auditory are perceived simultaneously in reality, but also as it may assist in the debate as to whether sustained attention is managed by modality-specific systems or a single overarching supramodal system.  The current research was conducted to examine the effects of meditation on visual, auditory and audiovisual crossmodal sustained attention by using variants of the Sustained Attention to Response Task. In these tasks subjects were presented with either visual, auditory, or a combination of visual and auditory stimuli, and were required to respond to infrequent targets over an extended period of time. It was found that for all of the tasks, meditators significantly differed in accuracy compared to non-meditating control groups. The meditators made less errors without sacrificing response speed, with the exception of the Auditory-target crossmodal task. This demonstrates the benefit of meditation for improving sustained attention across sensory modalities and also lends support to the argument that sustained attention is governed by a supramodal system rather than modality-specific systems.</p>

scholarly journals Modality- and Task-specific Brain Regions Involved in Chinese Lexical Processing

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 1473-1487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Liu ◽  
Xiaoxiang Deng ◽  
Danling Peng ◽  
Fan Cao ◽  
Guosheng Ding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phonological Processing ◽  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Superior Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Middle Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Chinese Speakers ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Left Middle ◽  
And Task

fMRI was used to examine lexical processing in native adult Chinese speakers. A 2 task (semantics and phonology) × 2 modality (visual and auditory) within-subject design was adopted. The semantic task involved a meaning association judgment and the phonological task involved a rhyming judgment to two sequentially presented words. The overall effect across tasks and modalities was used to identify seven ROIs, including the left fusiform gyrus (FG), the left superior temporal gyrus (STG), the left ventral inferior frontal gyrus (VIFG), the left middle temporal gyrus (MTG), the left dorsal inferior frontal gyrus (DIFG), the left inferior parietal lobule (IPL), and the left middle frontal gyrus (MFG). ROI analyses revealed two modality-specific areas, FG for visual and STG for auditory, and three task-specific areas, IPL and DIFG for phonology and VIFG for semantics. Greater DIFG activation was associated with conflicting tonal information between words for the auditory rhyming task, suggesting this region's role in strategic phonological processing, and greater VIFG activation was correlated with lower association between words for both the auditory and the visual meaning task, suggesting this region's role in retrieval and selection of semantic representations. The modality- and task-specific effects in Chinese revealed by this study are similar to those found in alphabetical languages. Unlike English, we found that MFG was both modality- and task-specific, suggesting that MFG may be responsible for the visuospatial analysis of Chinese characters and orthography-to-phonology integration at a syllabic level.

Neural Mechanisms of Memory Enhancement and Impairment Induced by Visual Statistical Learning

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (9) ◽  
pp. 1749-1763
Author(s):  
Sachio Otsuka ◽  
Jun Saiki
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Learning ◽  
Superior Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Fmri Data ◽  
Precentral Gyrus ◽  
Memory Enhancement ◽  
Visual Statistical Learning ◽  
Mechanisms Of Memory ◽  
The Brain

Prior research has reported that the medial temporal, parietal, and frontal brain regions are associated with visual statistical learning (VSL). However, the neural mechanisms involved in both memory enhancement and impairment induced by VSL remain unknown. In this study, we examined this issue using event-related fMRI. fMRI data from the familiarization scan showed a difference in the activation level of the superior frontal gyrus (SFG) between structured triplets, where three objects appeared in the same order, and pseudorandom triplets. More importantly, the precentral gyrus and paracentral lobule responded more strongly to Old Turkic letters inserted into the structured triplets than to those inserted into the random triplets, at the end of the familiarization scan. Furthermore, fMRI data from the recognition memory test scan, where participants were asked to decide whether the objects or letters shown were old (presented during familiarization scan) or new, indicated that the middle frontal gyrus and SFG responded more strongly to objects from the structured triplets than to those from the random triplets, which overlapped with the brain regions associated with VSL. In contrast, the response of the lingual gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, and cuneus was weaker to letters inserted into the structured triplets than to those inserted into the random triplets, which did not overlap with the brain regions associated with observing the letters during the familiarization scan. These findings suggest that different brain regions are involved in memory enhancement and impairment induced by VSL.

scholarly journals To Go or Not to Go: Exploring brain activation during response inhibition reading tasks

Spectrum ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Craig ◽  
Amberley V. Ostevik ◽  
Lindsey Westover ◽  
Bill Hodgetts ◽  
Jacqueline Cummine
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Objective Response ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Middle Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Maximal Response ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Middle Occipital Gyrus

Objective: Response inhibition is an understudied component of reading that aids in the selection of appropriate responses amidst complicated tasks. Our objective was to explore the contribution of brain regions associated with response inhibition processing in reading tasks that vary in difficulty of response inhibition. Method: Participants (N = 15) completed two go/no-go reading tasks while in a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanner, with the instructions to “name aloud the letter strings that spell a real word.” For the minimal response inhibition condition, the foils, which are stimuli that should not be repsonded to, were nonwords with unfamiliar spelling and sound (e.g., “bink”). For the maximal response inhibition condition, the foils were pseudohomophones with unfamiliar spelling but familiar sound (e.g., “pynt”). The following brain regions associated with decision-making processes were analyzed: the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC), the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), the middle temporal gyrus (MTG), the middle occipital gyrus (MOG), and the posterior insula (PI). Results: Significant differences in activation within the nonword task were found for the DMPFC and the PI (the ACC approached significance). Significant differences in activation within the pseudohomophone task were found for the ACC, the MTG, and the PI. The IFG was found to be greatly activated for all words that had familiar phonemes (sounds). The MOG was found to be activated across all tasks. Conclusion: We provide evidence for differential response inhibition processing in the decision-making network during reading tasks. This work is a necessary step in better understanding response inhibition ability for individuals with and without reading impairments.

scholarly journals How Does Approaching a Lead Vehicle and Monitoring Request Affect Drivers’ Takeover Performance? A Simulated Driving Study with Functional MRI

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 412
Author(s):  
Chimou Li ◽  
Xiaonan Li ◽  
Ming Lv ◽  
Feng Chen ◽  
Xiaoxiang Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Distance Perception ◽  
Lateral Displacement ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Memory Search ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Middle Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Cognitive Behaviors ◽  
Visual Reaction ◽  
Middle Occipital Gyrus

With the popularization and application of conditionally automated driving systems, takeover requirements are becoming more and more frequent, and the subsequent takeover safety problems have attracted attention. The present study used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technology, combined with driving simulation experiments, to study in depth the effects of critical degree and monitor request (MR) 30 s in advance on drivers’ visual behavior, takeover performance and brain activation. Results showed that MR can effectively improve the driver’s visual and takeover performance, including visual reaction times, fixation frequency and duration, takeover time, and takeover mode. The length of the reserved safety distance can significantly affect the distribution of longitudinal acceleration. Critical or non-critical takeover has a significant impact on the change of pupil diameter and the standard deviation of lateral displacement. Five brain regions, including the middle occipital gyrus (MOG), fusiform gyrus (FG), middle temporal gyrus (MTG), precuneus and precentral, are activated under the stimulation of a critical takeover scenario, and are related to cognitive behaviors such as visual cognition, distance perception, memory search and movement association.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document