scholarly journals The lack of refugee burden-sharing in Tanzania: tragic effects

Afrika Focus ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michèle Morel
Keyword(s):  
Legal Framework ◽  
Burden Sharing ◽  
Open Door Policy ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
United Republic Of Tanzania ◽  
Important Host ◽  
Durable Solutions ◽  
Local Integration ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Common But Differentiated Responsibility

The United Republic of Tanzania has been and currently still is one of the most important host countries in the world for refugees. The majority of those refugees have been living in camps for many years and have no prospect of a durable solution of their situation via repatriation, integration or resettlement. As a result, Tanzania is confronted with protracted refugee situations. The purpose of this article is to answer the question who is responsible for the plight of these refugees. Tanzania’s national refugee policy since the 1960s is analysed, whereby a clear evolution can be observed from an ‘Open Door’ policy to a policy with heavy restrictions and the absence of local integration as a durable solution. However, it will be concluded that it is not Tanzania but the international community that is to be held responsible. There is a lack of international refugee burden-sharing, as evidenced by the lack of an international legal framework for durable solutions for refugees. A ‘common but differentiated responsibility’ should be the basis of international cooperation to solve protracted refugee situations such as those occurring in Tanzania.

scholarly journals The lack of refugee burden-sharing in Tanzania: tragic effects

Afrika Focus ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michèle Morel
Keyword(s):  
National Policy ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Burden Sharing ◽  
Open Door Policy ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
African Great Lakes ◽  
United Republic Of Tanzania ◽  
Important Host ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Common But Differentiated Responsibility

The United Republic of Tanzania has been and currently still is one of the most important host countries in the world for refugees. The majority of those refugees have been living in camps for many years and have no prospect of a durable solution of their situation via repatriation, integration or resettlement. As a result, Tanzania is confronted with protracted refugee situations. The purpose of this article is to answer the question who is responsible for the plight of these refugees. Tanzania’s national refugee policy since the 1960s is analysed, whereby a clear evolution can be observed from an ‘Open Door’ policy to a policy with heavy restrictions and the absence of local integration as a durable solution. However, it will be concluded that it is not Tanzania but the international community that is to be held responsible. There is a lack of international refugee burden-sharing, as evidenced by the lack of an international legal framework for durable solutions for refugees. A ‘common but differentiated responsibility’ should be the basis of international cooperation to solve protracted refugee situations such as those occurring in Tanzania. Key words: African Great Lakes region, protracted refugee situations, national policy 

Part VII The End of Refugeehood—Cessation and Durable Solutions, Ch.58 Refugee Naturalization and Integration

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khan Fatima ◽  
Ziegler Reuven (Ruvi)
Keyword(s):  
Host Country ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Political Community ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Refugee Status ◽  
Community Membership ◽  
Global North ◽  
Durable Solutions ◽  
Local Integration ◽  
Citizenship Regimes

Refugees' access to citizenship of their host country is key to their integration. Manifesting full and equal permanent political community membership, citizenship entails cessation of refugee status, pursuant to Article 1C(3) of the Refugee Convention. Yet the 2018 ‘Global Compact on Refugees’ omitted naturalization and 'local' integration from its list of objectives, merely describing ‘durable legal status and naturalization’ as ‘useful’. Globally, citizenship regimes vary widely, with direct ramifications for refugees’ access thereto; meanwhile. The Chapter highlights a ‘global north’/’global south’ divide regarding naturalization practices, situating then within an international law framework in which host countries remain (the) ultimate gatekeepers. The Chapter argues it is unhelpful to describes forms of integration that do not offer pathways to naturalization as ‘durable’, given that many refugees find themselves in protracted displacement with neither a ‘durable solution in sight nor the legal, economic, and social capacity to properly integrate in their asylum countries.

scholarly journals Humanitarian crisis and sustainable development: perspectives and preferences of internally displaced persons in the northeastern Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muazu Shehu ◽  
Adamu Abba
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
Emergency Situations ◽  
Development Agenda ◽  
Conflict Situations ◽  
Durable Solutions ◽  
Local Integration ◽  
The Government ◽  
Major Factors

