scholarly journals The lack of refugee burden-sharing in Tanzania: tragic effects

Afrika Focus ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michèle Morel
Keyword(s):  
National Policy ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Burden Sharing ◽  
Open Door Policy ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
African Great Lakes ◽  
United Republic Of Tanzania ◽  
Important Host ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Common But Differentiated Responsibility

The United Republic of Tanzania has been and currently still is one of the most important host countries in the world for refugees. The majority of those refugees have been living in camps for many years and have no prospect of a durable solution of their situation via repatriation, integration or resettlement. As a result, Tanzania is confronted with protracted refugee situations. The purpose of this article is to answer the question who is responsible for the plight of these refugees. Tanzania’s national refugee policy since the 1960s is analysed, whereby a clear evolution can be observed from an ‘Open Door’ policy to a policy with heavy restrictions and the absence of local integration as a durable solution. However, it will be concluded that it is not Tanzania but the international community that is to be held responsible. There is a lack of international refugee burden-sharing, as evidenced by the lack of an international legal framework for durable solutions for refugees. A ‘common but differentiated responsibility’ should be the basis of international cooperation to solve protracted refugee situations such as those occurring in Tanzania. Key words: African Great Lakes region, protracted refugee situations, national policy 

scholarly journals The lack of refugee burden-sharing in Tanzania: tragic effects

Afrika Focus ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michèle Morel
Keyword(s):  
Legal Framework ◽  
Burden Sharing ◽  
Open Door Policy ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
United Republic Of Tanzania ◽  
Important Host ◽  
Durable Solutions ◽  
Local Integration ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Common But Differentiated Responsibility

The United Republic of Tanzania has been and currently still is one of the most important host countries in the world for refugees. The majority of those refugees have been living in camps for many years and have no prospect of a durable solution of their situation via repatriation, integration or resettlement. As a result, Tanzania is confronted with protracted refugee situations. The purpose of this article is to answer the question who is responsible for the plight of these refugees. Tanzania’s national refugee policy since the 1960s is analysed, whereby a clear evolution can be observed from an ‘Open Door’ policy to a policy with heavy restrictions and the absence of local integration as a durable solution. However, it will be concluded that it is not Tanzania but the international community that is to be held responsible. There is a lack of international refugee burden-sharing, as evidenced by the lack of an international legal framework for durable solutions for refugees. A ‘common but differentiated responsibility’ should be the basis of international cooperation to solve protracted refugee situations such as those occurring in Tanzania.

scholarly journals Declining bacteria, lead, and sulphate, and rising pH and oxygen in the lower Mississippi River

AMBIO ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Eugene Turner
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Mississippi River ◽  
Pollution Abatement ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Quality Improvements ◽  
Sulfur Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Dramatic Decline ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Lower Mississippi River ◽  
The 1960S

AbstractVarious air and water pollution issues in the US were confronted in the last 60 years using national policy legislation, notably the Clean Water Act and the Clean Air Act. I examine changes in the concentrations of bacteria, oxygen, lead, and sulphate at the terminus of the Mississippi River before and after these pollution abatement efforts. Microbial concentrations increased or were stable from 1909 to 1980 but decreased about 3 orders of magnitude after the 1970s, while the average oxygen content increased. A large decline in lead concentration occurred after the 1960s, along with a less dramatic decline in sulphate concentrations. The pH of the river dropped to a low of 5.8 in 1965 as sulfur dioxide emissions peaked and averaged 8.2 in 2019 after emissions declined. Decades of efforts at a national scale created water quality improvements and are an example for addressing new and existing water quality challenges.