AbstractThis study seeks to contribute to the knowledge of linkages between humanitarian actions in conflict situations and sustainable development. We analysed data generated from qualitative interviews and focus group discussions with encamped and self-settled internally displaced victims (IDPs) of the Boko Haram insurgency in the northeastern Nigeria. Our analysis searched for themes that summarise their preferences and desires of durable solutions. Overall, the majority of the IDPs were more inclined to local integration or resettlement than return. More than males, female IDPs were likely to cite personal experience of violence as a reason for rejecting voluntary repatriation. Feelings of vulnerability, experience of violence and hope of economic and social empowerment were major reasons given in support of local integration or resettlement. Self-settled IDPs are more disposed to returning to their places of origin than encamped IDPs. The need to rebuild livelihoods and restore social and community networks were the major factors participants associated with the choice of return. Beliefs in divine destiny, lack of trust and confidence in the government were dominant views expressed by participants who were indifferent about durable solutions. There is a sense that cultural androcentric norms which give men the power to make decisions for the family shape decision-making even in emergency situations. We conclude that, regardless of their preferences about durable solutions, IDPs have long-term needs that can only be provided if humanitarian actions are integrated into the overall development agenda and programmes of governments.

scholarly journals Return Migrants’ Impact in Economic Development of the Origin Country

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Alkida Ndreka
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Return Migration ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Change Agents ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Return Migrants ◽  
The 1960S

Migration has reciprocal economic implications between the origin and host countries. While scholars draw attention to the globalization of migration, since the 1960s there is a perpetual debate about the migration and development nexus. The role of international migrants and their financial remittances are identified as having a highly positive effect on the home country’s development. Emigrants’ remittances tangibly benefit the income for the families in the home country and investments in different sectors (housing, education, health, entrepreneurship, etc.). Next to remittances, returned migrants, especially those highly skilled are recognized as actors and drivers of significant economic development in the homeland. The contribution of return migrants to the development in origin countries can be beneficial not simply by investing the financial capital they accumulated during the migration cycle but also by the transferring of expertise, knowledge and new skills acquired abroad, and acting as social change agents in the home society. Empirical studies indicate a positive relationship between return migration and entrepreneurial activity, therefore enterprises can be a substantial contributor, among others, to economic growth and alleviating poverty of the origin country. Governments and policymakers are increasingly interested in the issue of return migration and return migration policies that attract and facilitate the returnee’s reintegration. Reintegration programs, especially those in the business sector, benefit the development of the origin country through savings, investments, easing of entrepreneurial opportunities and the expertise of returnees. This paper aims to identify whether return migration is beneficial for the origin country and especially to analyze the role of return migrant’s in the economic development of the origin country through engaging in entrepreneurial activity

8 The Law And Economics Of Vertical Restraints

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geradin Damien ◽  
Layne-Farrar Anne ◽  
Petit Nicolas
Keyword(s):  
Law And Economics ◽  
Competition Law ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Vertical Restraints ◽  
Economic Approach ◽  
Brand Competition ◽  
Eu Competition Law ◽  
Early Case ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Independent Distribution

This chapter examines independent distribution and how it is treated under EU competition law. Since the 1960s, it is acknowledged that vertical agreements can entail restrictions of competition—generally called ‘vertical restraints’—which deserve competition law scrutiny. While the early case law and Regulations adopted in the field focused primarily on restrictions of intra-brand competition, a more liberal and economic approach was introduced with the promulgation of Regulation 2790/1999. The new legal framework rested on a basic economic premise: the ability of a vertical agreement to produce anticompetitive effects hinges predominantly on the market power of the parties to the agreement. With the expiry of Regulation 2790/1999 on 31 May 2010, but also with the growth of large retailers throughout Europe and the rise of internet distribution, the Commission initiated a review process in July 2009 which culminated in the adoption of Regulation 330/2010 and of a new set of Guidelines.