The Surprising Career of Federal Fair Housing Law

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh Davis Graham
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Educational Opportunity ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Marshall Plan ◽  
Voting Rights Act ◽  
Fair Housing ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Open Housing

Unlike the breakthrough civil rights legislation of 1964–65, which dismantled the South's Jim Crow system and led to rapid advances in job access and educational opportunity for minorities throughout the nation, the federal fair housing legislation of the 1960s produced little substantive change. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 quickly became case studies in the dominant tradition of presidential leadership in legislative reform, joining such modern classics as Social Security and the Marshall Plan. The Open Housing Act of 1968, however, belongs to a different era of national policy development.

scholarly journals Return Migrants’ Impact in Economic Development of the Origin Country

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Alkida Ndreka
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Return Migration ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Change Agents ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Return Migrants ◽  
The 1960S

Migration has reciprocal economic implications between the origin and host countries. While scholars draw attention to the globalization of migration, since the 1960s there is a perpetual debate about the migration and development nexus. The role of international migrants and their financial remittances are identified as having a highly positive effect on the home country’s development. Emigrants’ remittances tangibly benefit the income for the families in the home country and investments in different sectors (housing, education, health, entrepreneurship, etc.). Next to remittances, returned migrants, especially those highly skilled are recognized as actors and drivers of significant economic development in the homeland. The contribution of return migrants to the development in origin countries can be beneficial not simply by investing the financial capital they accumulated during the migration cycle but also by the transferring of expertise, knowledge and new skills acquired abroad, and acting as social change agents in the home society. Empirical studies indicate a positive relationship between return migration and entrepreneurial activity, therefore enterprises can be a substantial contributor, among others, to economic growth and alleviating poverty of the origin country. Governments and policymakers are increasingly interested in the issue of return migration and return migration policies that attract and facilitate the returnee’s reintegration. Reintegration programs, especially those in the business sector, benefit the development of the origin country through savings, investments, easing of entrepreneurial opportunities and the expertise of returnees. This paper aims to identify whether return migration is beneficial for the origin country and especially to analyze the role of return migrant’s in the economic development of the origin country through engaging in entrepreneurial activity

scholarly journals Looking Through the Mirror: the pratice of techinical assistance to social movements in Brazil seen by uruguayan experience

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
João Paulo O. Huguenin
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Self Management ◽  
Popular Participation ◽  
Housing Cooperatives ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
The Government ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The City ◽  
Political Scene

The Uruguayan model of housing cooperatives emerged in the 1960s from movements in civil society. This experience was adapted to Latin American realities and arrived in Brazil in the 1980s, along with the redemocaratizac?a?o process, which made the emergence of new actors on the political scene and recon gured the action of housing movements, which besides claiming passed propose projects with popular participation. The success of the self-managed housing production depends on three factors: the government, responsible for housing policy for self-management, the organized population, which will manage the project, and tech- nical advice, support of the whole process. In this article we seek to re ect on this third factor, that is, the possibilities and limits of performance of technical advisory services in the Brazilian context. To achieve this objective, the Uruguayan experience as a case con- trol. The choice of this approach proves to be useful both to under- stand our reality, and to visualize other possibilities. The contexts of each country led to di erent forms of assimilation of housing self-management. While in Uruguay pilot experiences have result- ed in a national law regulating the housing cooperatives in Brazil had experiences in several municipalities that until 2004 did not succeed in becoming a national policy. The exponent of these ex- periences is the FUNAPS-Comunita?rio, launched in 1992 by the City of Sa?o Paulo. However, using this case as an example reduces the issue and mutes other successful experiences. Therefore, we will use the Rio experience, which although small, has peculiarities, such as the adoption of collective ownership in some cooperatives. 

8 The Law And Economics Of Vertical Restraints

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geradin Damien ◽  
Layne-Farrar Anne ◽  
Petit Nicolas
Keyword(s):  
Law And Economics ◽  
Competition Law ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Vertical Restraints ◽  
Economic Approach ◽  
Brand Competition ◽  
Eu Competition Law ◽  
Early Case ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Independent Distribution

This chapter examines independent distribution and how it is treated under EU competition law. Since the 1960s, it is acknowledged that vertical agreements can entail restrictions of competition—generally called ‘vertical restraints’—which deserve competition law scrutiny. While the early case law and Regulations adopted in the field focused primarily on restrictions of intra-brand competition, a more liberal and economic approach was introduced with the promulgation of Regulation 2790/1999. The new legal framework rested on a basic economic premise: the ability of a vertical agreement to produce anticompetitive effects hinges predominantly on the market power of the parties to the agreement. With the expiry of Regulation 2790/1999 on 31 May 2010, but also with the growth of large retailers throughout Europe and the rise of internet distribution, the Commission initiated a review process in July 2009 which culminated in the adoption of Regulation 330/2010 and of a new set of Guidelines.