26. International Refugee and Migration Law

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoff Gilbert ◽  
Anna Magdalena Rüsch
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
International Human Rights Law ◽  
Refugee Status ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
Durable Solutions ◽  
Local Integration ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
International Border

This chapter explores the definition of refugee status in international law, its scope and limitations and consequent protection gaps for those forcibly displaced, including internally displaced persons (IDPs), who have crossed no international border. There is no equivalent definition for migrants, but like refugees, asylum-seekers, and IDPs, international human rights law provides a framework for their protection. The chapter explains the difference between refugee status and asylum, focusing on non-refoulement in international law. It discusses the rights that are guaranteed during displacement, particularly those pertaining to detention and humanitarian relief. Given that refugee status is intended to be temporary, the final section looks at cessation and durable solutions, either following voluntary return, through local integration, or resettlement in some third State.

scholarly journals ‘The Highest Attainable Standard’: The Right to Health for Refugees with Disabilities

Societies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Smith-Khan ◽  
Crock
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Right To Health ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Persons With Disabilities ◽  
Health And Wellbeing ◽  
Socioeconomic Rights ◽  
The Right

The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) creates duties for States Parties and UN agencies to ensure that individuals under their protection have equal enjoyment of the full range of human rights. This includes the Article 25 right to enjoy ‘the highest attainable standard of health without discrimination on the basis of disability.’ However, refugees, who are forced to seek protection outside their state, face particular obstacles to maintaining an adequate level of wellbeing and accessing services to meet their health needs. Among this group, those who have a disability may confront multiple intersecting challenges. This paper draws on the findings of research across countries that play host to significant refugee populations. It explores the contribution of the CRPD to the international human rights framework for refugees, with particular attention to the right to health. Incorporating evidence from the field, it discusses the implementation of these rights and related duties in humanitarian responses across the world. This article discusses common barriers to health services for refugees with disabilities in six host countries. Based on the broad conceptualization of health and wellbeing established in the international legal framework, it also examines the relationship between the fulfilment of Article 25 and other basic socioeconomic rights. It provides examples of good practice and identifies strategies to better ensure the rights set out in Article 25 of the CRPD.

Cuba's First Military Doctors

2018 ◽  
pp. 46-62
Author(s):  
Don Fitz
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Popular Movements ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Urban Working

In the 1960s and the context of mushrooming popular movements across the globe, the brutality of U.S. imperialism, the unreliability of the Soviet Union as an ally, and the Latin American Communist Parties' focus on the urban working class, Cuban leaders felt beckoned to help revolutionary projects in Africa. While Cuba sent soldiers, they also sent doctors. By the end of the 1960s, when the Cuban revolutionary government had been in power for only ten years, doctors had been involved in four different African political projects. Cuba's deployment of military doctors to Africa left profound impacts, both on the host countries and on the Cuban doctors, who were bound to secrecy and only began sharing their stories decades later.

CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISMS’ EFFECTS ON HOST COUNTRIES

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
IVA HRISTOVA
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Renewable Energies ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Important Host

<p class="ESRBODY">The purpose of this paper is to study the effects of CDM projects implementation on the most important host countries (China, Brazil, Mexico and South Korea). The analysis concerns the 2003-2010 period and aims to define CDM’s potential impacts in terms of GHG emissions, GHG intensities, renewable energies spread, sustainable development and economic growth. As far as economic growth is concerned, we adapt the theoretical framework developed within the FDI-growth nexus, given the existing similarities between CDM and FDI investments.</p>

Up in smoke?

Focaal ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 (73) ◽  
pp. 12-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Keene
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Moral Economy ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Late Capitalism ◽  
Region I ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Ethnographic Analysis ◽  
Back To The Land

This paper draws on the work of E. P. Thompson to understand anticapitalist resistance in northern California in the 1960s and 1970s. Through an analysis of the back-to-the-land movement in a region I call “Claytown,” I show how the making of a rural moral economy was in part enabled by the presence of a nascent marijuana industry. However, whereas a relatively small-scale marijuana industry helped forge anticapitalist resistance in the 1960s and 1970s, this industry has become a form through which values of capitalist political economy are being instantiated and reasserted. I situate my ethnographic analysis within a broader historical and legal framework to show how a contemporary moral economy is made and increasingly unmade in the context of late capitalism.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document