Part I Rationales for State Aid Rules, 3 Evolution of State Aid Rules: Conceptions, Challenges, and Outcomes

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kreuschitz Viktor ◽  
Nehl Hanns Peter
Keyword(s):  
Economic Integration ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
State Aid ◽  
The State ◽  
Soft Law ◽  
Policy Objectives ◽  
The One ◽  
Supranational Level

This chapter looks at the evolution of the legal framework for State aid during the past six decades of economic integration and addresses State aid rules in the context of balancing national policy objectives with the necessity to review aids at a supranational level. A dual trend emerges from the evolution of State aid rules over the last sixty years. On the one hand, the Court of Justice has played a key role in establishing new principles and designing rules governing State aid. In parallel, the Commission also acts as a rule-maker, by introducing relevant soft law and regulatory texts. In this context, the adoption of the Procedural Regulation in 1999 can be regarded as a turning point in the codification and development of State aid rules. The development of State aid is, however, not completed, as reflected in the last reforms of the State Aid Action Plan and the State Aid Modernization initiative.

scholarly journals ‘The Highest Attainable Standard’: The Right to Health for Refugees with Disabilities

Societies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Smith-Khan ◽  
Crock
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Right To Health ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Persons With Disabilities ◽  
Health And Wellbeing ◽  
Socioeconomic Rights ◽  
The Right

The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) creates duties for States Parties and UN agencies to ensure that individuals under their protection have equal enjoyment of the full range of human rights. This includes the Article 25 right to enjoy ‘the highest attainable standard of health without discrimination on the basis of disability.’ However, refugees, who are forced to seek protection outside their state, face particular obstacles to maintaining an adequate level of wellbeing and accessing services to meet their health needs. Among this group, those who have a disability may confront multiple intersecting challenges. This paper draws on the findings of research across countries that play host to significant refugee populations. It explores the contribution of the CRPD to the international human rights framework for refugees, with particular attention to the right to health. Incorporating evidence from the field, it discusses the implementation of these rights and related duties in humanitarian responses across the world. This article discusses common barriers to health services for refugees with disabilities in six host countries. Based on the broad conceptualization of health and wellbeing established in the international legal framework, it also examines the relationship between the fulfilment of Article 25 and other basic socioeconomic rights. It provides examples of good practice and identifies strategies to better ensure the rights set out in Article 25 of the CRPD.

Reverse Logistics and Solid Waste

2020 ◽  
pp. 84-113
Author(s):  
Hermes de Andrade Júnior
Keyword(s):  
Solid Waste ◽  
Reverse Logistics ◽  
Solid Waste Management ◽  
Large Population ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Shared Responsibility ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Agenda 21 ◽  
Environmentally Sound

This chapter promotes a selection of works collected that seek to analyze the need and the evolution of reverse logistics into the context of the National Policy on Solid Waste in Brazil. Nineteen years of intensive discussion have been held until the legal framework for the implementation of Agenda 21 of 1992 on the environmentally sound management of solid waste could be announced. The principle of shared responsibility for the product lifecycle, which reaches manufacturers, importers, distributors and traders, consumers, and holders of public solid waste management services, is the central theme of the law and undoubtedly innovates on the issue, placing Brazil alongside countries such as those of the European Union and Japan. However, a serious problem that distances them is to achieve large population densities with the benefit of municipalization of the process of control of urban waste. The rate of effective management of solid wastes is relatively low at the municipal level compared to the countries mentioned.

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